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Dennard E, Kristjansson E, Tchangalova N, Totton S, Winham D, O’Connor A. Food insecurity among African Americans in the United States: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274434. [PMID: 36094921 PMCID: PMC9467341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the estimated prevalence of food insecurity for Black non-Hispanic households was higher than the national average due to health disparities exacerbated by forms of racial discrimination. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Black households have experienced higher rates of food insecurity when compared to other populations in the United States. The primary objectives of this review were to identify which risk factors have been investigated for an association with food insecurity, describe how food insecurity is measured across studies that have evaluated this outcome among African Americans, and determine which dimensions of food security (food accessibility, availability, and utilization) are captured by risk factors studied by authors. Food insecurity related studies were identified through a search of Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE®, PsycINFO, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and Web of Science™ (Clarivate), on May 20, 2021. Eligible studies were primary research studies, with a concurrent comparison group, published in English between 1995 and 2021. Ninety-eight relevant studies were included for data charting with 37 unique measurement tools, 115 risk factors, and 93 possible consequences of food insecurity identified. Few studies examined factors linked to racial discrimination, behaviour, or risk factors that mapped to the food availability dimension of food security. Infrequently studied factors, such as lifetime racial discrimination, socioeconomic status (SES), and income insecurity need further investigation while frequently studied factors such as age, education, race/ethnicity, and gender need to be summarized using a systematic review approach so that risk factor impact can be better assessed. Risk factors linked to racial discrimination and food insecurity need to be better understood in order to minimize health disparities among African American adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dennard
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nedelina Tchangalova
- STEM Library, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Totton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Winham
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Annette O’Connor
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Vermund SH. Use of big data to identify risk of adverse HIV outcomes. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e488-e489. [PMID: 31303556 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Albritton T, Martinez I, Gibson C, Angley M, Grandelski VR. What about Us? Economic and Policy Changes Affecting Rural HIV/AIDS Services and Care. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 32:273-289. [PMID: 28276893 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2017.1282388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Health care budgets and policies are chief drivers in the delivery and access to health services. Place is also a factor that affects patient and provider experiences within the health care system. We examine the impact of policy changes and subsequent budget cuts on rural HIV/AIDS care, support services, and prevention. We interviewed 11 social workers, case managers, and outreach workers who serve rural people living with HIV/AIDS. We conducted telephone interviews inquiring about the effect of economics and policies on direct practice with rural clients. We analyzed data using a content analysis approach. We found several themes from the data. Ryan White funding and policy changes shifted direct practice to a medical case management model. Changes in federal and state poverty levels affected client eligibility for the AIDS Drugs Assistance Program. Policy banning financial support for syringe service programs hindered prevention efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS transmission. Ancillary services were reduced, such as housing assistance, transportation, and emergency financial assistance. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of place-based policies to improve access to healthcare and services. We also provide recommendations for greater inclusion in HIV/AIDS-related policy development, care, and service planning for rural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashuna Albritton
- a Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York , New York , New York , USA
| | - Isabel Martinez
- b Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Crystal Gibson
- c Wisconsin Department of Health Services , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Meghan Angley
- d Epidemiology, Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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Martinez AN, Mobley LR, Lorvick J, Novak SP, Lopez A, Kral AH. Spatial analysis of HIV positive injection drug users in San Francisco, 1987 to 2005. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3937-55. [PMID: 24722543 PMCID: PMC4024992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110403937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spatial analyses of HIV/AIDS related outcomes are growing in popularity as a tool to understand geographic changes in the epidemic and inform the effectiveness of community-based prevention and treatment programs. The Urban Health Study was a serial, cross-sectional epidemiological study of injection drug users (IDUs) in San Francisco between 1987 and 2005 (N = 29,914). HIV testing was conducted for every participant. Participant residence was geocoded to the level of the United States Census tract for every observation in dataset. Local indicator of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) tests were used to identify univariate and bivariate Census tract clusters of HIV positive IDUs in two time periods. We further compared three tract level characteristics (% poverty, % African Americans, and % unemployment) across areas of clustered and non-clustered tracts. We identified significant spatial clustering of high numbers of HIV positive IDUs in the early period (1987-1995) and late period (1996-2005). We found significant bivariate clusters of Census tracts where HIV positive IDUs and tract level poverty were above average compared to the surrounding areas. Our data suggest that poverty, rather than race, was an important neighborhood characteristic associated with the spatial distribution of HIV in SF and its spatial diffusion over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N Martinez
- Department of Sociology and Sexuality Studies, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Lee R Mobley
- GeoDa Center, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Jennifer Lorvick
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
| | - Scott P Novak
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
| | - Andrea Lopez
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
| | - Alex H Kral
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, 351 California Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
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