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Chelnokova IA, Nikitina IA, Starodubtseva MN. Mechanical properties of blood exosomes and lipoproteins after the rat whole blood irradiation with X-rays in vitro explored by atomic force microscopy. Micron 2024; 184:103662. [PMID: 38838454 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Blood is a two-component system with two levels of hierarchy: the macrosystem of blood formed elements and the dispersed system of blood nanoparticles. Biological nanoparticles are the key participants in communication between the irradiated and non-irradiated cells and inducers of the non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. The work aimed at studying by atomic force microscopy the structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of exosomes and lipoproteins (LDL/VLDL) isolated from rat blood after its exposure to X-rays in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The whole blood of Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet was irradiated with X-rays (1 and 100 Gy) in vitro. The structural and mechanical properties (the elastic modulus and nonspecific adhesion force) of exosome and lipoprotein isolates from the blood by ultracentrifugation method were studied using Bruker Bioscope Resolve atomic force microscope in PF QNM mode, their electric properties (the zeta-potential) was measured by electrophoretic mobility. RESULTS Lipoproteins isolated from non-irradiated blood were softer (Me(LQ; UQ): 7.8(4.9;12.1) MPa) compared to blood nanoparticles of its exosome fraction (34.8(22.6;44.9) MPa) containing both exosomes and non-membrane nanoparticles. X-ray blood irradiation with a dose of 1 Gy significantly weakened the elastic properties of lipoproteins. Exposure of the blood to 100 Gy X-rays made lipoproteins stiffer and their nonspecific adhesive properties stronger. The radiation effects on the mechanical parameters of exosomes and non-membrane nanoparticles in exosome fractions differed. The significant radiation-induced change in electric properties of the studied nanoparticles was detected only for lipoproteins in the blood irradiated with 1 Gy X-rays. The low-dose radiation-induced changes in zeta-potential and increase in lipoprotein size with the appearance of a soft thick surface layer indicate the formation of the modified lipoproteins covered with a corona from macromolecules of irradiated blood. CONCLUSION Our data obtained using the nanomechanical mapping mode of AFM are the first evidence of the significant radiation-induced changes in the structural and mechanical properties of the dispersed system of blood nanoparticles after the X-ray irradiation of the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Chelnokova
- Institute of Radiobiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Gomel, Belarus.
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Mothersill C, Desai R, Seymour CB, Mendonca MS. "Lethal Mutations" a Misnomer or the Start of a Scientific Revolution? Radiat Res 2024; 202:205-214. [PMID: 38918004 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the history surrounding the discovery of lethal mutations, later described as delayed reproductive death. Lethal mutations were suggested very early on, to be due to a generalised instability in a cell population and are considered now to be one of the first demonstrations of "radiation-induced genomic instability" which led later to the establishment of the field of "non-targeted effects." The phenomenon was first described by Seymour et al. in 1986 and was confirmed by Trott's group in Europe and by Little and colleagues in the United States before being extended by Mendonca et al. in 1989, who showed conclusively that the distinguishing feature of lethal mutation occurrence was that it happened suddenly after about 9-10 population doublings in progeny which had survived the original dose of ionizing radiation. However, many authors then suggested that in fact, lethal mutations were implicit in the original experiments by Puck and Marcus in 1956 and were described in the extensive work by Sinclair in 1964, who followed clonal progeny for up to a year after irradiation and described "small colony formation" as a persistent consequence of ionizing radiation exposure. In this paper, we examine the history from 1956 to the present using the period from 1986-1989 as an anchor point to reach into the past and to go forward through the evolution of the field of low dose radiobiology where non-targeted effects predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhea Desai
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc S Mendonca
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Lyng FM, Azzam EI. Abscopal Effects, Clastogenic Effects and Bystander Effects: 70 Years of Non-Targeted Effects of Radiation. Radiat Res 2024; 202:355-367. [PMID: 38986531 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00040.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to non-targeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
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4
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Luong NC, Kawamura H, Ikeda H, Roppongi RT, Shibata A, Hu J, Jiang JG, Yu DS, Held KD. ATR signaling controls the bystander responses of human chondrosarcoma cells by promoting RAD51-dependent DNA repair. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:724-735. [PMID: 38442236 PMCID: PMC11060906 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2324479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) frequently is seen as DNA damage in unirradiated bystander cells, but the repair processes initiated in response to that DNA damage are not well understood. RIBE-mediated formation of micronuclei (MN), a biomarker of persistent DNA damage, was previously observed in bystander normal fibroblast (AG01522) cells, but not in bystander human chondrosarcoma (HTB94) cells. The molecular mechanisms causing this disparity are not clear. Herein, we investigate the role of DNA repair in the bystander responses of the two cell lines. METHODS Cells were irradiated with X-rays and immediately co-cultured with un-irradiated cells using a trans-well insert system in which they share the same medium. The activation of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins was detected by immunofluorescence staining or Western blotting. MN formation was examined by the cytokinesis-block MN assay, which is a robust method to detect persistent DNA damage. RESULTS Immunofluorescent foci of γH2AX and 53BP1, biomarkers of DNA damage and repair, revealed a greater capacity for DNA repair in HTB94 cells than in AG01522 cells in both irradiated and bystander populations. Autophosphorylation of ATR at the threonine 1989 site was expressed at a greater level in HTB94 cells compared to AG01522 cells at the baseline and in response to hydroxyurea treatment or exposure to 1 Gy of X-rays. An inhibitor of ATR, but not of ATM, promoted MN formation in bystander HTB94 cells. In contrast, no effect of either inhibitor was observed in bystander AG01522 cells, indicating that ATR signaling might be a pivotal pathway to preventing the MN formation in bystander HTB94 cells. Supporting this idea, we found an ATR-dependent increase in the fractions of bystander HTB94 cells with pRPA2 S33 and RAD51 foci. A blocker of RAD51 facilitated MN formation in bystander HTB94 cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HTB94 cells were likely more efficient in DNA repair than AG01522 cells, specifically via ATR signaling, which inhibited the bystander signal-induced MN formation. This study highlights the significance of DNA repair efficiency in bystander cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nho Cong Luong
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hidemasa Kawamura
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Reiko T Roppongi
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinmeng G Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn D Held
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Ha CT, Tageldein MM, Harding SM. The entanglement of DNA damage and pattern recognition receptor signaling. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 133:103595. [PMID: 37988925 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Cells are under constant pressure to suppress DNA damage originating from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Cellular responses to DNA damage help to prevent mutagenesis and cell death that arises when DNA damage is either left unrepaired or repaired inaccurately. During the "acute phase" of DNA damage signaling, lesions are recognized, processed, and repaired to restore the primary DNA sequence whilst cell cycle checkpoints delay mitotic progression, cell death and the propagation of errors to daughter cells. Increasingly, there is recognition of a "chronic phase" of DNA damage signaling, exemplified by the secretion of dozens of cytokines days after the inciting damage event. In this review, we focus on the cellular origin of these chronic responses, the molecular pathways that control them and the increasing appreciation for the interconnection between acute and chronic DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T Ha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maha M Tageldein
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shane M Harding
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiation Oncology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Li X, Seymour CB, Mothersill C, Rollo CD. Investigation of presence and impact of radiation-induced bystander effect in Acheta domesticus. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1619-1630. [PMID: 36892482 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2188977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE), a non-targeted effect of ionizing radiation in which non-irradiated individuals behave as if they have been irradiated after interactions with irradiated individuals, has been well documented in vertebrates. However, little research has been done investigating RIBE in terrestrial insects, this paucity of invertebrate RIBE leads to lack of knowledge on invertebrates living in fallout and exclusion zones. This paper aims to better understand the impacts of RIBE on terrestrial insects.Methods and materials: House crickets who have interacted with irradiated crickets were examined to investigate population effects of ionizing radiation exposure to better understand RIBE in insects. RESULTS The results demonstrated RIBE in crickets and found that cohabitated males had higher growth rate (mg/day) when compared to non-cohabitated males. Further, cohabitated males and females matured significantly faster with no significant difference in maturation weight than non-cohabitated populations. Experiment with adult irradiated crickets found saturability of bystander signals and similar shifts in maturation parameters. These results highlight that bystander signals can impacted development and maturation in crickets. CONCLUSION Given long-term impacts of RIBE in insects, these results may have significant implications for interactions between insects inhabiting fringe nuclear exclusion zones and those outside of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Li
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - C David Rollo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Restier-Verlet J, Joubert A, Ferlazzo ML, Granzotto A, Sonzogni L, Al-Choboq J, El Nachef L, Le Reun E, Bourguignon M, Foray N. X-rays-Induced Bystander Effect Consists in the Formation of DNA Breaks in a Calcium-Dependent Manner: Influence of the Experimental Procedure and the Individual Factor. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030542. [PMID: 36979480 PMCID: PMC10046354 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) describe the biological events occurring in non-targeted cells in the vicinity of irradiated ones. Various experimental procedures have been used to investigate RIBE. Interestingly, most micro-irradiation experiments have been performed with alpha particles, whereas most medium transfers have been done with X-rays. With their high fluence, synchrotron X-rays represent a real opportunity to study RIBE by applying these two approaches with the same radiation type. The RIBE induced in human fibroblasts by the medium transfer approach resulted in a generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) occurring from 10 min to 4 h post-irradiation. Such RIBE was found to be dependent on dose and on the number of donor cells. The RIBE induced with the micro-irradiation approach produced DSB with the same temporal occurrence. Culture media containing high concentrations of phosphates were found to inhibit RIBE, while media rich in calcium increased it. The contribution of the RIBE to the biological dose was evaluated after synchrotron X-rays, media transfer, micro-irradiation, and 6 MeV photon irradiation mimicking a standard radiotherapy session: the RIBE may represent less than 1%, about 5%, and about 20% of the initial dose, respectively. However, RIBE may result in beneficial or otherwise deleterious effects in surrounding tissues according to their radiosensitivity status and their capacity to release Ca2+ ions in response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Restier-Verlet
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Joubert
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie L. Ferlazzo
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Granzotto
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Al-Choboq
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laura El Nachef
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Eymeric Le Reun
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Université Paris Saclay Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-78-78-28-28
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Guan H, Zhang W, Xie D, Nie Y, Chen S, Sun X, Zhao H, Liu X, Wang H, Huang X, Bai C, Huang B, Zhou P, Gao S. Cytosolic Release of Mitochondrial DNA and Associated cGAS Signaling Mediates Radiation-Induced Hematopoietic Injury of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044020. [PMID: 36835431 PMCID: PMC9960871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion is an important organelle of eukaryotic cells and a critical target of ionizing radiation (IR) outside the nucleus. The biological significance and mechanism of the non-target effect originating from mitochondria have received much attention in the field of radiation biology and protection. In this study, we investigated the effect, role, and radioprotective significance of cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its associated cGAS signaling on hematopoietic injury induced by IR in vitro culture cells and in vivo total body irradiated mice in this study. The results demonstrated that γ-ray exposure increases the release of mtDNA into the cytosol to activate cGAS signaling pathway, and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) may contribute to IR-induced mtDNA release. VDAC1 inhibitor DIDS and cGAS synthetase inhibitor can alleviate bone marrow injury and ameliorate hematopoietic suppression induced by IR via protecting hematopoietic stem cells and adjusting subtype distribution of bone marrow cells, such as attenuating the increase of the F4/80+ macrophage proportion in bone marrow cells. The present study provides a new mechanistic explanation for the radiation non-target effect and an alternative technical strategy for the prevention and treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guan
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuehua Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (S.G.)
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9
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Mothersill C, Cocchetto A, Seymour C. Low Dose and Non-Targeted Radiation Effects in Environmental Protection and Medicine-A New Model Focusing on Electromagnetic Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11118. [PMID: 36232421 PMCID: PMC9570230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of signalling in initiating and perpetuating effects triggered by deposition of ionising radiation energy in parts of a system is very clear. Less clear are the very early steps involved in converting energy to chemical and biological effects in non-targeted parts of the system. The paper aims to present a new model, which could aid our understanding of the role of low dose effects in determining ultimate disease outcomes. We propose a key role for electromagnetic signals resulting from physico-chemical processes such as excitation decay, and acoustic waves. These lead to the initiation of damage response pathways such as elevation of reactive oxygen species and membrane associated changes in key ion channels. Critically, these signalling pathways allow coordination of responses across system levels. For example, depending on how these perturbations are transduced, adverse or beneficial outcomes may predominate. We suggest that by appreciating the importance of signalling and communication between multiple levels of organisation, a unified theory could emerge. This would allow the development of models incorporating time, space and system level to position data in appropriate areas of a multidimensional domain. We propose the use of the term "infosome" to capture the nature of radiation-induced communication systems which include physical as well as chemical signals. We have named our model "the variable response model" or "VRM" which allows for multiple outcomes following exposure to low doses or to signals from low dose irradiated cells, tissues or organisms. We suggest that the use of both dose and infosome in radiation protection might open up new conceptual avenues that could allow intrinsic uncertainty to be embraced within a holistic protection framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- National CFIDS Foundation, 285 Beach Ave., Hull, MA 02045-1602, USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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10
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Buonanno M, Gonon G, Pandey BN, Azzam EI. The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:964-982. [PMID: 35559659 PMCID: PMC9809126 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2078006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assumption that traversal of the cell nucleus by ionizing radiation is a prerequisite to induce genetic damage, or other important biological responses, has been challenged by studies showing that oxidative alterations extend beyond the irradiated cells and occur also in neighboring bystander cells. Cells and tissues outside the radiation field experience significant biochemical and phenotypic changes that are often similar to those observed in the irradiated cells and tissues. With relevance to the assessment of long-term health risks of occupational, environmental and clinical exposures, measurable genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes have been also detected in the progeny of bystander cells. How the oxidative damage spreads from the irradiated cells to their neighboring bystander cells has been under intense investigation. Following a brief summary of the trends in radiobiology leading to this paradigm shift in the field, we review key findings of bystander effects induced by low and high doses of various types of radiation that differ in their biophysical characteristics. While notable mechanistic insights continue to emerge, here the focus is on the many means of intercellular communication that mediate these effects, namely junctional channels, secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles, and immune pathways. CONCLUSIONS The insights gained by studying radiation bystander effects are leading to a basic understanding of the intercellular communications that occur under mild and severe oxidative stress in both normal and cancerous tissues. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these communications will likely contribute to reducing the uncertainty of predicting adverse health effects following exposure to low dose/low fluence ionizing radiation, guide novel interventions that mitigate adverse out-of-field effects, and contribute to better outcomes of radiotherapeutic treatments of cancer. In this review, we highlight novel routes of intercellular communication for investigation, and raise the rationale for reconsidering classification of bystander responses, abscopal effects, and expression of genomic instability as non-targeted effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Géraldine Gonon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSESANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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11
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Field carcinogenesis and biological significance of the potential of the bystander effect: carcinogenesis, therapeutic response, and tissue regeneration. Surg Today 2022; 53:545-553. [PMID: 35576018 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-022-02524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The "bystander effect" is a transmission phenomenon mediating communication from target to non-target cells, as well as cell-to-cell interactions between neighboring and distantly located cells. In this narrative review, we describe the fundamental and clinical significance of the bystander effect with respect to cell-to-cell interactions in carcinogenesis, therapeutic response, and tissue regeneration. In carcinogenesis, the bystander effect mediates communications between tumor microenvironments and non-malignant epithelial cells and has been suggested to impact heterogeneous tumorigenic cells in tumors and cancerized fields. In therapeutic response, the bystander effect mediates communications between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells and may transmit both drug efficacy and resistance. Therefore, control of therapeutic response transmission via the bystander effect might offer a promising future cancer treatment. Finally, in tissue regeneration, circulating cells and stromal cells may differentiate into various cells for the purpose of tissue regeneration under direction of the bystander effect arising from surrounding cells in a defective space. We hope that the findings we present will promote the development of innovative cancer therapies and tissue regeneration methodologies from the viewpoint of cell-to-cell interactions through the bystander effect.
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12
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Zhu H, Xie D, Yang Y, Huang S, Gao X, Peng Y, Wang B, Wang J, Xiao D, Wu D, Li C, Li C, Qian CN, Deng X. Radioprotective effect of X-ray abdominal FLASH irradiation: Adaptation to oxidative damage and inflammatory response may be benefiting factors. Med Phys 2022; 49:4812-4822. [PMID: 35451077 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrahigh dose-rate irradiation (FLASH-IR) was reported to be efficient in tumor control while reducing normal tissue radiotoxicity. However, the mechanism of such phenomenon is still unclear. Besides, the FLASH experiments using high energy X-ray, the most common modality in clinical radiotherapy, is rarely reported. This study aims to investigate the radiobiological response using 6 MV X-ray FLASH-IR or conventional dose-rate IR (CONV-IR). METHODS The superconducting linac of Chengdu THz Free Electron Laser (CTFEL) facility was used for FLASH-IR, a diamond radiation detector and a CeBr3 scintillation detector were used to monitor the time structure and dose rate of FLASH pulses. BALB/c nude mice received whole abdominal 6 MV X-ray FLASH-IR or CONV-IR, the prescribed dose was 15 Gy or 10 Gy and the delivered absolute dose was monitored with EBT3 films. The mice were either euthanized 24 h post-IR to evaluate acute tissue responses or followed up for 6 weeks to observe late-stage responses and survival probability. Complete blood count, histological analyses, and measurement of cytokine expression and redox status were performed. RESULTS The mean dose rate of >150 Gy/s and instantaneous dose rate of >5.5×105 Gy/s was reached in FLASH-IR at the center of mice body. After 6 weeks' follow-up of mice that received 15 Gy IR, the FLASH group showed faster body weight recovery and higher survival probability than the CONV group. Histological analysis showed that FLASH-IR induced less acute intestinal damage than CONV-IR. Complete blood count and cytokine concentration measurement found that the inflammatory blood cell counts and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were elevated at the acute stage after both FLASH-IR and CONV-IR. However, FLASH irradiated mice had significantly fewer inflammatory blood cells and diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine at the late stage. Moreover, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal intensities but significantly reduced lipid peroxidation were found in the FLASH group than in the CONV group in the acute stage. CONCLUSIONS The radioprotective effect of 6 MV X-ray FLASH-IR was observed. The differences in inflammatory responses and redox status between the two groups may be the factors responsible for reduced radiotoxicities following FLASH-IR. Further studies are required to thoroughly evaluate the impact of ROS on FLASH effect. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dehuan Xie
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Shaomin Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xingwang Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yinglin Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Dexin Xiao
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Dai Wu
- Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Changzhi Li
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510799, China
| | - Xiaowu Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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13
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Mothersill C, Seymour C. Low dose radiation mechanisms: The certainty of uncertainty. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503451. [PMID: 35483782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current understanding of low dose radiobiology, and how it has evolved from classical target theory. It highlights the uncertainty around low dose effects, which is due in part to the complexity of "context" surrounding the ultimate expression of biological effects following low dose exposure. The paper makes special reference to low dose non-targeted effects which, are currently ignored in radiation protection and population level risk assessment, because it is unclear what they mean for risk. The view of the authors is that this "lack of clarity" about what the effects mean is precisely the point. It indicates the uncertainty of outcomes after a given exposure. The uncertainty stems from multiple outcome options resulting from the intrinsic uncertainty of the stochastic interaction of low dose radiation with matter. This uncertainty should be embraced rather than eschewed. The impacts of the uncertainties identified in this paper is explored and an approach to quantifying mutation probability in relation to dose is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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14
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Mothersill C, Seymour C. Current Opinion in Toxicology "Hormesis and Dose-Response 2022” Title: Radiation hormesis and dose response: are our current concepts meaningful or useful? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Pelevina II, Akleev AV, Kogarko IN, Petushkova VV, Kogarko BS, Pryakhin EA, Neifakh EA, Ktitorova OV, Andreev SS. Radiation-Chemical Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Organism and Genotoxic Disorders of the Blood System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121060233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Kuzmina NS. Radiation-Induced DNA Methylation Disorders: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Commonalities in the Features of Cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Evidence for Stress-Induced Phenotype Instability? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020691. [PMID: 35054876 PMCID: PMC8775947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF) are syndromes with considerable overlap with respect to symptoms. There have been many studies that have compared the two conditions, and some of this research suggests that the etiologies of the conditions are linked in some cases. In this narrative review, CFS/ME and cancer are introduced, along with their known and putative mechanistic connections to multiple stressors including ionizing radiation. Next, we summarize findings from the literature that suggest the involvement of HPA-axis dysfunction, the serotonergic system, cytokines and inflammation, metabolic insufficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction, and genetic changes in CRF and CFS/ME. We further suspect that the manifestation of fatigue in both diseases and its causes could indicate that CRF and CFS/ME lie on a continuum of potential biological effects which occur in response to stress. The response to this stress likely varies depending on predisposing factors such as genetic background. Finally, future research ideas are suggested with a focus on determining if common biomarkers exist in CFS/ME patients and those afflicted with CRF. Both CFS/ME and CRF are relatively heterogenous syndromes, however, it is our hope that this review assists in future research attempting to elucidate the commonalities between CRF and CFS/ME.
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Shuryak I, Sachs RK, Brenner DJ. Quantitative modeling of carcinogenesis induced by single beams or mixtures of space radiations using targeted and non-targeted effects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23467. [PMID: 34873209 PMCID: PMC8648899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiations encountered by astronauts on deep space missions produce biological damage by two main mechanisms: (1) Targeted effects (TE) due to direct traversals of cells by ionizing tracks. (2) Non-targeted effects (NTE) caused by release of signals from directly hit cells. The combination of these mechanisms generates non-linear dose response shapes, which need to be modeled quantitatively to predict health risks from space exploration. Here we used a TE + NTE model to analyze data on APC(1638N/+) mouse tumorigenesis induced by space-relevant doses of protons, 4He, 12C, 16O, 28Si or 56Fe ions, or γ rays. A customized weighted Negative Binomial distribution was used to describe the radiation type- and dose-dependent data variability. This approach allowed detailed quantification of dose–response shapes, NTE- and TE-related model parameters, and radiation quality metrics (relative biological effectiveness, RBE, and radiation effects ratio, RER, relative to γ rays) for each radiation type. Based on the modeled responses for each radiation type, we predicted the tumor yield for a Mars-mission-relevant mixture of these radiations, using the recently-developed incremental effect additivity (IEA) synergy theory. The proposed modeling approach can enhance current knowledge about quantification of space radiation quality effects, dose response shapes, and ultimately the health risks for astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Rainer K Sachs
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
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19
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Kadhim M, Tuncay Cagatay S, Elbakrawy EM. Non-targeted effects of radiation: a personal perspective on the role of exosomes in an evolving paradigm. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:410-420. [PMID: 34662248 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1980630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced non-targeted effects (NTE) have implications in a variety of areas relevant to radiation biology. Here we evaluate the various cargo associated with exosomal signalling and how they work synergistically to initiate and propagate the non-targeted effects including Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects. CONCLUSIONS Extra cellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, have been shown to carry bystander signals. Exosome cargo may contain nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA, as well as proteins, lipids and metabolites. These cargo molecules have all been considered as potential mediators of NTE. A review of current literature shows mounting evidence of a role for ionizing radiation in modulating both the numbers of exosomes released from affected cells as well as the content of their cargo, and that these exosomes can instigate functional changes in recipient cells. However, there are significant gaps in our understanding, particularly regarding modified exosome cargo after radiation exposure and the functional changes induced in recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Seda Tuncay Cagatay
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eman Mohammed Elbakrawy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo 11787, Egypt
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20
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Fant C, Granzotto A, Mestas JL, Ngo J, Lafond M, Lafon C, Foray N, Padilla F. DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Murine Mammary Tumor Cells Induced by Combined Treatment with Doxorubicin and Controlled Stable Cavitation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2941-2957. [PMID: 34315620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin induce cell cytotoxicity through induction of DNA double-strand breaks. Recent studies have reported the occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks in different cell lines exposed to cavitational ultrasound. As ultrasound stable cavitation can potentiate the therapeutic effects of cytotoxic drugs, we hypothesized that combined treatment with unseeded stable cavitation and doxorubicin would lead to increased DNA damage and would reduce cell viability and proliferation in vitro. In this study, we describe how we determined, using 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma as a model cell line, that unseeded stable cavitation combined with doxorubicin leads to additive DNA double-strand break induction. Combined treatment with doxorubicin and unseeded stable cavitation significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation at 72 h. A mechanistic study of the potential mechanisms of action of the combined treatment identified the presence of cavitation necessary to increase early DNA double-strand break induction, likely mediated by a bystander effect with release of extracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Fant
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Mestas
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Ngo
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Lafond
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyril Lafon
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Frédéric Padilla
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, Lyon, France; Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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21
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Smith R, Nadella S, Moccia R, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Copper uptake in adult rainbow trout irradiated during early life stages and in non-irradiated bystander trout which swam with the irradiated fish. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:1130-1138. [PMID: 34524940 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1980627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This investigation forms part of a wider study into the legacy effects of exposure of rainbow trout eggs 38 h after fertilization, eyed eggs, yolk sac larvae (YSL) or first feeders to a single 0.5 Gy X-ray dose, including the induction of a bystander effect, by the irradiated fish, to non-irradiated fish. Fish may be exposed to multiple environmental stressors, including waterborne metals, during their lifespan and, while there are data on how the legacy of early life stage irradiation and bystander effect induction is affected by waterborne aluminum and cadmium, there are no studies into the effects radiation or the radiation induced bystander effect on metal uptake. Therefore the aim of this investigation was to determine if the legacy of early life stage irradiation included an effect on copper uptake by adult fish and by non-irradiated bystander adult trout which swam with the irradiated fish. METHODS The four early life stages mentioned above were exposed to a single 0.5 Gy X-ray dose and then maintained, for two years with no further irradiation. At two years old the irradiated fish were allowed to swim, for 2 h with non-irradiated bystander trout (also two years old). After this time copper uptake was determined using 64Cu. RESULTS Copper uptake was increased in adult trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization and as first feeders but eyed egg or YSL irradiation had no effect. Copper uptake was also increased in the bystander trout which swam with trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization and as eyed eggs but there was no effect on non-irradiated adult trout which swam with trout irradiated as YSL or first feeders. CONCLUSIONS When put in context with the proteomic changes observed in these fish we propose the increased copper uptake in adult trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization could be part of an anti-tumorigenic response and the increase in copper uptake in adult trout irradiated as first feeders could be part of a potentially protective pro-apoptotic response. Similarly we propose the increase in copper uptake in non-irradiated adult trout, induced by trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization or as eyed eggs, was part of the universally anti-tumorigenic nature of the X-ray induced bystander effect in fish. However this was exclusive to embryonic irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Smith
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sunita Nadella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Richard Moccia
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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22
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Perez-Gelvez YNC, Camus AC, Bridger R, Wells L, Rhodes OE, Bergmann CW. Effects of chronic exposure to low levels of IR on Medaka ( Oryzias latipes): a proteomic and bioinformatic approach. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1485-1501. [PMID: 34355643 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1962570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) at low doses (<100 mGy) has been insufficiently studied to understand fully the risk to health. Relatively little knowledge exists regarding how species and healthy tissues respond at the protein level to chronic exposure to low doses of IR, and mass spectrometric-based profiling of protein expression is a powerful tool for studying changes in protein abundance. MATERIALS AND METHODS SDS gel electrophoresis, LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry-based approaches and bioinformatic data analytics were used to detect proteomic changes following chronic exposure to moderate/low doses of radiation in adults and normally developed Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). RESULTS Significant variations in the abundance of proteins involved in thyroid hormone signaling and lipid metabolism were detected, which could be related to the gonadal regression phenotype observed after 21.04 mGy and 204.3 mGy/day exposure. The global proteomic change was towards overexpression of proteins in muscle and skin, while the opposite effect was observed in internal organs. CONCLUSION The present study provides information on the impacts of biologically relevant low doses of IR, which will be useful in future research for the identification of potential biomarkers of IR exposure and allow for a better assessment of radiation biosafety regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni Natalia C Perez-Gelvez
- Carbohydrate Complex Research Center, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert Bridger
- Carbohydrate Complex Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Carbohydrate Complex Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Olin E Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Odum School of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Carl W Bergmann
- Carbohydrate Complex Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Dawood A, Mothersill C, Seymour C. Low dose ionizing radiation and the immune response: what is the role of non-targeted effects? Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1368-1382. [PMID: 34330196 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1962572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aims to trace the historical narrative surrounding the low dose effects of radiation on the immune system and how our understanding has changed from the beginning of the 20th century to now. The particular focus is on the non-targeted effects (NTEs) of low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) which are effects that occur when irradiated cells emit signals that cause effects in the nearby or distant non-irradiated cells known as radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE). Moreover, radiation induced genomic instability (RIGI) and abscopal effect (AE) also regarded as NTE. This was prompted by our recent discovery that ultraviolet A (UVA) photons are emitted by the irradiated cells and that these photons can trigger NTE such as the RIBE in unirradiated recipients of these photons. Given the well-known association between UV radiation and the immune response, where these biophotons may pose as bystander signals potentiating processes in deep tissues as a consequence of LDIR, it is timely to review the field with a fresh lens. Various pathways and immune components that contribute to the beneficial and adverse types of modulation induced by LDR will also be revisited. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence for LDIR induced immune effects by way of a non-targeted mechanism in biological tissue. The literature examining low to medium dose effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system and its components is complex and controversial. Early work was compromised by lack of good dosimetry while later work mainly looks at the involvement of immune response in radiotherapy. There is a lack of research in the LDIR/NTE field focusing on immune response although bone marrow stem cells and lineages were critical in the identification and characterization of NTE where effects like RIGI and RIBE were heavily researched. This may be in part, a result of the difficulty of isolating NTE in whole organisms which are essential for good immune response studies. Models involving inter organism transmission of NTE are a promising route to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annum Dawood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Apilan AG, Mothersill C. Targeted and Non-Targeted Mechanisms for Killing Hypoxic Tumour Cells-Are There New Avenues for Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8651. [PMID: 34445354 PMCID: PMC8395506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A major issue in radiotherapy is the relative resistance of hypoxic cells to radiation. Historic approaches to this problem include the use of oxygen mimetic compounds to sensitize tumour cells, which were unsuccessful. This review looks at modern approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of targeting and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissues and asks the question of whether non-targeted effects in radiobiology may provide a new "target". Novel techniques involve the integration of recent technological advancements such as nanotechnology, cell manipulation, and medical imaging. Particularly, the major areas of research discussed in this review include tumour hypoxia imaging through PET imaging to guide carbogen breathing, gold nanoparticles, macrophage-mediated drug delivery systems used for hypoxia-activate prodrugs, and autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines several features of these methods, including the mechanisms of action to induce radiosensitization, the increased accuracy in targeting hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue, preclinical/clinical trials, and future considerations. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that the four novel tumour hypoxia therapeutics demonstrate compelling evidence that these techniques can serve as powerful tools to increase targeting efficacy and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue. Each technique uses a different way to manipulate the therapeutic ratio, which we have labelled "oxygenate, target, use, and digest". In addition, by focusing on emerging non-targeted and out-of-field effects, new umbrella targets are identified, which instead of sensitizing hypoxic cells, seek to reduce the radiosensitivity of normal tissues.
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25
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The role of the spatially fractionated radiation therapy in the management of advanced bulky tumors. POLISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/pjmpe-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) refers to the delivery of a single large dose of radiation within the target volume in a heterogeneous pattern using either a custom GRID block, multileaf collimators, and virtual methods such as helical tomotherapy or synchrotron-based microbeams. The potential impact of this technique on the regression of bulky deep-seated tumors that do not respond well to conventional radiotherapy has been remarkable. To date, a large number of patients have been treated using the SFRT techniques. However, there are yet many technical and medical challenges that have limited their routine use to a handful of clinics, most commonly for palliative intent. There is also a poor understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the clinical efficacy of this approach. In this article, the methods of SFRT delivery together with its potential biological mechanisms are presented. Furthermore, technical challenges and clinical achievements along with the radiobiological models used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SFRT are highlighted.
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Steel H, Brüningk SC, Box C, Oelfke U, Bartzsch SH. Quantification of Differential Response of Tumour and Normal Cells to Microbeam Radiation in the Absence of FLASH Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3238. [PMID: 34209502 PMCID: PMC8268803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is a preclinical method of delivering spatially-fractionated radiotherapy aiming to improve the therapeutic window between normal tissue complication and tumour control. Previously, MRT was limited to ultra-high dose rate synchrotron facilities. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro effects of MRT on tumour and normal cells at conventional dose rates produced by a bench-top X-ray source. Two normal and two tumour cell lines were exposed to homogeneous broad beam (BB) radiation, MRT, or were separately irradiated with peak or valley doses before being mixed. Clonogenic survival was assessed and compared to BB-estimated surviving fractions calculated by the linear-quadratic (LQ)-model. All cell lines showed similar BB sensitivity. BB LQ-model predictions exceeded the survival of cell lines following MRT or mixed beam irradiation. This effect was stronger in tumour compared to normal cell lines. Dose mixing experiments could reproduce MRT survival. We observed a differential response of tumour and normal cells to spatially fractionated irradiations in vitro, indicating increased tumour cell sensitivity. Importantly, this was observed at dose rates precluding the presence of FLASH effects. The LQ-model did not predict cell survival when the cell population received split irradiation doses, indicating that factors other than local dose influenced survival after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Steel
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK; (C.B.); (U.O.)
| | - Sarah C. Brüningk
- Machine Learning & Computational Biology, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carol Box
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK; (C.B.); (U.O.)
| | - Uwe Oelfke
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK; (C.B.); (U.O.)
| | - Stefan H. Bartzsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, Institute for Radiation Medicine, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany
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Veith I, Mencattini A, Picant V, Serra M, Leclerc M, Comes MC, Mami-Chouaib F, Camonis J, Descroix S, Shirvani H, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Zalcman G, Parrini MC, Martinelli E. Apoptosis mapping in space and time of 3D tumor ecosystems reveals transmissibility of cytotoxic cancer death. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008870. [PMID: 33784299 PMCID: PMC8034728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging tumor-on-chip (ToC) approaches allow to address biomedical questions out of reach with classical cell culture techniques: in biomimetic 3D hydrogels they partially reconstitute ex vivo the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and the cellular dynamics involving multiple cell types (cancer cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, etc.). However, a clear bottleneck is the extraction and interpretation of the rich biological information contained, sometime hidden, in the cell co-culture videos. In this work, we develop and apply novel video analysis algorithms to automatically measure the cytotoxic effects on human cancer cells (lung and breast) induced either by doxorubicin chemotherapy drug or by autologous tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). A live fluorescent dye (red) is used to selectively pre-stain the cancer cells before co-cultures and a live fluorescent reporter for caspase activity (green) is used to monitor apoptotic cell death. The here described open-source computational method, named STAMP (spatiotemporal apoptosis mapper), extracts the temporal kinetics and the spatial maps of cancer death, by localizing and tracking cancer cells in the red channel, and by counting the red to green transition signals, over 2-3 days. The robustness and versatility of the method is demonstrated by its application to different cell models and co-culture combinations. Noteworthy, this approach reveals the strong contribution of primary cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to breast cancer chemo-resistance, proving to be a powerful strategy to investigate intercellular cross-talks and drug resistance mechanisms. Moreover, we defined a new parameter, the 'potential of death induction', which is computed in time and in space to quantify the impact of dying cells on neighbor cells. We found that, contrary to natural death, cancer death induced by chemotherapy or by CTL is transmissible, in that it promotes the death of nearby cancer cells, suggesting the release of diffusible factors which amplify the initial cytotoxic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Veith
- Institut Roche, 4 cours de l’Ile Seguin, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Arianna Mencattini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentin Picant
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Serra
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marine Leclerc
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine—Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Colomba Comes
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine—Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Camonis
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Hamasseh Shirvani
- Institut Roche, 4 cours de l’Ile Seguin, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- CIC INSERM 1425, Thoracic Oncology Department, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EM); (MCP)
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (EM); (MCP)
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28
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Zemskova OV, Kurinnyi DA, Rushkovsky SR, Demchenko OM, Romanenko MG, Glavatsky OY, Klymenko SV. Development of Tumor-Induced Bystander Effect and Radiosensitivity in the Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Glioblastoma Patients with Different MGMT Gene Methylation Statuses in Tumor Cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shuryak I, Brenner DJ. Quantitative modeling of multigenerational effects of chronic ionizing radiation using targeted and nontargeted effects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4776. [PMID: 33637848 PMCID: PMC7910614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress response signals can propagate between cells damaged by targeted effects (TE) of ionizing radiation (e.g. energy depositions and ionizations in the nucleus) and undamaged "bystander" cells, sometimes over long distances. Their consequences, called non-targeted effects (NTE), can substantially contribute to radiation-induced damage (e.g. cell death, genomic instability, carcinogenesis), particularly at low doses/dose rates (e.g. space exploration, some occupational and accidental exposures). In addition to controlled laboratory experiments, analysis of observational data on wild animal and plant populations from areas contaminated by radionuclides can enhance our understanding of radiation responses because such data span wide ranges of dose rates applied over many generations. Here we used a mechanistically-motivated mathematical model of TE and NTE to analyze published embryonic mortality data for plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus) from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident region. Although these species differed strongly in intrinsic radiosensitivities and post-accident radiation exposure magnitudes, model-based analysis suggested that NTE rather than TE dominated the responses of both organisms to protracted low-dose-rate irradiation. TE were predicted to become dominant only above the highest dose rates in the data. These results support the concept of NTE involvement in radiation-induced health risks from chronic radiation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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30
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Petushkova VV, Pelevina II, Kogarko IN, Neifakh EA, Kogarko BS, Ktitorova OV. Some Aspects Related to Transmission of Radiation-Induced Alterations due to the Bystander Effect. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Shuryak I, Brenner DJ. REVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE MECHANISTIC MODELS OF RADIATION-INDUCED NON-TARGETED EFFECTS (NTE). RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 192:236-252. [PMID: 33395702 PMCID: PMC7840098 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mechanistic modeling of the biological effects of ionizing radiation has a long rich history. Initially, it was dominated by target theory, which quantifies damage caused by traversal of cellular targets like DNA by ionizing tracks. The discovery that mutagenesis, death and/or altered behavior sometimes occur in cells that were not themselves traversed by any radiation tracks but merely interacted with traversed cells was initially seen as surprising. As more evidence of such 'non-targeted' or 'bystander' effects accumulated, the importance of their contribution to radiation-induced damage became more recognized. Understanding and modeling these processes is important for quantifying and predicting radiation-induced health risks. Here we review the variety of mechanistic mathematical models of nontargeted effects that emerged over the past 2-3 decades. This review is not intended to be exhaustive, but focuses on the main assumptions and approaches shared or distinct between models, and on identifying areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630W 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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32
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Matarèse BFE, Lad J, Seymour C, Schofield PN, Mothersill C. Bio-acoustic signaling; exploring the potential of sound as a mediator of low-dose radiation and stress responses in the environment. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1083-1097. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1834162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. E. Matarèse
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jigar Lad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul N. Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Rhodes OE, Bréchignac F, Bradshaw C, Hinton TG, Mothersill C, Arnone JA, Aubrey DP, Barnthouse LW, Beasley JC, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Boring LR, Bryan AL, Capps KA, Clément B, Coleman A, Condon C, Coutelot F, DeVol T, Dharmarajan G, Fletcher D, Flynn W, Gladfelder G, Glenn TC, Hendricks S, Ishida K, Jannik T, Kapustka L, Kautsky U, Kennamer R, Kuhne W, Lance S, Laptyev G, Love C, Manglass L, Martinez N, Mathews T, McKee A, McShea W, Mihok S, Mills G, Parrott B, Powell B, Pryakhin E, Rypstra A, Scott D, Seaman J, Seymour C, Shkvyria M, Ward A, White D, Wood MD, Zimmerman JK. Integration of ecosystem science into radioecology: A consensus perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140031. [PMID: 32559536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the Fall of 2016 a workshop was held which brought together over 50 scientists from the ecological and radiological fields to discuss feasibility and challenges of reintegrating ecosystem science into radioecology. There is a growing desire to incorporate attributes of ecosystem science into radiological risk assessment and radioecological research more generally, fueled by recent advances in quantification of emergent ecosystem attributes and the desire to accurately reflect impacts of radiological stressors upon ecosystem function. This paper is a synthesis of the discussions and consensus of the workshop participant's responses to three primary questions, which were: 1) How can ecosystem science support radiological risk assessment? 2) What ecosystem level endpoints potentially could be used for radiological risk assessment? and 3) What inference strategies and associated methods would be most appropriate to assess the effects of radionuclides on ecosystem structure and function? The consensus of the participants was that ecosystem science can and should support radiological risk assessment through the incorporation of quantitative metrics that reflect ecosystem functions which are sensitive to radiological contaminants. The participants also agreed that many such endpoints exit or are thought to exit and while many are used in ecological risk assessment currently, additional data need to be collected that link the causal mechanisms of radiological exposure to these endpoints. Finally, the participants agreed that radiological risk assessments must be designed and informed by rigorous statistical frameworks capable of revealing the causal inference tying radiological exposure to the endpoints selected for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olin E Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America.
| | - Francois Bréchignac
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, International Union of Radioecology, Center of Cadarache, Bldg 159, BP 1, 13115 St Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Clare Bradshaw
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | | | - John A Arnone
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, United States of America
| | - Doug P Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Lawrence W Barnthouse
- LWB Environmental Services, Inc., 1620 New London Rd., Hamilton, OH 45013, United States of America
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, United States of America
| | - Lindsay R Boring
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, #988 Jones Center Dr., Newton, GA 39870, United States of America
| | - Albert L Bryan
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Krista A Capps
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Bernard Clément
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Austin Coleman
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Condon
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 100 Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - Fanny Coutelot
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29625, United States of America
| | - Timothy DeVol
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625-6510, United States of America
| | - Guha Dharmarajan
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Dean Fletcher
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Wes Flynn
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Garth Gladfelder
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 100 Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Susan Hendricks
- Hancock Biological Station, 561 Emma Dr., Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, United States of America
| | - Ken Ishida
- The University of Tokyo, Yokoze, 6632-12, Yokoze-town, Chichibu-gun, 368-0072, Japan
| | - Tim Jannik
- Savannah River National Laboratory, SRS Bldg. 999-W, Room 312, Aiken, SC 29808, United States of America
| | - Larry Kapustka
- LK Consultancy, P.O Box 373, 100 202 Blacklock Way SW, Turner Valley, Alberta T0L 2A0, Canada
| | - Ulrik Kautsky
- Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, PO Box 3091, SE-169 03 Solna, Sweden
| | - Robert Kennamer
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Wendy Kuhne
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 735-A, B-102, Aiken, SC 29808, United States of America
| | - Stacey Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Gennadiy Laptyev
- Ukrainian HydroMeteorological Institute, 37 Prospekt Nauki, Kiev 02038, Ukraine
| | - Cara Love
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Lisa Manglass
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625-6510, United States of America
| | - Nicole Martinez
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625-6510, United States of America
| | - Teresa Mathews
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Arthur McKee
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT 59860, United States of America
| | - William McShea
- Smithsonian's Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, United States of America
| | - Steve Mihok
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, P.O. Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater St., Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - Gary Mills
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Ben Parrott
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Brian Powell
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 342 Computer Ct., Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29625, United States of America; Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Pryakhin
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Vorovsky Str., 68a, Chelyabinsk 454141, Russia
| | - Ann Rypstra
- Ecology Research Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States of America
| | - David Scott
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - John Seaman
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, United States of America
| | - Colin Seymour
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryna Shkvyria
- Kyiv zoological park of national importance, prosp. Peremohy, 32, Kyiv 04116, Ukraine
| | - Amelia Ward
- Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 870344, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States of America
| | - David White
- Hancock Biological Station, 561 Emma Dr., Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, United States of America
| | - Michael D Wood
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT. United Kingdom
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- University of Puerto Rico, #17 Ave Universidad, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
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Shemetun OV, Pilinska MA. RADIATION-INDUCED BYSTANDER EFFECT - MODELING, MANIFESTATION, MECHANISMS, PERSISTENCE, CANCER RISKS (literature review). PROBLEMY RADIAT︠S︡IĬNOÏ MEDYT︠S︡YNY TA RADIOBIOLOHIÏ 2020; 24:65-92. [PMID: 31841459 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2019-24-65-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes and analyzes the data of world scientific literature and the results of the own research con- cerning one of the main non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation - the radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) - the ability of irradiated target cells to induce secondary biological changes in non-irradiated receptor cells. The his- tory of studies of this phenomenon is presented - it described under various names since 1905, began to study from the end of the twentieth century when named as RIBE and caused particular interest in the scientific community during recent decades. It is shown that the development of biological science and the improvement of research methods allowed to get new in-depth data on the development of RIBE not only at the level of the whole organism, but even at the genome level. The review highlights the key points of numerous RIBE investigations including mod- eling; methodological approaches to studying; classification; features of interaction between irradiated and intact cells; the role of the immune system, oxidative stress, cytogenetic disorders, changes in gene expression in the mechanism of development of RIBE; rescue effect, abscopal effect, persistence, modification, medical effects. It is emphasized that despite the considerable amount of research concerning the bystander response as the universal phenomenon and RIBE as one of its manifestations, there are still enough «white spots» in determining the mech- anisms of the RIBE formation and assessing the possible consequences of its development for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Shemetun
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of MedicalSciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M A Pilinska
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of MedicalSciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Tubin S, Yan W, Mourad WF, Fossati P, Khan MK. The future of radiation-induced abscopal response: beyond conventional radiotherapy approaches. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1137-1151. [PMID: 32338046 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the immunological pharmaceuticals, such as checkpoint inhibitors and agonists, have positive implications for the future of the radiotherapy abscopal response. A once rare phenomenon, whereby distant nonirradiated tumor sites regressed after radiotherapy alone, may become more common when combined with the immune modulating agents. Radiotherapy can increase neoantigen expression, increased tumor PD-L1 expression, increase MHC class I expression, reverse exhausted CD8 T cells and increase tumor-infiltrating tumors within the tumor microenvironment. These changes in the tumor and the tumor microenvironment after radiotherapy could potentiate responses to anti-CTL-4, anti-PD-L1/PD-1 and other immunotherapy agents. Thus, advances in checkpoint inhibitors have increased interest in re-evaluation of the role of conventional radiotherapy approaches on the immune system. We reviewed newer nonconventional approaches such as SBRT-PATHY, GRID, FLASH, carbon ion and proton therapy and their role in eliciting immune responses. We believe that combining these novel radiation methods may enhance the outcome with the newly US FDA approved immune modulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavisa Tubin
- MedAustron Center for Ion Therapy and Research, Marie Curie Strasse 5, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Weisi Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 11th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Waleed F Mourad
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Medical Center, MN 150 - Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Piero Fossati
- MedAustron Center for Ion Therapy and Research, Marie Curie Strasse 5, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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36
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Kurinnyi DA, Rushkovsky SR, Demchenko OM, Sholoiko VV, Pilinska MA. Evaluation of the Interaction between Malignant and Normal Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Under Cocultivation and Separate Cultivation. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Demirkıran G, Kalaycı Demir G, Güzeliş C. Coupling of cell fate selection model enhances DNA damage response and may underlie BE phenomenon. IET Syst Biol 2020; 14:96-106. [PMID: 32196468 PMCID: PMC8687165 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2019.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand break-induced (DSB) cells send signal that induces DSBs in neighbour cells, resulting in the interaction among cells sharing the same medium. Since p53 network gives oscillatory response to DSBs, such interaction among cells could be modelled as an excitatory coupling of p53 network oscillators. This study proposes a plausible coupling model of three-mode two-dimensional oscillators, which models the p53-mediated cell fate selection in globally coupled DSB-induced cells. The coupled model consists of ATM and Wip1 proteins as variables. The coupling mechanism is realised through ATM variable via a mean-field modelling the bystander signal in the intercellular medium. Investigation of the model reveals that the coupling generates more sensitive DNA damage response by affecting cell fate selection. Additionally, the authors search for the cause-effect relationship between coupled p53 network oscillators and bystander effect (BE) endpoints. For this, they search for the possible values of uncertain parameters that may replicate BE experiments' results. At certain parametric regions, there is a correlation between the outcomes of cell fate and endpoints of BE, suggesting that the intercellular coupling of p53 network may manifest itself as the form of observed BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Demirkıran
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yaşar University, Selçuk Yaşar Kampüsü, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Güleser Kalaycı Demir
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Tınaztepe, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Güzeliş
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yaşar University, Selçuk Yaşar Kampüsü, İzmir, Turkey
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38
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Ellerin BE, Demandante CGN, Martins JT. Pure abscopal effect of radiotherapy in a salivary gland carcinoma: Case report, literature review, and a search for new approaches. Cancer Radiother 2020; 24:226-246. [PMID: 32192840 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of an 84-year-old woman with poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma of the right parotid who presented with headache, was found to have a primary right parotid gland cancer as well as metastatic disease, and underwent palliative radiotherapy to the primary site. The patient received no chemotherapy or immunotherapy, but both the primary site and several non-irradiated foci in the lungs regressed or completely resolved. The patient remained free of disease for about one year before progression. The case is a rare instance of abscopal regression of metastatic disease in the absence of pharmacologic immunomodulation. A literature review surveys the history of the abscopal effect of radiation therapy, attempts to understand the mechanisms of its successes and failures, and points to new approaches that can inform and improve the outcomes of radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J T Martins
- UT Health HOPE Cancer Center, Tyler, TX 75701, USA
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39
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Zakhvataev VE. Tidal variations of background ionizing radiation and circadian timing of the suprachiasmatic nucleus clock. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109667. [PMID: 32182557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, correlations of different physiological processes in humans with variations in the local lunisolar gravitational tide force have been observed under highly controlled laboratory conditions. Understanding of the physical nature of this phenomenon needs a comprehensive study of its possible molecular mechanisms. One of the possible timing cues is the strong periodic variation of the emanation fields of radon-222 and its progeny produced by tidal deformations of geological environment. In the present work, we argue that this variation could induce temporal modulation of radiation-induced bystander signaling pathways associated with fundamental regulators of gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Zakhvataev
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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40
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Ku A, Facca VJ, Cai Z, Reilly RM. Auger electrons for cancer therapy - a review. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:27. [PMID: 31659527 PMCID: PMC6800417 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auger electrons (AEs) are very low energy electrons that are emitted by radionuclides that decay by electron capture (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 99mTc, 195mPt, 125I and 123I). This energy is deposited over nanometre-micrometre distances, resulting in high linear energy transfer (LET) that is potent for causing lethal damage in cancer cells. Thus, AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have great potential for treatment of cancer. In this review, we describe the radiobiological properties of AEs, their radiation dosimetry, radiolabelling methods, and preclinical and clinical studies that have been performed to investigate AEs for cancer treatment. Results AEs are most lethal to cancer cells when emitted near the cell nucleus and especially when incorporated into DNA (e.g. 125I-IUdR). AEs cause DNA damage both directly and indirectly via water radiolysis. AEs can also kill targeted cancer cells by damaging the cell membrane, and kill non-targeted cells through a cross-dose or bystander effect. The radiation dosimetry of AEs considers both organ doses and cellular doses. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema may be applied. Radiolabelling methods for complexing AE-emitters to biomolecules (antibodies and peptides) and nanoparticles include radioiodination (125I and 123I) or radiometal chelation (111In, 67Ga, 99mTc). Cancer cells exposed in vitro to AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents exhibit decreased clonogenic survival correlated at least in part with unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) detected by immunofluorescence for γH2AX, and chromosomal aberrations. Preclinical studies of AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have shown strong tumour growth inhibition in vivo in tumour xenograft mouse models. Minimal normal tissue toxicity was found due to the restricted toxicity of AEs mostly on tumour cells targeted by the radiotherapeutic agents. Clinical studies of AEs for cancer treatment have been limited but some encouraging results were obtained in early studies using 111In-DTPA-octreotide and 125I-IUdR, in which tumour remissions were achieved in several patients at administered amounts that caused low normal tissue toxicity, as well as promising improvements in the survival of glioblastoma patients with 125I-mAb 425, with minimal normal tissue toxicity. Conclusions Proof-of-principle for AE radiotherapy of cancer has been shown preclinically, and clinically in a limited number of studies. The recent introduction of many biologically-targeted therapies for cancer creates new opportunities to design novel AE-emitting agents for cancer treatment. Pierre Auger did not conceive of the application of AEs for targeted cancer treatment, but this is a tremendously exciting future that we and many other scientists in this field envision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie J Facca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Joint Department of Medical Imaging and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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41
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Oncolysis without viruses — inducing systemic anticancer immune responses with local therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:49-64. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gurung RD, Taira W, Sakauchi K, Iwata M, Hiyama A, Otaki JM. Tolerance of High Oral Doses of Nonradioactive and Radioactive Caesium Chloride in the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly Zizeeria maha. INSECTS 2019; 10:E290. [PMID: 31505757 PMCID: PMC6780287 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident have been examined in the pale grass blue butterfly, Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). In previous internal exposure experiments, larvae were given field-collected contaminated host plant leaves that contained up to 43.5 kBq/kg (leaf) of radioactive caesium. Larvae ingested up to 480 kBq/kg (larva), resulting in high mortality and abnormality rates. However, these results need to be compared with the toxicological data of caesium. Here, we examined the toxicity of both nonradioactive and radioactive caesium chloride on the pale grass blue butterfly. Larvae were fed a caesium-containing artificial diet, ingesting up to 149 MBq/kg (larva) of radioactive caesium (137Cs) or a much higher amount of nonradioactive caesium. We examined the pupation rate, eclosion rate, survival rate up to the adult stage, and the forewing size. In contrast to previous internal exposure experiments using field-collected contaminated leaves, we could not detect any effect. We conclude that the butterfly is tolerant to ionising radiation from 137Cs in the range tested but is vulnerable to radioactive contamination in the field. These results suggest that the biological effects in the field may be mediated through ecological systems and cannot be estimated solely based on radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj D Gurung
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Wataru Taira
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
- Instrumental Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Ko Sakauchi
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Masaki Iwata
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsuki Hiyama
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
- Japan Butterfly Conservation Society, Tokyo 140-0014, Japan.
| | - Joji M Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Relevance of Non-Targeted Effects for Radiotherapy and Diagnostic Radiology; A Historical and Conceptual Analysis of Key Players. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091236. [PMID: 31450803 PMCID: PMC6770832 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-targeted effects (NTE) such as bystander effects or genomic instability have been known for many years but their significance for radiotherapy or medical diagnostic radiology are far from clear. Central to the issue are reported differences in the response of normal and tumour tissues to signals from directly irradiated cells. This review will discuss possible mechanisms and implications of these different responses and will then discuss possible new therapeutic avenues suggested by the analysis. Finally, the importance of NTE for diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine which stems from the dominance of NTE in the low-dose region of the dose–response curve will be presented. Areas such as second cancer induction and microenvironment plasticity will be discussed.
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Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Is a Factor of Stress Signaling in Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects in Different Types of Human Cells. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:9467029. [PMID: 31531341 PMCID: PMC6721096 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9467029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathology or under damaging conditions, the properties of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) change. An example of such change is GC enrichment, which drastically alters the biological properties of cfDNA. GC-rich cfDNA is a factor of stress signaling, whereas genomic cfDNA is biologically inactive. GC-rich cfDNA stimulates TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling cascade, leading to an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels in the organism. In addition, GC-rich DNA is prone to oxidation and oxidized cfDNA can stimulate secondary oxidative stress. This article is a review of works dedicated to the investigation of a low-dose ionizing radiation effect, a bystander effect, and the role of cfDNA in both of these processes.
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Lad J, Rusin A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. An investigation into neutron-induced bystander effects: How low can you go? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:84-99. [PMID: 31108356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutron radiation is very harmful to both individual organisms and the environment. A n understanding of all aspects of both direct and indirect effects of radiation is necessary to accurately assess the risk of neutron radiation exposure. This review seeks to review current evidence in the literature for radiation-induced bystander effects and related effects attributable to neutron radiation. It also attempts to determine if the suggested evidence in the literature is sufficient to justify claims that neutron-based radiation can cause radiation-induced bystander effects. Lastly, the present paper suggests potential directions for future research concerning neutron radiation-induced bystander effects. Data was collected from studies investigating radiation-induced bystander effects and was used to mathematically generate pooled datasets and putative trends; this was done to potentially elucidate both the appearance of a conventional trend for radiation-induced bystander effects in studies using different types of radiation. Furthermore, literature review was used to compare studies utilizing similar tissue models to determine if neutron effects follow similar trends as those produced by electromagnetic radiation. We conclude that the current understanding of neutron-attributable radiation-induced bystander effects is incomplete. Various factors such as high gamma contamination during the irradiations, unestablished thresholds for gamma effects, different cell lines, energies, and different dose rates affected our ability to confirm a relationship between neutron irradiation and RIBE, particularly in low-dose regions below 100 mGy. It was determined through meta-analysis of the data that effects attributable to neutrons do seem to exist at higher doses, while gamma effects seem likely predominant at lower dose regions. Therefore, whether neutrons can induce bystander effects at lower doses remains unclear. Further research is required to confirm these findings and various recommendations are made to assist in this effort. With these recommendations, we hope that research conducted in the future will be better equipped to explore the indirect effects of neutron radiation as they pertain to biological and ecological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Lad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Fujishima Y, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect is Mediated by Mitochondrial DNA in Exosome-Like Vesicles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9103. [PMID: 31235776 PMCID: PMC6591216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles (ELV) are involved in mediating radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). Here, we used ELV from control cell conditioned medium (CCCM) and from 4 Gy of X-ray irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM), which has been used to culture normal human fibroblast cells to examine the possibility of ELV mediating RIBE signals. We investigated whether ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum mediate RIBE signals. Induction of DNA damage was observed in cells that were treated with ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. In addition, we treated CCCM ELV and ICCM ELV with RNases, DNases, and proteinases to determine which component of ELV is responsible for RIBE. Induction of DNA damage by ICCM ELV was not observed after treatment with DNases. After treatment, DNA damages were not induced in CCCM ELV or ICCM ELV from mitochondria depleted (ρ0) normal human fibroblast cells. Further, we found significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. ELV carrying amplified mtDNA (ND1, ND5) induced DNA damage in treated cells. These data suggest that the secretion of mtDNA through exosomes is involved in mediating RIBE signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Maeda 7-jo 15-4-1, Teine-ku, Otaru, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
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Mothersill C, Seymour C. Targets, pools, shoulders, and communication – a reflection on the evolution of low-dose radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:851-860. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1589016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Shibata A, Jeggo P. A historical reflection on our understanding of radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair in somatic mammalian cells; interfacing the past with the present. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:945-956. [PMID: 30608893 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1564083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The International Journal of Radiation Biology (IJRB) is celebrating 60 years of publishing in 2019. IJRB has made an enormous contribution to publishing papers that have enhanced our understanding of the DNA damage response (DDR) activated following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). The IR-induced DDR field has a rich history but many outstanding papers pass unread by young scientists overwhelmed by the current literature. We provide a historical reflection on key advances in the DDR field and interface them with current knowledge. Conclusions: DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were identified as the major biological lesion induced by IR. But early studies on cells from IR-sensitive ataxia telangiectasia patients showed that DSB repair was not sufficient to prevent IR hypersensitivity. Subsequently, the ATM-dependent signal transduction process was revealed, with the breadth of the response being slowly unearthed. Early studies demonstrated at least two processes of DSB repair and revealed that mis-repair causes translocation formation. Recent studies, however, are unraveling more complexity in the repair process, including the specific processing of DSBs within transcriptionally active regions, and the significance of the chromatin environment. Despite the quality of these early and current studies, many questions remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- a Education and Research Support Center , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Gunma , Maebashi , Japan
| | - Penny Jeggo
- b Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences , University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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Rusin A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Chronic fatigue and immune deficiency syndrome (CFIDS), cellular metabolism, and ionizing radiation: a review of contemporary scientific literature and suggested directions for future research. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:212-228. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1422871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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