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Ewing LE, Harpenau RJ, Skinner CM, Clement K, Quick CM, Yee EU, Williams DK, Walker LA, ElSohly MA, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Inter-strain variability in responses to a single administration of the cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114909. [PMID: 39128689 PMCID: PMC11381146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained widespread popularity; however, its pharmacological and toxicological profiles in the context of human genetic diversity remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the variability in metabolism and toxicity of CBD-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) in genetically diverse mouse models: C57BL/6J, B6C3F1/J, and NZO/HlLtJ strains. Mice received a single dose of CRCE containing 57.9% CBD at dosages of 0, 246, 738, and 2460 mg/kg of CBD. At 24 h after treatment, no appreciable histomorphological changes were detected in the liver. Plasma bilirubin levels increased markedly in all strains at the highest CBD dose. Mice in all treatment groups displayed significant but distinct increases in ALT and AST levels. While B6C3F1/J and NZO/HlLtJ mice had negligible plasma CBD levels at 738 mg/kg, C57BL/6J mice exhibited levels exceeding 7000 ng/mL. At 2460 mg/kg, high CBD concentrations were found in B6C3F1/J and C57BL/6J mice, but markedly lower levels were seen in NZO/HlLtJ mice. Gene expression profiling showed significant increases in Cyp2b10 across all strains but varying responses in Cyp1a1 expression, indicating strain-specific CYP dysregulation. Genetically diverse mice exhibited differential pharmacological and toxicological responses to CRCE, suggesting a high potential for inter-individual variability in the pharmacology and toxicology of CBD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Ryan J Harpenau
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kirsten Clement
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi University, MS, 38677, USA; ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Winters TA, Cassatt DR, Harrison-Peters JR, Hollingsworth BA, Rios CI, Satyamitra MM, Taliaferro LP, DiCarlo AL. Considerations of Medical Preparedness to Assess and Treat Various Populations During a Radiation Public Health Emergency. Radiat Res 2023; 199:301-318. [PMID: 36656560 PMCID: PMC10120400 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00148.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During a radiological or nuclear public health emergency, given the heterogeneity of civilian populations, it is incumbent on medical response planners to understand and prepare for a potentially high degree of interindividual variability in the biological effects of radiation exposure. A part of advanced planning should include a comprehensive approach, in which the range of possible human responses in relation to the type of radiation expected from an incident has been thoughtfully considered. Although there are several reports addressing the radiation response for special populations (as compared to the standard 18-45-year-old male), the current review surveys published literature to assess the level of consideration given to differences in acute radiation responses in certain sub-groups. The authors attempt to bring clarity to the complex nature of human biology in the context of radiation to facilitate a path forward for radiation medical countermeasure (MCM) development that may be appropriate and effective in special populations. Consequently, the focus is on the medical (as opposed to logistical) aspects of preparedness and response. Populations identified for consideration include obstetric, pediatric, geriatric, males, females, individuals of different race/ethnicity, and people with comorbidities. Relevant animal models, biomarkers of radiation injury, and MCMs are highlighted, in addition to underscoring gaps in knowledge and the need for consistent and early inclusion of these populations in research. The inclusion of special populations in preclinical and clinical studies is essential to address shortcomings and is an important consideration for radiation public health emergency response planning. Pursuing this goal will benefit the population at large by considering those at greatest risk of health consequences after a radiological or nuclear mass casualty incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jenna R. Harrison-Peters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brynn A. Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
- Current address: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carmen I. Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Merriline M. Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lanyn P. Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L. DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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Gurley BJ, McGill MR, Koturbash I. Hepatotoxicity due to herbal dietary supplements: Past, present and the future. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113445. [PMID: 36183923 PMCID: PMC11404749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements (DS) constitute a widely used group of products comprising vitamin, mineral, and botanical extract formulations. DS of botanical or herbal origins (HDS) comprise nearly 30% of all DS and are presented on the market either as single plant extracts or multi-extract-containing products. Despite generally safe toxicological profiles of most products currently present on the market, rising cases of liver injury caused by HDS - mostly by multi-ingredient and adulterated products - are of particular concern. Here we discuss the most prominent historical cases of HDS-induced hepatotoxicty - from Ephedra to Hydroxycut and OxyELITE Pro-NF, as well as products with suspected hepatotoxicity that are either currently on or are entering the market. We further provide discussion on overcoming the existing challenges with HDS-linked hepatotoxicity by introduction of advanced in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and microphysiological system approaches to address the matter of safety of those products before they reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Ewing LE, Biju PG, Pathak R, Melnyk S, Hauer-Jensen M, Koturbash I. Methods for induction and assessment of intestinal permeability in rodent models of radiation injury. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:235-247. [PMID: 35366985 PMCID: PMC9808921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a significant contributor to the contemporary market of energy production and an important diagnostic and treatment modality. Besides having numerous useful applications, it is also a ubiquitous environmental stressor and a potent genotoxic and epigenotoxic agent, capable of causing substantial damage to organs and tissues of living organisms. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is highly sensitive to IR. This problem is further compounded by the fact that there is no FDA-approved medication to mitigate acute radiation-induced GI syndrome. Therefore, establishing the animal model for studying IR-induced GI-injury is crucially important to understand the harmful consequences of intestinal radiation damage. Here, we discuss two different animal models of IR-induced acute gastrointestinal syndrome and two separate methods for measuring the magnitude of intestinal radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Prabath G Biju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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5
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Skinner CM, Nookaew I, Ewing LE, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Quick CM, Yee EU, Piccolo BD, ElSohly M, Walker LA, Gurley B, Koturbash I. Potential Probiotic or Trigger of Gut Inflammation - The Janus-Faced Nature of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:543-560. [PMID: 32400224 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1761506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa. In 2018, Congress designated certain C. sativa plant material as "hemp," thus removing it from the DEA's list of controlled substances. As a result, CBD-containing hemp extracts and other CBD products are now widely available and heavily marketed, yet their FDA regulatory status is still hotly debated. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) on the gut microbiome and associated histomorphological and molecular changes in the mouse gut mucosa. Male C57BL6/J mice were gavaged with either 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg/bw of CRCE in sesame oil for 2 weeks (Mon-Fri). Substantial CRCE-induced increases in the relative abundance of A. muciniphila, a bacterial species currently accepted as probiotic, was observed in fecal samples at all doses. This was paralleled by decreases in the relative abundance of other gut bacterial species. Coincident with the observed changes in gut ecology were multiple pro-inflammatory responses, including increased expression of cytokines and chemokines-Il1ß, Cxcl1, and Cxcl2 in the colon tissue. Furthermore, dramatic increases in the relative abundance of A. muciniphila significantly decreased expression of Muc2-a gene intimately associated with gut integrity. Taken together, these findings raise concerns about the safety of long-term CBD usage and underline the need for additional well-designed studies into its tolerability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Skinner
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- United States Department of Agriculture(USDA), Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mahmoud ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA.,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA.,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Bill Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Authier S, Cassatt D, Chang P. Non-clinical radiation biology and pharmacology models: appraisal of state-of-the-art and innovation. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:1-3. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1640043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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