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Ibragimova M, Kussainova A, Aripova A, Bersimbaev R, Bulgakova O. The Molecular Mechanisms in Senescent Cells Induced by Natural Aging and Ionizing Radiation. Cells 2024; 13:550. [PMID: 38534394 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the relationship between cellular senescence and radiation exposure. Given the wide range of ionizing radiation sources encountered by people in professional and medical spheres, as well as the influence of natural background radiation, the question of the effect of radiation on biological processes, particularly on aging processes, remains highly relevant. The parallel relationship between natural and radiation-induced cellular senescence reveals the common aspects underlying these processes. Based on recent scientific data, the key points of the effects of ionizing radiation on cellular processes associated with aging, such as genome instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered expression of miRNAs, epigenetic profile, and manifestation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), are discussed. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence can make a valuable contribution to the understanding of the molecular genetic basis of age-associated diseases in the context of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Ibragimova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Assiya Kussainova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Akmaral Aripova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Rakhmetkazhi Bersimbaev
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Olga Bulgakova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
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Atajanova T, Rahman MM, Konieczkowski DJ, Morris ZS. Radiation-associated secondary malignancies: a novel opportunity for applying immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3445-3452. [PMID: 37658906 PMCID: PMC10992240 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is commonly used as a treatment intended to cure or palliate cancer patients. Despite remarkable advances in the precision of radiotherapy delivery, even the most advanced forms inevitably expose some healthy tissues surrounding the target site to radiation. On rare occasions, this results in the development of radiation-associated secondary malignancies (RASM). RASM are typically high-grade and carry a poorer prognosis than their non-radiated counterparts. RASM are characterized by a high mutation burden, increased T cell infiltration, and a microenvironment that bears unique inflammatory signatures of prior radiation, including increased expression of various cytokines (e.g., TGF-β, TNF-α, IL4, and IL10). Interestingly, these cytokines have been shown to up-regulate the expression of PD-1 and/or PD-L1-an immune checkpoint receptor/ligand pair that is commonly targeted by immune checkpoint blocking immunotherapies. Here, we review the current understanding of the tumor-immune interactions in RASM, highlight the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of RASM that may render them immunologically "hot," and propose a rationale for the formal testing of immune checkpoint blockade as a treatment approach for patients with RASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavus Atajanova
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
- Department of Sociology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Md Mahfuzur Rahman
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - David J Konieczkowski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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3
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Gopinathan L, Gopinathan C. Ionizing radiation-induced cancer: perplexities of the bystander effect. Ecancermedicalscience 2023; 17:1579. [PMID: 37533937 PMCID: PMC10393308 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a carcinogen. This has been established beyond doubt from many years of studies such as those conducted among the survivors of the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later from the Chernobyl accident. Despite immense progress in the field of carcinogenesis, complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind IR-induced cancer remains elusive. In particular, the long gestation period between exposure to IR and the onset of cancer, frequently unpredictable, and sometimes lasting for many years, remains poorly understood. The centrality of DNA damage and misrepair in carcinogenesis research has not entirely benefited IR-induced cancer research and the past decade has seen a shift in understanding radiation-driven cellular mechanisms beyond simplistic models of targeted DNA damage. This paper presents a viewpoint on the gaps in our knowledge of IR-induced cancer with a focus on the non-targeted bystander effect, the mechanisms underlying which may be key to radiotherapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Gopinathan
- Independent consultant, Navi Mumbai 400703, India
- Ex-Head, Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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4
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Lyons N, Giri R, Begun J, Clark DA, Proud D, He Y, Hooper J, Kryza T. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of disease progression and therapeutic response in colorectal cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023. [PMID: 36792932 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Significance Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical to normal cellular function with redox homeostasis achieved by balancing ROS production with removal through detoxification mechanisms. Many of the conventional chemotherapies used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC) derive a proportion of their cytotoxicity from ROS generation and resistance to chemotherapy is associated with elevated detoxification mechanisms. Furthermore, cancer stem cells demonstrate elevated detoxification mechanisms making definitive treatment with existing chemotherapy challenging. In this article we review the roles of ROS in normal and malignant colonic cell biology and how existing and emerging therapies might harness ROS for therapeutic benefit. Recent advances Recent publications have elucidated the contribution of ROS to the cytotoxicity of conventional chemotherapy alongside the emerging approaches of photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and radiodynamic therapy (RDT) in which ROS are generated in response to excitatory light, sound or X-ray stimuli to promote cancer cell apoptosis. Critical issues The majority of patients with metastatic CRC have a very poor prognosis with 5-year survival of approximately 13% making the need for new or more effective treatments an imperative. Future Directions Modulation of ROS through a combination of new and emerging therapies may improve the efficacy of current chemotherapy providing novel approaches to treat otherwise resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lyons
- The University of Queensland, 1974, Mater Research, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Rabina Giri
- The University of Queensland, 1974, Mater Research, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Jakob Begun
- The University of Queensland, 1974, Mater Research, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia;
| | - David A Clark
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 3883, Surgery, Herston, Queensland, Australia;
| | - David Proud
- Austin Hospital, 96043, Surgery, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Yaowu He
- The University of Queensland, 1974, Mater Research, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia;
| | - John Hooper
- The University of Queensland, 1974, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia, 4102;
| | - Thomas Kryza
- The University of Queensland, 1974, Mater Research, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia;
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5
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Capaccione KM, Valiplackal JP, Huang A, Roa T, Fruauff A, Liou C, Kim E, Khurana S, Maher M, Ma H, Ngyuen P, Mak S, Dumeer S, Lala S, D'souza B, Laifer-Narin S, Desperito E, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Salvatore MM. Checkpoint Inhibitor Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Multimodality Pictorial Review. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:1869-1884. [PMID: 35382975 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies are drugs that modulate the body's own immune system as an anticancer strategy. Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies interfere with cell surface binding proteins that function to promote self-recognition and tolerance, ultimately leading to upregulation of the immune response. Given the striking success of these agents in early trials in melanoma and lung cancer, they have now been studied in many types of cancer and have become a pillar of anticancer therapy for many tumor types. However, abundant upregulation results in a new class of side effects, known as immune-related adverse events (IRAEs). It is critical for the practicing radiologist to be able to recognize these events to best contribute to care for patients on checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Here, we provide a comprehensive system-based review of immune-related adverse events and associated imaging findings. Further, we detail the best imaging modalities for each as well as describe problem solving modalities. Given that IRAEs can be subclinical before becoming clinically apparent, radiologists may be the first provider to recognize them, providing an opportunity for early treatment. Awareness of IRAEs and how to best image them will prepare radiologists to make a meaningful contribution to patient care as part of the clinical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Capaccione
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032.
| | - Jacienta P Valiplackal
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Tina Roa
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Alana Fruauff
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Connie Liou
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Eleanor Kim
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Sakshi Khurana
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Mary Maher
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Pamela Ngyuen
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Serena Mak
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Shifali Dumeer
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Sonali Lala
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Belinda D'souza
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Sherelle Laifer-Narin
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Elise Desperito
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Carrie Ruzal-Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Mary M Salvatore
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168(th) Street, New York, New York, 10032
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Arora A, Bhuria V, Singh S, Pathak U, Mathur S, Hazari PP, Roy BG, Sandhir R, Soni R, Dwarakanath BS, Bhatt AN. Amifostine analog, DRDE-30, alleviates radiation induced lung damage by attenuating inflammation and fibrosis. Life Sci 2022; 298:120518. [PMID: 35367468 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy of thoracic neoplasms and accidental radiation exposure often results in pneumonitis and fibrosis of lungs. Here, we investigated the potential of amifostine analogs: DRDE-07, DRDE-30, and DRDE-35, in alleviating radiation-induced lung damage. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 13.5 Gy thoracic irradiation, 30 min after intraperitoneal administration of the analogs, and assessed for modulation of the pathological response at 12 and 24 weeks. KEY FINDINGS DRDE-07, DRDE-30 and DRDE-35 increased the survival of irradiated mice from 20% to 30%, 80% and 70% respectively. Reduced parenchymal opacity (X-ray CT) in the lungs of DRDE-30 pre-treated mice corroborated well with the significant decrease in Ashcroft score (p < 0.01). Two-fold increase in SOD and catalase activities (p < 0.05), coupled with a 50% increase in GSH content and a 60% decrease in MDA content (p < 0.05) suggested restoration of the antioxidant defence system. A 20% to 40% decrease in radiation-induced apoptotic and mitotic death in the lung tissue (micronuclei: p < 0.01), resulted in attenuated lung and vascular permeability (FITC-Dextran leakage) by 50% (p < 0.01), and a commensurate reduction (~50%) in leukocyte infiltration in the injured tissue (p < 0.05). DRDE-30 abrogated the activation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB and p38/MAPK signaling cascades, suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β: p < 0.05; TNF-α: p < 0.05; IL-6: p < 0.05) and up-regulation of CAMs on the endothelial cell surface. Reduction in hydroxyproline content (p < 0.01) and collagen suggested inhibition of lung fibrosis which was associated with attenuation of TGF-β/Smad pathway-mediated-EMT. CONCLUSION DRDE-30 could be a potential prophylactic agent against radiation-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Arora
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Bhuria
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Uma Pathak
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Sweta Mathur
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Puja P Hazari
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Bal G Roy
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravi Soni
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Bilikere S Dwarakanath
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India; Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Matsuya Y, Hamada N, Yachi Y, Satou Y, Ishikawa M, Date H, Sato T. Inflammatory Signaling and DNA Damage Responses after Local Exposure to an Insoluble Radioactive Microparticle. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041045. [PMID: 35205797 PMCID: PMC8869995 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A cesium-bearing microparticle (Cs-BMP) is an insoluble radioactive microparticle possessing high specific radioactivity, which was discovered after the incident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. Due to their insoluble nature, such Cs-BMPs are assumed to adhere in the long term to normal tissue, leading to chronic local exposure. However, radiation risk due to the intake of internal exposure to radioactive cesium is conventionally estimated from the organ dose given by uniform exposure to soluble cesium. As such, it is critical to clarify the normal tissue effects posed by heterogeneous exposure to Cs-BMPs. This in vitro study reports on the relationship between the inflammatory responses and DNA damage induction during local exposure to a Cs-BMP. Abstract Cesium-bearing microparticles (Cs-BMPs) can reach the human respiratory system after inhalation, resulting in chronic local internal exposure. We previously investigated the spatial distribution of DNA damage induced in areas around a Cs-BMP; however, the biological impacts have not been fully clarified due to the limited amount of data. Here, we investigated the inflammatory signaling and DNA damage responses after local exposure to a Cs-BMP in vitro. We used two normal human lung cell lines, i.e., lung fibroblast cells (WI-38) and bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT). After 24 h exposure to a Cs-BMP, inflammation was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining for nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was also detected by means of phospholylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) focus formation assay. Cs-BMP exposure significantly increased NF-κB p65 and COX-2 expressions, which were related to the number of γ-H2AX foci in the cell nuclei. Compared to the uniform (external) exposure to 137Cs γ-rays, NF-κB tended to be more activated in the cells proximal to the Cs-BMP, while both NF-κB p65 and COX-2 were significantly activated in the distal cells. Experiments with chemical inhibitors for NF-κB p65 and COX-2 suggested the involvement of such inflammatory responses both in the reduced radiosensitivity of the cells proximal to Cs-BMP and the enhanced radiosensitivity of the cells distal from Cs-BMP. The data show that local exposure to Cs-BMP leads to biological effects modified by the NF-κB pathway, suggesting that the radiation risk for Cs-BMP exposure can differ from that estimated based on conventional uniform exposure to normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Unit, Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae 201-8511, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Yoshie Yachi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Yukihiko Satou
- Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science (CLADS), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 790-1 Otsuka, Motooka Tomioka, Futaba 979-1151, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Masayori Ishikawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.I.); (H.D.)
| | - Hiroyuki Date
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.I.); (H.D.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan;
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Cartwright JK, Moreno FG. Presentation of Eagle syndrome following radiation therapy to carcinoma of the larynx. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05325. [PMID: 35127092 PMCID: PMC8795837 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eagle syndrome is a rare clinical condition that is characterized by either an elongated styloid process or a calcified stylohyoid ligament. This report describes the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with Eagle syndrome following the treatment of recurrent laryngeal carcinoma with ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake K. Cartwright
- Quillen College of MedicineEast Tennessee State UniversityMountain HomeTennesseeUSA
| | - Francisco G. Moreno
- Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryFacial Plastic SurgeryKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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9
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Adipose-derived stem cells alleviate radiation-induced dermatitis by suppressing apoptosis and downregulating cathepsin F expression. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:447. [PMID: 34372921 PMCID: PMC8351374 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation-induced dermatitis is a serious side effect of radiotherapy, and very few effective treatments are currently available for this condition. We previously demonstrated that apoptosis is an important feature of radiation-induced dermatitis and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are one of the most promising types of stem cells that have a protective effect on acute radiation-induced dermatitis. Cathepsin F (CTSF) is a recently discovered protein that plays an important role in apoptosis. In this study, we investigated whether ADSCs affect chronic radiation-induced dermatitis, and the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods ADSCs were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and characterized. For in vivo studies, rats were randomly divided into control and ADSC-treated groups, and cultured ADSCs were transplanted into radiation-induced dermatitis model rats. The effects of ADSC transplantation were determined by skin damage scoring, histopathological analysis, electron microscopy, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting analysis of apoptosis-related proteins. To evaluate the effects of ADSCs in vitro, radiation-induced apoptotic cells were treated with ADSC culture supernatant, and apoptosis-related protein expression was investigated by TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Results In the in vivo studies, skin damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis were reduced and hair follicle and sebaceous gland regeneration were enhanced in the ADSC group compared with the control group. Further, CTSF and downstream pro-apoptotic proteins (Bid, BAX, and caspase 9) were downregulated, while anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) were upregulated. In vitro, ADSCs markedly attenuated radiation-induced apoptosis, downregulated CTSF and downstream pro-apoptotic proteins, and upregulated anti-apoptotic proteins. Conclusion ADSCs protect against radiation-induced dermatitis by exerting an anti-apoptotic effect through inhibition of CTSF expression. ADSCs may be a good therapeutic candidate to prevent the development of radiation-induced dermatitis.
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Mungunsukh O, George J, McCart EA, Snow AL, Mattapallil JJ, Mog SR, Panganiban RAM, Bolduc DL, Rittase WB, Bouten RM, Day RM. Captopril reduces lung inflammation and accelerated senescence in response to thoracic radiation in mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:236-248. [PMID: 33616187 PMCID: PMC7948861 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The lung is sensitive to radiation and exhibits several phases of injury, with an initial phase of radiation-induced pneumonitis followed by delayed and irreversible fibrosis. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril has been demonstrated to mitigate radiation lung injury and to improve survival in animal models of thoracic irradiation, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we investigated the effect of captopril on early inflammatory events in the lung in female CBA/J mice exposed to thoracic X-ray irradiation of 17-17.9 Gy (0.5-0.745 Gy min-1). For whole-body + thoracic irradiation, mice were exposed to 7.5 Gy (0.6 Gy min-1) total-body 60Co irradiation and 9.5 Gy thoracic irradiation. Captopril was administered orally (110 mg kg-1 day-1) in the drinking water, initiated 4 h through to150 days post-irradiation. Captopril treatment increased survival from thoracic irradiation to 75% at 150 days compared with 0% survival in vehicle-treated animals. Survival was characterized by a significant decrease in radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis. Investigation of early inflammatory events showed that captopril significantly attenuated macrophage accumulation and decreased the synthesis of radiation-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of irradiated mice. Suppression of IL-1β and TNF-α correlated with an increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the spleen with captopril treatment. We also found that captopril decreased markers for radiation-induced accelerated senescence in the lung tissue. Our data suggest that suppression of inflammation and senescence markers, combined with an increase of anti-inflammatory factors, are a part of the mechanism for captopril-induced survival in thoracic irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jeffy George
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Elizabeth A McCart
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Steven R Mog
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Ronald Allan M Panganiban
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David L Bolduc
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - W Bradley Rittase
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Roxane M Bouten
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina M Day
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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11
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Forrester HB, Lobachevsky PN, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Martin OA, Sprung CN. Abscopal Gene Expression in Response to Synchrotron Radiation Indicates a Role for Immunological and DNA Damage Response Genes. Radiat Res 2021; 194:678-687. [PMID: 32991732 DOI: 10.1667/rade-19-00014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abscopal effects are an important aspect of targeted radiation therapy due to their implication in normal tissue toxicity from chronic inflammatory responses and mutagenesis. Gene expression can be used to determine abscopal effects at the molecular level. Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy utilizing high-intensity X rays collimated into planar microbeams is a promising cancer treatment due to its reported ability to ablate tumors with less damage to normal tissues compared to conventional broadbeam radiation therapy techniques. The low scatter of synchrotron radiation enables microbeams to be delivered to tissue effectively, and is also advantageous for out-of-field studies because there is minimal interference from scatter. Mouse legs were irradiated at a dose rate of 49 Gy/s and skin samples in the out-of-field areas were collected. The out-of-field skin showed an increase in Tnf expression and a decrease in Mdm2 expression, genes associated with inflammation and DNA damage. These expression effects from microbeam exposure were similar to those found with broadbeam exposure. In immune-deficient Ccl2 knockout mice, we identified a different gene expression profile which showed an early increase in Mdm2, Tgfb1, Tnf and Ccl22 expression in out-of-field skin that was not observed in the immune-proficient mice. Our results suggest that the innate immune system is involved in out-of-field tissue responses and alterations in the immune response may not eliminate abscopal effects, but could change them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Advanced Analytical Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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12
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Laiakis EC, McCart EA, Deziel A, Rittase WB, Bouten RM, Jha J, Wilkins WL, Day RM, Fornace AJ. Effect of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane on Pulmonary Injury Following Thoracic Irradiation in CBA Mice. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:746-757. [PMID: 32384373 PMCID: PMC8579862 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecule 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is small, a major bioactive metabolite of indole-3 carbinol (13C), and a phytochemical compound from cruciferous vegetables released upon exposure to the gut acid environment. DIM is a proposed anti-cancer agent and was previously demonstrated to prevent radiation damage in the bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract. Here we investigated the effect of DIM on radiation-induced injury to the lung in a murine model through untargeted metabolomics and gene expression studies of select genes. CBA mice were exposed to thoracic irradiation (17.5 Gy). Mice were treated with vehicle or DIM (250 mg kg, subcutaneous injection) on days -1 pre-irradiation through +14 post-irradiation. DIM induced a significant improvement in survival by day 150 post-irradiation. Fibrosis-related gene expression and metabolomics were examined using lung tissue from days 15, 45, 60, 90, and 120 post-irradiation. Our qRT-PCR experiments showed that DIM treatment reduced radiation-induced late expression of collagen Iα and the cell cycle checkpoint proteins p21/waf1 (CDKN1A) and p16ink (CDKN2A). Metabolomic studies of lung tissue demonstrated a significant dampening of radiation-induced changes following DIM treatment. Metabolites associated with pro-inflammatory responses and increased oxidative stress, such as fatty acids, were suppressed by DIM treatment compared to irradiated samples. Together these data suggest that DIM reduces radiation-induced sequelae in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McCart
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Annabella Deziel
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - W. Bradley Rittase
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Roxane M. Bouten
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jyoti Jha
- Current address: Rise Therapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - W. Louis Wilkins
- Division of Comparative Pathology, the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute/Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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13
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Johnsrud AJ, Jenkins SV, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Quick CM, Galhardo EP, Dings RP, Vang KB, Narayanasamy G, Makhoul I, Griffin RJ. Evidence for Early Stage Anti-Tumor Immunity Elicited by Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy-Immunotherapy Combinations. Radiat Res 2020; 194:688-697. [PMID: 33348372 PMCID: PMC8008989 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00065.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy may generate synergistic anti-tumor host immune responses and promote abscopal effects. Spatial fractionation of a radiation dose has been found to promote unique physiological responses of tumors, which might promote synergy with immunotherapy. To determine whether spatial fractionation may augment immune activity, whole-tumor or spatial fractionation grid radiation treatment (GRID) alone or in combination with antibodies against immune checkpoints PD1 and CTLA-4 were tested in an immunocompetent mouse model using a triple negative breast tumor (4T1). Tumor growth delay, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to characterize the effects of each treatment type. Whole-beam radiation with immune checkpoint inhibition significantly restrained tumor growth in the irradiated tumor, but not abscopal tumors, compared to either of these treatments alone. In mice that received spatially fractionated irradiation, evidence of abscopal immune responses were observed in contralateral tumors with markedly enhanced infiltration of both antigen-presenting cells and activated T cells, which were preceded by increased systemic IFNγ production and led to eventual tumor growth delay. These studies suggest that systemic immune activation may be triggered by employing GRID to a primary tumor lesion, promoting anti-tumor immune responses outside the treatment field. Interestingly, PD-L1 was found to be upregulated in abscopal tumors from GRID-treated mice. Combined radio-immunotherapy therapy is becoming a validated and novel approach in the treatment of cancer. With the potential increased benefit of GRID to augment both local and metastatic disease responses, further exploration of GRID treatment as a part of current standards of care is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Johnsrud
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas,Address for correspondence: 1087 Tanland Dr., Unit 101, Palo, Alto, CA 94303; or
| | - Samir V. Jenkins
- Departments of Radiation Oncology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - A Jamshidi-Parsian
- Departments of Radiation Oncology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles M. Quick
- Departments of Pathology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Edvaldo P. Galhardo
- Departments of Radiation Oncology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ruud P.M. Dings
- Departments of Radiation Oncology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kieng B. Vang
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ganesh Narayanasamy
- Departments of Radiation Oncology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Issam Makhoul
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Departments of Radiation Oncology University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas,Address for correspondence: 1087 Tanland Dr., Unit 101, Palo, Alto, CA 94303; or
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14
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Wang D, Zhang X, Gao Y, Cui X, Yang Y, Mao W, Li M, Zhang B, Yu J. Research Progress and Existing Problems for Abscopal Effect. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6695-6706. [PMID: 32801902 PMCID: PMC7413699 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s245426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy plays a vital role in the treatment of tumours. In particular, the occurrence of the “abscopal effect” brings about a favourable turn for the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant tumours. Because of the abscopal effect, non-irradiated areas are also treated. However, the abscopal effect occurs by chance, not through seeking. Although the abscopal effect has been studied enthusiastically, the desired result does not appear to be achieved. Moreover, its combination with immunotherapy appears to be overwhelming. There is an opinion that abscopal effect is difficult to achieve by irradiation of a single tumour, and irradiation of multiple or total lesions is advocated to increase the possibility of obtaining clinically meaningful outcomes. Obviously, there are still questions about the mechanism, condition and possibility underlying the occurrence of the abscopal effect. Can the abscopal effect truly change the future treatment strategy as the researchers expect? What are the current problems? This article reviewed the research in recent years to explore the progress and controversy surrounding the abscopal effect of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Mao
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Elbakrawy E, Kaur Bains S, Bright S, AL-Abedi R, Mayah A, Goodwin E, Kadhim M. Radiation-Induced Senescence Bystander Effect: The Role of Exosomes. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080191. [PMID: 32726907 PMCID: PMC7465498 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing Radiation (IR), especially at high doses, induces cellular senescence in exposed cultures. IR also induces “bystander effects” through signals released from irradiated cells, and these effects include many of the same outcomes observed following direct exposure. Here, we investigate if radiation can cause senescence through a bystander mechanism. Control cultures were exposed directly to 0, 0.1, 2, and 10 Gy. Unirradiated cells were treated with medium from irradiated cultures or with exosomes extracted from irradiated medium. The level of senescence was determined post-treatment (24 h, 15 days, 30 days, and 45 days) by β-galactosidase staining. Media from cultures exposed to all four doses, and exosomes from these cultures, induced significant senescence in recipient cultures. Senescence levels were initially low at the earliest timepoint, and peaked at 15 days, and then decreased with further passaging. These results demonstrate that senescence is inducible through a bystander mechanism. As with other bystander effects, bystander senescence was induced by a low radiation dose. However, unlike other bystander effects, cultures recovered from bystander senescence after repeated passaging. Bystander senescence may be a potentially significant effect of exposure to IR, and may have both beneficial and harmful effects in the context of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Elbakrawy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo 11787, Egypt
| | - Savneet Kaur Bains
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Scott Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Raheem AL-Abedi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Ammar Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
| | - Edwin Goodwin
- Angelina Biomedical Laboratories, 2110 Deer Valley Lane, Laporte, CO 80535-9750, USA;
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.E.); (S.K.B.); (R.A.-A.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Deng J, Wulff-Burchfield EM, Murphy BA. Late Soft Tissue Complications of Head and Neck Cancer Therapy: Lymphedema and Fibrosis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2020; 2019:5551348. [PMID: 31425591 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer and its treatment result in soft tissue damage secondary to lymphedema and fibrosis. Lymphedema is the result of pathological accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues. It is caused by the inability of the lymphatic system to transport lymph fluid from the tissues to the central circulatory system and is manifested clinically by tissue swelling. Fibrosis is defined as an overaccumulation of fibrotic tissues within the skin and soft tissues after a single or repetitive injury and is characterized by hardening of the soft tissues with associated loss of elasticity. Lymphedema and fibrosis are common yet overlooked late effects of head and neck cancer and its therapy. They may result in profound long-term symptom burden, loss of critical functions, and altered quality of life. The following review will discuss the current pathobiology, clinical manifestations, and future directions for research related to lymphedema and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Shemetun OV, Pilinska MA. RADIATION-INDUCED BYSTANDER EFFECT - MODELING, MANIFESTATION, MECHANISMS, PERSISTENCE, CANCER RISKS (literature review). PROBLEMY RADIAT︠S︡IĬNOÏ MEDYT︠S︡YNY TA RADIOBIOLOHIÏ 2020; 24:65-92. [PMID: 31841459 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2019-24-65-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes and analyzes the data of world scientific literature and the results of the own research con- cerning one of the main non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation - the radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) - the ability of irradiated target cells to induce secondary biological changes in non-irradiated receptor cells. The his- tory of studies of this phenomenon is presented - it described under various names since 1905, began to study from the end of the twentieth century when named as RIBE and caused particular interest in the scientific community during recent decades. It is shown that the development of biological science and the improvement of research methods allowed to get new in-depth data on the development of RIBE not only at the level of the whole organism, but even at the genome level. The review highlights the key points of numerous RIBE investigations including mod- eling; methodological approaches to studying; classification; features of interaction between irradiated and intact cells; the role of the immune system, oxidative stress, cytogenetic disorders, changes in gene expression in the mechanism of development of RIBE; rescue effect, abscopal effect, persistence, modification, medical effects. It is emphasized that despite the considerable amount of research concerning the bystander response as the universal phenomenon and RIBE as one of its manifestations, there are still enough «white spots» in determining the mech- anisms of the RIBE formation and assessing the possible consequences of its development for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Shemetun
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of MedicalSciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M A Pilinska
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of MedicalSciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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18
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Morrissey ME, Byrne R, Nulty C, McCabe NH, Lynam-Lennon N, Butler CT, Kennedy S, O'Toole D, Larkin J, McCormick P, Mehigan B, Cathcart MC, Lysaght J, Reynolds JV, Ryan EJ, Dunne MR, O'Sullivan J. The tumour microenvironment of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract differentially influences dendritic cell maturation. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:566. [PMID: 32552799 PMCID: PMC7302160 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only 10–30% of oesophageal and rectal adenocarcinoma patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy have a complete pathological response. Inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in the tumour microenvironment (TME) may enable evasion of anti-tumour immune responses. Methods The TME influence on infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) was modelled by treating immature monocyte-derived DCs with Tumour Conditioned Media (TCM) from distinct gastrointestinal sites, prior to LPS-induced maturation. Results Cell line conditioned media from gastrointestinal cell lines inhibited LPS-induced DC markers and TNF-α secretion. TCM generated from human tumour biopsies from oesophageal, rectal and colonic adenocarcinoma induced different effects on LPS-induced DC markers - CD54, CD80, HLA-DR, CD86 and CD83 were enhanced by oesophageal cancer; CD80, CD86 and CD83 were enhanced by rectal cancer, whereas CD54, HLA-DR, CD86, CD83 and PD-L1 were inhibited by colonic cancer. Notably, TCM from all GI cancer types inhibited TNF-α secretion. Additionally, TCM from irradiated biopsies inhibited DC markers. Profiling the TCM showed that IL-2 levels positively correlated with maturation marker CD54, while Ang-2 and bFGF levels negatively correlated with CD54. Conclusion This study identifies that there are differences in DC maturational capacity induced by the TME of distinct gastrointestinal cancers. This could potentially have implications for anti-tumour immunity and response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Morrissey
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Róisín Byrne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Celina Nulty
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Niamh H McCabe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Clare T Butler
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Dermot O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Mary-Clare Cathcart
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Oesophageal Unit, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J Ryan
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co., Limerick, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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19
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Hu S, Shao C. Research progress of radiation induced bystander and abscopal effects in normal tissue. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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20
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Raj R, Thankappan K, Janakiram C, Iyer S, Mathew A. Etiopathogenesis of Trismus in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: An Exploratory Literature Review. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2020; 13:219-225. [PMID: 33456691 DOI: 10.1177/1943387520917518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trismus refers to a person's inability to normally open his or her mouth. Trismus can occur as a symptom due to tumor ingrowth or it can occur postsurgical following the treatment for head and neck cancer. Radiation-induced trismus is also a relatively common oral complication. This review aimed at reviewing the etiopathogenesis of trismus in patients with head and neck cancer. Of the 16 publications included after final screening, of which one was a nonrandomized control trial, one a randomized control trial, 6 prospective cohort studies, and 8 retrospective cohort studies. Among them, 6 articles addressed the possible mechanism for trismus related to tumor ingrowth, 8 articles suggested the likely reason for trismus in patients who had undergone radiation therapy and 2 articles addressed the postsurgical cause for trismus. This review highlights the possible involvement of infratemporal fossa as a predetermining factor for developing trismus related to tumor extension. The molecular mechanism of radiation-induced fibrosis is well studied in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhu Raj
- Department of Prosthodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnakumar Thankappan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Janakiram
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subramania Iyer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Mathew
- Department of Prosthodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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21
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Heeran AB, Berrigan HP, O'Sullivan J. The Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) and its Connections with the Hallmarks of Cancer. Radiat Res 2019; 192:668-679. [PMID: 31618121 DOI: 10.1667/rr15489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the pillars of cancer treatment, with approximately one half of all cancer patients receiving it as part of their standard of care. Emerging evidence indicates that the biological effects of radiation are not limited to targeted cells. The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) refers to the plethora of biological phenomena occurring in nonirradiated cells as a result of signal transmission from an irradiated cell. Experimental evidence has linked RIBE to numerous hallmarks of cancer including resisting cell death, tumor immune evasion, genomic instability, deregulated cellular energetics, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling as well as enhanced radioresistance, thus highlighting the potential role of RIBE events in patient treatment response. The mechanisms underlying RIBE events in vivo are poorly understood. However, elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in their manifestation may reveal novel therapeutic targets to improve radiation response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling B Heeran
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Helen P Berrigan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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22
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Mortezaee K, Najafi M, Farhood B, Ahmadi A, Shabeeb D, Eleojo Musa A. Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis of Heavy Charged Particles Radiation: Clinical and Environmental Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090591. [PMID: 31540340 PMCID: PMC6780199 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the uses of ionizing radiation is in cancer treatment. The use of heavy charged particles for treatment has been introduced in recent decades because of their priority for deposition of radiation energy in the tumor, via the Bragg peak phenomenon. In addition to medical implications, exposure to heavy charged particles is a crucial issue for environmental and space radiobiology. Ionizing radiation is one of the most powerful clastogenic and carcinogenic agents. Studies have shown that although both low and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations are carcinogenic, their risks are different. Molecular studies have also shown that although heavy charged particles mainly induce DNA damage directly, they may be more potent inducer of endogenous generation of free radicals compared to the low LET gamma or X-rays. It seems that the severity of genotoxicity for non-irradiated bystander cells is potentiated as the quality of radiation increases. However, this is not true in all situations. Evidence suggests the involvement of some mechanisms such as upregulation of pro-oxidant enzymes and change in the methylation of DNA in the development of genomic instability and carcinogenesis. This review aimed to report important issues for genotoxicity of carcinogenic effects of heavy charged particles. Furthermore, we tried to explain some mechanisms that may be involved in cancer development following exposure to heavy charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48175-861, Iran.
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan 62010, Iraq.
- Misan Radiotherapy Center, Misan Health Directorate, Ministry of Health Environment, Misan 62010, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Minna 65, Nigeria.
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Goto T. Radiation as an In Situ Auto-Vaccination: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030100. [PMID: 31455032 PMCID: PMC6789649 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is generally considered to be a local treatment, but there have been reports of rare cases demonstrating abscopal effects in which antitumor effects have been observed in cancer lesions other than the irradiated site. This result is more likely to occur when immune checkpoint inhibitors are used in addition to radiotherapy. Certain radiation-induced chemokines and cytokines have immune-enhancing effects. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may strengthen these effects by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and effector cytotoxic T cells. To date, there is no consensus regarding the applicability of the abscopal effect in the clinical setting, including optimal methods for combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and irradiation. In this review, we highlight the evidence for interactions between cancer immunotherapy and radiotherapy and discuss the potential of such interactions for use in designing novel combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Goto
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan.
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24
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Hatiboglu MA, Kocyigit A, Guler EM, Nalli A, Akdur K, Sakarcan A, Ozek E, Uysal O, Mayadagli A. Gamma knife radiosurgery compared to whole brain radiation therapy enhances immunity via immunoregulatory molecules in patients with metastatic brain tumours. Br J Neurosurg 2019; 34:604-610. [PMID: 31317782 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1642445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is lack of data on the effect of stereotactic radiosurgery in modulation of the immune system for cancer patients with metastatic brain tumours. Therefore, we investigated the change in levels of immunoregulatory molecules after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR) and whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in patients with brain metastases.Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 15 patients who received GKR, nine patients who received WBRT for brain metastases and 10 healthy controls. Samples were obtained at three time points such as before, 1h after and 1 week after the index procedure for patients treated with GKR or WBRT. All patients' demographic data and radiosurgical parameters were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed the change in the levels of T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytokines such as IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α after GKR and WBRT using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).Results: Baseline level of IFN-γ was found to be lower and that of PD-L1 was higher in the GKR group compared to WBRT group and healthy controls (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), while CTLA-4 and PD-L1 were decreased (p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively) after GKR compared to pre-GKR levels, while there was no change after WBRT.Conclusion: GKR regulates immunoregulatory molecules towards enhancing the immune system, while WBRT did not exert any effect. These findings suggested that treatment of metastatic brain lesion with GKR might stimulate a systemic immune response against the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology, Bezmialem Vakif University Beykoz Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arife Nalli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Bezmialem Vakif University Beykoz Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kerime Akdur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayten Sakarcan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Ozek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Uysal
- Department of Biostatistics, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alpaslan Mayadagli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Amini P, Mirtavoos-Mahyari H, Motevaseli E, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Cheki M, Farhood B, Yahyapour R, Shirazi A, Goushbolagh NA, Najafi M. Mechanisms for Radioprotection by Melatonin; Can it be Used as a Radiation Countermeasure? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:2-11. [PMID: 30073934 DOI: 10.2174/1874467211666180802164449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is a natural body product that has shown potent antioxidant property against various toxic agents. For more than two decades, the abilities of melatonin as a potent radioprotector against toxic effects of ionizing radiation (IR) have been proved. However, in the recent years, several studies have been conducted to illustrate how melatonin protects normal cells against IR. Studies proposed that melatonin is able to directly neutralize free radicals produced by IR, leading to the production of some low toxic products. DISCUSSION Moreover, melatonin affects several signaling pathways, such as inflammatory responses, antioxidant defense, DNA repair response enzymes, pro-oxidant enzymes etc. Animal studies have confirmed that melatonin is able to alleviate radiation-induced cell death via inhibiting pro-apoptosis and upregulation of anti-apoptosis genes. These properties are very interesting for clinical radiotherapy applications, as well as mitigation of radiation injury in a possible radiation disaster. An interesting property of melatonin is mitochondrial ROS targeting that has been proposed as a strategy for mitigating effects in radiosensitive organs, such as bone marrow, gastrointestinal system and lungs. However, there is a need to prove the mitigatory effects of melatonin in experimental studies. CONCLUSION In this review, we aim to clarify the molecular mechanisms of radioprotective effects of melatonin, as well as possible applications as a radiation countermeasure in accidental exposure or nuclear/radiological disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanifeh Mirtavoos-Mahyari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Cheki
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yahyapour
- Department of Medical School, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nouraddin Abdi Goushbolagh
- Department of medical Physics, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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26
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Naqvi SMH, Kim Y. Epigenetic modification by galactic cosmic radiation as a risk factor for lung cancer: real world data issues. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:116-118. [PMID: 31106121 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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27
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Tao X, Sun M, Chen M, Ying R, Su W, Zhang J, Xie X, Wei W, Meng X. HMGB1-modified mesenchymal stem cells attenuate radiation-induced vascular injury possibly via their high motility and facilitation of endothelial differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:92. [PMID: 30867070 PMCID: PMC6416980 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular injury is one of the most common detrimental effects of cancer radiotherapy on healthy tissues. Since the efficacy of current preventive and therapeutic strategies remains limited, the exploration of new approaches to treat radiation-induced vascular injury (RIV) is on high demands. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat RIV holds great promise thanks to their well-documented function of mediating tissue regeneration after injury. Recently, we genetically modified MSCs with high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and demonstrated the high efficacy of these cells in treating graft atherosclerosis. The current study was to investigate the protective effect of HMGB1-modified MSCs (MSC-H) on RIV by using a rat model. Methods Female F344 rats received an intravenous injection of male F344 MSC-H cells or vehicle control at four doses of 2 × 106 cells with a 15-day interval starting from 30 days after irradiation to the abdominal aorta. The aortas were procured for histological and biomedical analysis at 90 days after irradiation. Cell migration to irradiated aortas was traced by green fluorescent protein and sex determination region on the Y chromosome. In vitro cell migration and endothelial differentiation of MSC-H cells were analyzed by stromal-derived factor 1-induced transwell assay and RNA microarray, respectively. The contribution of extracellular HMGB1 to the bioactivity of MSC-H cells was investigated by inhibition experiments with HMGB1 antibody. Result MSC-H cell infusion alleviated neointimal formation, vascular inflammation, and fibrosis in irradiated aortas, which was associated with local migration and endothelial differentiation of MSC-H cells. The MSC-H cells showed high motility and potential of endothelial differentiation in vitro. Microarray analysis suggested multiple pathways like MAPK and p53 signaling were activated during endothelial differentiation. MSC-H cells highly expressed CXC chemokine receptor 4 and migrated progressively after stromal-derived factor 1 stimulation, which was blocked by the antagonist of CXC chemokine receptor 4. Finally, the migration and endothelial differentiation of MSC-H cells were inhibited by HMGB1 antibody. Conclusion MSC-H cell infusion significantly attenuated RIV, which was associated with their high motility and endothelial differentiation potential. Multiple pathways that possibly contributed to the efficacy of MSC-H cells were suggested and deserved further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1197-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Tao
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongchao Ying
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Su
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohu Meng
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Zhang J, Tao X, Sun M, Ying R, Su W, Wei W, Meng X. A Rat Model of Radiation Vasculitis for the Study of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3727635. [PMID: 30956979 PMCID: PMC6431386 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3727635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiation vasculitis is one of the most common detrimental effects of radiotherapy for malignant tumors. This is developed at the vasculature of adjacent organs. Animal experiments have showed that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) restores vascular function after irradiation. But the population of MSCs being engrafted into irradiated vessels is too low in the conventional models to make assessment of therapeutic effect difficult. This is presumably because circulating MSCs are dispersed in adjacent tissues being irradiated simultaneously. Based on the assumption, a rat model, namely, RT (radiation) plus TX (transplantation), was established to promote MSC homing by sequestering irradiated vessels. In this model, a 1.5 cm long segment of rat abdominal aorta was irradiated by 160kV X-ray at a single dose of 35Gy before being procured and grafted to the healthy counterpart. F344 inbred rats served as both donors and recipients to exclude the possibility of immune rejection. A lead shield was used to confine X-ray delivery to a 3 cm×3 cm square-shaped field covering central abdominal region. The abdominal viscera especially small bowel and colon were protected from irradiation by being pushed off the central abdominal cavity. Typical radiation-induced vasculopathy was present on the 90th day after irradiation. The recruitment of intravenously injected MSCs to irradiated aorta was significantly improved by using the RT-plus-TX model as compared to the model with irradiation only. Generally, the RT-plus-Tx model promotes MSC recruitment to irradiated aorta by separating irradiated vascular segment from adjacent tissue. Thus, the model is preferred in the study of MSC-based therapy for radiation vasculitis when the evaluation of MSC homing is demanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Tao
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongchao Ying
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Su
- Division of General Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Division of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohu Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Lierova A, Jelicova M, Nemcova M, Proksova M, Pejchal J, Zarybnicka L, Sinkorova Z. Cytokines and radiation-induced pulmonary injuries. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:709-753. [PMID: 30169853 PMCID: PMC6251431 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatment strategies for thorax malignancies. One of the considerable limitations of this therapy is its toxicity to normal tissue. The lung is the major dose-limiting organ for radiotherapy. That is because ionizing radiation produces reactive oxygen species that induce lesions, and not only is tumor tissue damaged, but overwhelming inflammatory lung damage can occur in the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium. This damage may result in radiation-induced pneumonitis and/or fibrosis. While describing the lung response to irradiation generally, the main focus of this review is on cytokines and their roles and functions within the individual stages. We discuss the relationship between radiation and cytokines and their direct and indirect effects on the formation and development of radiation injuries. Although this topic has been intensively studied and discussed for years, we still do not completely understand the roles of cytokines. Experimental data on cytokine involvement are fragmented across a large number of experimental studies; hence, the need for this review of the current knowledge. Cytokines are considered not only as molecular factors involved in the signaling network in pathological processes, but also for their diagnostic potential. A concentrated effort has been made to identify the significant immune system proteins showing positive correlation between serum levels and tissue damages. Elucidating the correlations between the extent and nature of radiation-induced pulmonary injuries and the levels of one or more key cytokines that initiate and control those damages may improve the efficacy of radiotherapy in cancer treatment and ultimately the well-being of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lierova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Jelicova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Nemcova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Proksova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zarybnicka
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Sinkorova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. Tel.: +420 973 253 219.
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Liu Y, Dong Y, Kong L, Shi F, Zhu H, Yu J. Abscopal effect of radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:104. [PMID: 30115069 PMCID: PMC6097415 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is used routinely as a standard treatment for more than 50% of patients with malignant tumors. The abscopal effect induced by local RT, which is considered as a systemic anti-tumor immune response, reflects the regression of non-irradiated metastatic lesions at a distance from the primary site of irradiation. Since the application of immunotherapy, especially with immune checkpoint inhibitors, can enhance the systemic anti-tumor response of RT, the combination of RT and immunotherapy has drawn extensive attention by oncologists and cancer researchers. Nevertheless, the exact underlying mechanism of the abscopal effect remains unclear. In general, we speculate that the immune mechanism of RT is responsible for, or at least associated with, this effect. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor effect of RT and immune checkpoint blockade and discuss some published studies on the abscopal effect for this type of combination therapy. In addition, we also evaluate the most appropriate time window for the combination of RT and immune checkpoint blockade, as well as the optimal dose and fractionation of RT in the context of the combined treatment. Finally, the most significant purpose of this review is to identify the potential predictors of the abscopal effect to help identify the most appropriate patients who would most likely benefit from the combination treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinming Yu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
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Chen C, Yang S, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhang SB, Wu B, Hong J, Zhang W, Lin J, Okunieff P, Zhang L. Triptolide mitigates radiation-induced pneumonitis via inhibition of alveolar macrophages and related inflammatory molecules. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45133-45142. [PMID: 28415830 PMCID: PMC5542172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced pulmonary injury is a major limitation of radiotherapy for thoracic tumors. We have demonstrated that triptolide (TPL) could alleviate IR-induced pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanism by which TPL mitigates the effects of radiotoxicity. The results showed that: (1) Alveolar macrophages (AMs) were the primary inflammatory cells infiltrating irradiated lung tissues and were maintained at a high level for at least 17 days, which TPL could reduce by inhibiting of the production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and its receptor CXCR2. (2) Stimulated by the co-cultured irradiated lung epithelium, AMs produced a panel of inflammative molecules (IMs), such as cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β) and chemokines (MIP-2, MCP-1, LIX). TPL-treated AMs could reduce the production of these IMs. Meanwhile, AMs isolated from irradiated lung tissue secreted significantly high levels of IMs, which could be dramatically reduced by TPL. (3) TPL suppressed the phagocytosis of AMs as well as ROS production. Our results indicate that TPL mitigates radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation through the inhibition of the infiltration, IM secretion, and phagocytosis of AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China 350122
| | - Shanmin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Steven B Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Bing Wu
- Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Key Lab of Individualized Active Immunotherapy and Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China 350005
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Key Lab of Individualized Active Immunotherapy and Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China 350005
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Key Lab of Individualized Active Immunotherapy and Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China 350005
| | - Jianhua Lin
- Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Key Lab of Individualized Active Immunotherapy and Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China 350005
| | - Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.,Fujian Platform for Medical Research at First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Key Lab of Individualized Active Immunotherapy and Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, China 350005
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Wang R, Zhou T, Liu W, Zuo L. Molecular mechanism of bystander effects and related abscopal/cohort effects in cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18637-18647. [PMID: 29719632 PMCID: PMC5915099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells subjected to ionizing radiation may release signals which can influence nearby non-irradiated cells, termed bystander effects. The transmission of bystander effects among cancer cells involves the activation of inflammatory cytokines, death ligands, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. In addition to bystander effects, two other forms of non-target effects (NTEs) have been identified in radiotherapy, as one is called cohort effects and the other is called abscopal effects. Cohort effects represent the phenomenon where irradiated cells can produce signals that reduce the survival of neighboring cells within an irradiated volume. The effects suggest the importance of cellular communication under irradiation with non-uniform dose distribution. In contrast, abscopal effects describe the NTEs that typically occur in non-irradiated cells distant from an irradiated target. These effects can be mediated primarily by immune cells such as T cells. Clinical trials have shown that application of radiation along with immunotherapy may enhance abscopal effects and improve therapeutic efficacy on non-target lesions outside an irradiated field. According to NTEs, cell viability is reduced not only by direct irradiation effects, but also due to signals emitted from nearby irradiated cells. A clinical consideration of NTEs could have a revolutionary impact on current radiotherapy via the establishment of more efficient and less toxic radiobiological models for treatment planning compared to conventional models. Thus, we will review the most updated findings about these effects and outline their mechanisms and potential applications in cancer treatment with a special focus on the brain, lung, and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Radiation, Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xi Ning, Qing Hai 810007, China.,Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tingyang Zhou
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85054, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent pathway is one of the most integral pathways linked to cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is dysregulated in a variety of diseases, including neoplasia, immune-mediated diseases, and fibroproliferative diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. The mTOR kinase is frequently referred to as the master regulator of this pathway. Alterations in mTOR signaling are closely associated with dysregulation of autophagy, inflammation, and cell growth and survival, leading to the development of lung fibrosis. Inhibitors of mTOR have been widely studied in cancer therapy, as they may sensitize cancer cells to radiation therapy. Studies also suggest that mTOR inhibitors are promising modulators of fibroproliferative diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF). Therefore, mTOR represents an attractive and unique therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the pathological role of mTOR kinase in pulmonary fibrosis and examine how mTOR inhibitors may mitigate fibrotic progression.
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Najafi M, Motevaseli E, Shirazi A, Geraily G, Rezaeyan A, Norouzi F, Rezapoor S, Abdollahi H. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clinical implications. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:335-356. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1440092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Norouzi
- Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Interactions between TGF-β1, canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ in radiation-induced fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90579-90604. [PMID: 29163854 PMCID: PMC5685775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy induces DNA damage and inflammation leading to fibrosis. Fibrosis can occur 4 to 12 months after radiation therapy. This process worsens with time and years. Radiation-induced fibrosis is characterized by fibroblasts proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and synthesis of collagen, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix. Myofibroblasts are non-muscle cells that can contract and relax. Myofibroblasts evolve towards irreversible retraction during fibrosis process. In this review, we discussed the interplays between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiation-induced fibrosis, and the potential role of PPAR γ agonists. Overexpression of TGF-β and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate fibroblasts accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation whereas PPAR γ expression decreases due to the opposite interplay of canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Both TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate each other through the Smad pathway and non-Smad pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ interact in an opposite manner. PPAR γ agonists decrease β-catenin levels through activation of inhibitors of the WNT pathway such as Smad7, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3 β) and dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). PPAR γ agonists also stimulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, which decreases both TGF-β1 and PI3K/Akt pathways. PPAR γ agonists by activating Smad7 decrease Smads pathway and then TGF-β signaling leading to decrease radiation-induced fibrosis. TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway promote radiation-induced fibrosis whereas PPAR γ agonists can prevent radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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Philipp J, Azimzadeh O, Subramanian V, Merl-Pham J, Lowe D, Hladik D, Erbeldinger N, Ktitareva S, Fournier C, Atkinson MJ, Raj K, Tapio S. Radiation-Induced Endothelial Inflammation Is Transferred via the Secretome to Recipient Cells in a STAT-Mediated Process. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3903-3916. [PMID: 28849662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is the most common treatment of cancer. Minimizing the normal tissue injury, especially the damage to vascular endothelium, remains a challenge. This study aimed to analyze direct and indirect radiation effects on the endothelium by investigating mechanisms of signal transfer from irradiated to nonirradiated endothelial cells by means of secreted proteins. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCECest2) undergo radiation-induced senescence in vitro 14 days after exposure to 10 Gy X-rays. Proteomics analysis was performed on HCECest2 14 days after irradiation with X-ray doses of 0 Gy (control) or 10 Gy using label-free technology. Additionally, the proteomes of control and radiation-induced secretomes, and those of nonirradiated HCECest2 exposed for 24 h to secreted proteins of either condition were measured. Key changes identified by proteomics and bioinformatics were validated by immunoblotting, ELISA, bead-based multiplex assays, and targeted transcriptomics. The irradiated cells, their secretome, and the nonirradiated recipient cells showed similar inflammatory response, characterized by induction of interferon type I-related proteins and activation of the STAT3 pathway. These data indicate that irradiated endothelial cells may adversely affect nonirradiated surrounding cells via senescence-associated secretory phenotype. This study adds to our knowledge of the pathological background of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Philipp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vikram Subramanian
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science , D-80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Donna Lowe
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , OX11 0RQ Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Hladik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Erbeldinger
- GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Svetlana Ktitareva
- GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- GSI Helmholtz Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ken Raj
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England , OX11 0RQ Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Radiation-induced inflammatory cascade and its reverberating crosstalks as potential cause of post-radiotherapy second malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 36:375-393. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Singh VK, Garcia M, Seed TM. A review of radiation countermeasures focusing on injury-specific medicinals and regulatory approval status: part II. Countermeasures for limited indications, internalized radionuclides, emesis, late effects, and agents demonstrating efficacy in large animals with or without FDA IND status. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:870-884. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1338782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Singh
- Division of Radioprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Division of Radioprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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39
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Najafi M, Shirazi A, Motevaseli E, Geraily G, Norouzi F, Heidari M, Rezapoor S. The melatonin immunomodulatory actions in radiotherapy. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:139-148. [PMID: 28510090 PMCID: PMC5425818 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has a key role in cancer treatment in more than half of patients with cancer. The management of severe side effects of this treatment modality is a limiting factor to appropriate treatment. Immune system responses play a pivotal role in many of the early and late side effects of radiation. Moreover, immune cells have a significant role in tumor response to radiotherapy, such as angiogenesis and tumor growth. Melatonin as a potent antioxidant has shown appropriate immune regulatory properties that may ameliorate toxicity induced by radiation in various organs. These effects are mediated through various modulatory effects of melatonin in different levels of tissue reaction to ionizing radiation. The effects on the DNA repair system, antioxidant enzymes, immune cells, cytokines secretion, transcription factors, and protein kinases are most important. Moreover, anti-cancer properties of melatonin may increase the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy. Clinical applications of this agent for the management of malignancies such as breast cancer have shown promising results. It seems anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and stimulation or suppression of some immune cell responses are the main anti-tumor effects of melatonin that may help to improve response of the tumor to radiotherapy. In this review, the effects of melatonin on the modulation of immune responses in both normal and tumor tissues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Najafi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - E Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gh Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Norouzi
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Heidari
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Fardid R, Salajegheh A, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Sharifzadeh S, Okhovat MA, Najafi M, Rezaeyan A, Abaszadeh A. Melatonin Ameliorates The Production of COX-2, iNOS, and The Formation of 8-OHdG in Non-Targeted Lung Tissue after Pelvic Irradiation. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:324-331. [PMID: 28670525 PMCID: PMC5412791 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the bystander effect of radiation on the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
(8-OHdG) in lung tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats with and without pre-administration of
melatonin. A 2×2 cm2 area of the pelvis of male Sprague-Dawley rats with and without
pre-administration of melatonin (100 mg/kg) by oral and intraperitoneal injection was irradiated with a 3 Gy dose of 1.25 MeV γ-rays. Alterations in the levels of COX-2, iNOS,
and 8-OHdG in the out-of-field lung areas of the animals were detected by enzyme immunoassay. The bystander effect significantly increased COX-2, iNOS, and 8-OHdG levels
in non-targeted lung tissues (P<0.05). Melatonin ameliorated the bystander effect of radiation and significantly reduced the level of all examined biomarkers (P<0.05). The results
indicated that the ameliorating effect of a pre-intraperitoneal (IP) injection of melatonin
was noticeably greater compared to oral pre-administration. Our findings revealed that
the bystander effect of radiation could induce oxidative DNA damage and increase the
levels of imperative COX-2 and iNOS in non-targeted lung tissues. Interestingly, melatonin could modulate the indirect destructive effect of radiation and reduce DNA damage
in non-targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fardid
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Salajegheh
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Mosleh-Shirazi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sharifzadeh
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Okhovat
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Abaszadeh
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abernathy LM, Fountain MD, Joiner MC, Hillman GG. Innate Immune Pathways Associated with Lung Radioprotection by Soy Isoflavones. Front Oncol 2017; 7:7. [PMID: 28168165 PMCID: PMC5253714 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radiation therapy for lung cancer causes pneumonitis and fibrosis. Soy isoflavones protect against radiation-induced lung injury, but the mediators of radioprotection remain unclear. We investigated the effect of radiation on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the lung and their modulation by soy isoflavones for a potential role in protection from radiation-induced lung injury. Methods BALB/c mice (5–6 weeks old) received a single 10 Gy dose of thoracic irradiation and soy isoflavones were orally administrated daily before and after radiation at 1 mg/day. Arginase-1 (Arg-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 were detected in lung tissue by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Lung MDSC subsets and their Arg-1 expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in the lungs were measured by ELISA. Results At 1 week after radiation, CD11b+ cells expressing Arg-1 were decreased by radiation in lung tissue yet maintained in the lungs treated with radiation and soy isoflavones. Arg-1 was predominantly expressed by CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6G+ granulocytic MDSCs (gr-MDSCs). Arg-1 expression in gr-MDSCs was reduced by radiation and preserved by supplementation with soy isoflavones. A persistent increase in Arg-1+ cells was observed in lung tissue treated with combined radiation and soy isoflavones at early and late time points, compared to radiation alone. The increase in Arg-1 expression mediated by soy isoflavones could be associated with the inhibition of radiation-induced activation of NF-κB and the control of pro-inflammatory cytokine production demonstrated in this study. Conclusion A radioprotective mechanism of soy isoflavones may involve the promotion of Arg-1-expressing gr-MDSCs that could play a role in downregulation of inflammation and lung radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Abernathy
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine at Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Matthew D Fountain
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael C Joiner
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Gilda G Hillman
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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42
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Herrera FG, Bourhis J, Coukos G. Radiotherapy combination opportunities leveraging immunity for the next oncology practice. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67:65-85. [PMID: 27570942 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-half of patients with newly diagnosed cancer and many patients with persistent or recurrent tumors receive radiotherapy (RT), with the explicit goal of eliminating tumors through direct killing. The current RT dose and schedule regimens have been empirically developed. Although early clinical studies revealed that RT could provoke important responses not only at the site of treatment but also on remote, nonirradiated tumor deposits-the so-called "abscopal effect"- the underlying mechanisms were poorly understood and were not therapeutically exploited. Recent work has elucidated the immune mechanisms underlying these effects and has paved the way for developing combinations of RT with immune therapy. In the wake of recent therapeutic breakthroughs in the field of immunotherapy, rational combinations of immunotherapy with RT could profoundly change the standard of care for many tumor types in the next decade. Thus, a deep understanding of the immunologic effects of RT is urgently needed to design the next generation of therapeutic combinations. Here, the authors review the immune mechanisms of tumor radiation and summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence on immunotherapy-RT combinations. Furthermore, a framework is provided for the practicing clinician and the clinician investigator to guide the development of novel combinations to more rapidly advance this important field. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:65-85. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Herrera
- Radiation Oncologist, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Instructor, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Professor, Chief of Radiation Oncology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Professor, Director, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Director, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Feiock C, Yagi M, Maidman A, Rendahl A, Hui S, Seelig D. Central Nervous System Injury - A Newly Observed Bystander Effect of Radiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163233. [PMID: 27690377 PMCID: PMC5045183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unintended side effects of cancer treatment are increasing recognized. Among these is a syndrome of long-term neurocognitive dysfunction called cancer/chemotherapy related cognitive impairment. To date, all studies examining the cognitive impact of cancer treatment have emphasized chemotherapy. Radiation-induced bystander effects have been described in cell culture and, to a limited extent, in rodent model systems. The purpose of this study was to examine, for the first time, the impact of non-brain directed radiation therapy on the brain in order to elucidate its potential relationship with cancer/chemotherapy related cognitive impairment. To address this objective, female BALB/c mice received either a single 16 gray fraction of ionizing radiation to the right hind limb or three doses of methotrexate, once per week for three consecutive weeks. Mice were sacrificed either 3 or 30 days post-treatment and brain injury was determined via quantification of activated astrocytes and microglia. To characterize the effects of non-brain directed radiation on brain glucose metabolism, mice were evaluated by fluorodeoxygluocose positron emission tomography. A single fraction of 16 gray radiation resulted in global decreases in brain glucose metabolism, a significant increase in the number of activated astrocytes and microglia, and increased TNF-α expression, all of which lasted up to 30 days post-treatment. This inflammatory response following radiation therapy was statistically indistinguishable from the neuroinflammation observed following methotrexate administration. In conclusion, non-brain directed radiation was sufficient to cause significant brain bystander injury as reflected by multifocal hypometabolism and persistent neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that radiation induces significant brain bystander effects distant from the irradiated cells and tissues. These effects may contribute to the development of cognitive dysfunction in treated human cancer patients and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Feiock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Masashi Yagi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Adam Maidman
- School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Susanta Hui
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Davis Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Palma DA, Louie AV, Rodrigues GB. New Strategies in Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Oligometastases. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:5198-204. [PMID: 26626571 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic solid tumors are usually treated with palliative intent. Systemic therapy and palliative radiation are often used, with the goals of prolonging survival or maintaining quality of life, but not of cure. In contrast to this paradigm, the theory of oligometastasis suggests that some patients who have a small number of metastases may be amenable to cure if all lesions can be eradicated. Aggressive treatment of patients with oligometastases, using either surgery or radiotherapy, has become more common in the past decade, yet in most situations, no randomized evidence is available to support such an approach. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is a novel treatment for oligometastases, delivering large doses of radiotherapy in only a few treatments, with excellent rates of local control, and appears to be an excellent noninvasive alternative to surgical resection of metastases. This article reviews recent biologic and clinical data that support the existence of the oligometastatic state and discusses gaps in this evidence base. The emerging role for SABR in the management of this challenging patient population is discussed with a focus on ongoing clinical trials in an attempt to improve overall survival, delay progression, or induce immunologic anticancer effects through the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Palma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Alexander V Louie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George B Rodrigues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Najafi M, Fardid R, Takhshid MA, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Rezaeyan AH, Salajegheh A. Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress at Out-of-Field Lung Tissues after Pelvis Irradiation in Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:340-5. [PMID: 27602315 PMCID: PMC5011321 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The out-of-field/non-target effect is one of the most important phenomena of ionizing radiation that leads to molecular and cellular damage to distant non-irradiated tissues. The most important concern about this phenomenon is carcinogenesis many years after radiation treatment. In vivo mechanisms and consequences of this phenomenon are not known completely. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative damages to out-of-field lung tissues 24 and 72 hours after pelvic irradiation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimentalinterventional study, Sprague-Dawleymale rats (n=49) were divided into seven groups (n=7/each group), including two groups of pelvis- exposed rats (out-of-field groups), two groups of whole bodyexposed rats (scatter groups), two groups of lung-exposed rats (direct irradiation groups), and one control sham group. Out- of-field groups were irradiated at a 2×2 cm area in the pelvis region with 3 Gy using 1.25 MeV cobalt-60 gamma-ray source, and subsequently, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in out-of-field lung tissues were measured. Results were compared to direct irradiation, control and scatter groups at 24 and 72 hours after exposure. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS SOD activity decreased in out-of-field lung tissue 24 and 72 hours after irradiation as compared with the controls and scatter groups. GSH level decreased 24 hours after exposure and increased 72 hours after exposure in the out-of-field groups as compared with the scatter groups. MDA level in out-of-field groups only increased 24 hours after irradiation. CONCLUSION Pelvis irradiation induced oxidative damage in distant lung tissue that led to a dramatic decrease in SOD activity. This oxidative stress was remarkable, but it was less durable as compared to direct irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fardid
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Takhshid
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Mosleh-Shirazi
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Radiotherapy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abol-Hassan Rezaeyan
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Salajegheh
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Yoon DW, Cho JH, Choi YS, Kim J, Kim HK, Zo JI, Shim YM. Predictors of survival in patients who underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion. Thorac Cancer 2016; 7:393-8. [PMID: 27385980 PMCID: PMC4930957 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with malignant pleural effusion have a limited life expectancy. An increase in pleural and oncological treatment options and more accurate prognostic evaluation may help individualize treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic indicators of overall survival (OS) after video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion. Methods We examined the medical records of all consecutive patients with malignant pleural effusion who underwent VATS talc pleurodesis from 2006 to 2008 at the Samsung Medical Center. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors of OS after VATS talc pleurodesis. Results During the study period, 91 patients underwent VATS talc pleurodesis to treat malignant pleural effusion. Early (within 30 days) and late (within 90 days) postoperative mortality rates were 9.9% (9 patients), and 25.3% (23), respectively. Median survival time after VATS talc pleurodesis was 10.5 months. The postoperative respiratory complication rate was 11% (10 patients), and included pneumonia (9) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (4). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.012), preoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.003), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score 3 or 4 (P = 0.013) were independent risk factors of OS after VATS talc pleurodesis. Conclusions We identified previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy and poor performance status (ECOG 3 or 4) as significant predictors of OS after VATS talc pleurodesis. These prognostic factors can help surgeons select candidates for VATS pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woog Yoon
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Jong Ho Cho
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Choi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Jhingook Kim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong Kwan Kim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Jae Ill Zo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Young Mog Shim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea
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Wu L, Wu MO, De la Maza L, Yun Z, Yu J, Zhao Y, Cho J, de Perrot M. Targeting the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 on T cells increased abscopal effects in murine mesothelioma model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12468-80. [PMID: 25980578 PMCID: PMC4494951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that blockade of immune suppressive CTLA-4 resulted in tumor growth delay when combined with chemotherapy in murine mesothelioma. Tumor-infiltrating T cells (TIT) after local radiotherapy (LRT) play critical roles in abscopal effect against cancer. We attempt to improve the local and abscopal effect by modulating T cell immunity with systemic blockade of CTLA-4 signal. The growth of primary tumors was significantly inhibited by LRT while CTLA-4 antibody enhanced the antitumor effect. Growth delay of the second tumors was achieved when the primary tumor was radiated. LRT resulted in more T cell infiltration into both tumors, including Treg and cytotoxic T cells. Interestingly, the proportion of Treg over effector T cells in both tumors was reversed after CTLA-4 blockade, while CD8 T cells were further activated. The expression of the immune-related genes was upregulated and cytokine production was significantly increased. LRT resulted in an increase of TIT, while CTLA-4 blockade led to significant reduction of Tregs and increase of cytotoxic T cells in both tumors. The abscopal effect is enhanced by targeting the immune checkpoints through modulation of T cell immune response in murine mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Onn Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luis De la Maza
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhihong Yun
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Yu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yidan Zhao
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Cho
- Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lobachevsky P, Ivashkevich A, Forrester HB, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Sprung CN, Martin OA. Assessment and Implications of Scattered Microbeam and Broadbeam Synchrotron Radiation for Bystander Effect Studies. Radiat Res 2015; 184:650-9. [PMID: 26632855 DOI: 10.1667/rr13720.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation is an excellent tool for investigating bystander effects in cell and animal models because of the well-defined and controllable configuration of the beam. Although synchrotron radiation has many advantages for such studies compared to conventional radiation, the contribution of dose exposure from scattered radiation nevertheless remains a source of concern. Therefore, the influence of scattered radiation on the detection of bystander effects induced by synchrotron radiation in biological in vitro models was evaluated. Radiochromic XRQA2 film-based dosimetry was employed to measure the absorbed dose of scattered radiation in cultured cells at various distances from a field exposed to microbeam radiotherapy and broadbeam X-ray radiation. The level of scattered radiation was dependent on the distance, dose in the target zone and beam mode. The number of γ-H2AX foci in cells positioned at the same target distances was measured and used as a biodosimeter to evaluate the absorbed dose. A correlation of absorbed dose values measured by the physical and biological methods was identified. The γ-H2AX assay successfully quantitated the scattered radiation in the range starting from 10 mGy and its contribution to the observed radiation-induced bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,e College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,d Hudson Institute, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,f Monash University, Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- g CSIRO Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,h Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Chris J Hall
- g CSIRO Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,d Hudson Institute, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,f Monash University, Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,i Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a cornerstone in oncologic management and is employed in various curative and palliative scenarios for local-regional control. RT is thought to locally control tumor cells by direct physical DNA damage or indirect insults from reactive oxygen species. Therapeutic effects apart from those observed at the treatment target, that is, abscopal effect, have been observed for several decades, though the underlying mechanisms regulating this phenomenon have been unclear. Accumulating evidence now suggests that the immune system is a major determinant in regulating the abscopal effect. It is now evident that RT may also enhance immunologic responses to tumors by creating an in situ vaccine by eliciting antigen release from dying tumor cells. Harnessing the specificity and dynamic nature of the immune system to target tumors in conjunction with RT is an emerging field with much promise. To optimize this approach, it is important to systematically evaluate the intricacies of the host immune system, the new generation of immunotherapeutics and the RT approach. Here we will discuss the current biologic mechanisms thought to regulate the RT-induced abscopal effect and how these may be translated to the clinical setting.
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Grellier N, Deray G, Yousfi A, Khodari W, Bouaita R, Belkacemi Y. Carence martiale fonctionnelle, inflammation et fatigue après radiothérapie. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:780-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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