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Lu H, Chen H, Liang S, Zhu Q, Tan G, Pang X, Ruan Y, Li J, Ge X, Huang Y, Chen Z, Zhang S, Cai W, Lan G, Lin M. Diagnostic performance evaluation of urine HIV-1 antibody rapid test kits in a real-life routine care setting in China. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e078694. [PMID: 38401895 PMCID: PMC10895231 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic performance of urine HIV antibody rapid test kits in screening diverse populations and to analyse subjects' willingness regarding reagent types, purchase channels, acceptable prices, and self-testing. DESIGNS Diagnostic accuracy studies PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2606 valid and eligible samples were collected in the study, including 202 samples from female sex workers (FSWs), 304 persons with injection drug use (IDU), 1000 pregnant women (PW), 100 subjects undergoing voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) and 1000 students in higher education schools or colleges (STUs). Subjects should simultaneously meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) being at least 18 years old and in full civil capacity, (2) signing an informed consent form and (3) providing truthful identifying information to ensure that the subjects and their samples are unique. RESULTS The sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of the urine HIV-1 antibody rapid test kits were 92.16%, 99.92% and 0.960 (95% CI: 0.952 to 0.968, p<0.001), respectively, among 2606 samples collected during on-site screenings. The kits showed good diagnostic performance in persons with IDU (AUC, 1.000; 95% CI, 1.000 to 1.000, p<0.001), PW (AUC, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.999 to 1.000, p<0.001) and FSWs (AUC, 1.000; 95% CI, 1.000 to 1.000, p<0.001). The AUC of the urine reagent kits in subjects undergoing VCT was 0.941 (95% CI: 0.876 to 0.978, p<0.001). The 'acceptable price' had the greatest influence on STUs (Pi=1.000) and PW (Pi=1.000), the 'purchase channel' had the greatest influence on subjects undergoing VCT (Pi=1.000) and persons with IDU (Pi=1.000) and the 'reagent types' had the greatest influence on FSWs (Pi=1.000). CONCLUSIONS The rapid urine test kits showed good diagnostic validity in practical applications, despite a few cases involving misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Lu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shujia Liang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiuying Zhu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guangjie Tan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xianwu Pang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xianmin Ge
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yunxian Huang
- Guigang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guigang, China
| | - Zhenqiang Chen
- Luzhai County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Binyang County Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guanghua Lan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
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Su X, Xia D, Sun Y, Hao Y, Liu G, Huang C, Lu H. A novel internet sampling for HIV surveillance: feasibility of self-sampling and preparation of DBS for delivery detection of HIV total nucleic acid and complementarity to sentinel surveillance. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:509. [PMID: 37542229 PMCID: PMC10401770 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To propose a new mode of HIV test and surveillance among population of men who have sex with men (MSM): Internet-based Self-sampling at home plus Laboratory testing of HIV total nucleic acid (TNA) in dried blood spot (DBS) (ISL of DBS TNA). Feasibility of ISL of DBS TNA was studied. Characteristics of the new mode and that of conventional surveillance mode at HIV voluntary counseling and testing clinic (VCT) were compared. METHODS A non-governmental organization (NGO) published the recruitment information on the WeChat public account. MSM filled in the questionnaire online, applied for self-sampling service package, and mailed the self made DBS to professional laboratory. The laboratory performed HIV TNA test and submitted the test results to online platform. Participants queried test results online with their unique ID. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) followed up participants with positive nucleic acid results using IDs and contact information. Rates were compared by using the Chi-Square test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Four hundred twenty-three questionnaires were completed. 423 self-sampling service packages were sent out and 340 DBSs were returned to professional laboratory within one month with qualified rate of sampling as high as 95.0% (323/340). Seven samples were found to be TNA positive. Comparing ISL of DBS TNA with sentinel surveillance, it was found that there was a significant difference in the composition ratio of the two modes of surveillance population (P < 0.05). HIV prevalence of ISL of DBS as 2.17% was significantly lower than sentinel site as 8.96% (χ2 = 14.953, P = 0.000 < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ISL of DBS TNA proposed is feasible and has a high self-sampling qualification rate, good confidentiality. It is an effective supplement to routine sentinel surveillance and has important promotion value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Su
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongyan Xia
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanming Sun
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinxiao Hao
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guowu Liu
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of AIDS/STDs Control and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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HIV Testing Strategies, Types of Tests, and Uptake by Men Who have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:678-707. [PMID: 35984608 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of strategies and types of tests on HIV testing uptake by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW), and in reaching PLWH. Articles published up to July 2020 were identified from major electronic databases and grey literature. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias. Estimates were pooled using random-effect meta-analysis while heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochran's Q test and I2. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020192740). Of 6820 titles, 263 studies (n = 67,288 participants) were included. The testing strategies reported in most studies were community- (71.2%) and facility-based (28.8%). Highest uptake, with facility-based testing, occurred and reached more PLWH while with standard laboratory tests, it occurred with the highest HIV prevalence among MSM. However, urine test showed a highest rate of new HIV infection. Multiple test combinations had the highest uptake and reached more PLWH among TGW. Various testing strategies, considering barriers and regional differences, and different test types, need be considered, to increase uptake among MSM and TGW.
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Lv Y, Li G, Hu M, Xu C, Lu H, Chen L, Xing Y, Liang S, Ma Y, Liang S, Zhuang M, Li Y, Huang C, Bai Y, Jiang Y, Zhang L. Anonymous Linkage Between College Students and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Facilities: Systematic Evaluation of Urine Self-Collection for HIV Testing Initiative in China. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e1108-e1115. [PMID: 33294913 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying young individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are unaware of their status is a major challenge for HIV control in China. To address this, an innovative, anonymous vending machine-based urine self-collection for HIV testing (USCT) program was implemented in 2016 in colleges across China. METHODS From June 2016 to December 2019, 146 vending machines stocked with urine self-collection kits were distributed on 73 college campuses across 11 provinces of China. Urine samples were collected, delivered, and tested in an anonymous manner. We analyzed the returned rate, reactive rate (likelihood of HIV screening positive), testing effectiveness (the annual number of college students living with HIV screened by USCT or other testing methods), and the spatiotemporal relationship between USCT usage and student activity per college generated from the usage of a social networking application. RESULTS Among the 5178 kits sold, 3109 (60%) samples were returned; of these, 2933 (94%) were eligible for testing. The HIV reactive rate was 2.3% (66 of 2933). The average effectiveness ratio among the 34 participating Beijing colleges was 0.39 (12:31) between USCT and conventional testing methods. A strong spatiotemporal correlation between USCT numbers and online student activity was observed during school semesters in Beijing. CONCLUSIONS USCT is a powerful complement to current interventions that target at-risk students and promote HIV testing. The social networking-based evaluation framework can be a guide in prioritizing at-risk target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guanqiao Li
- School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Maogui Hu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengdong Xu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Haidian District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Shujia Liang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Minghua Zhuang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Bai
- Alibaba Group Holding Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
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