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Ahlers J, Mantei A, Lozza L, Stäber M, Heinrich F, Bacher P, Hohnstein T, Menzel L, Yüz SG, Alvarez-Simon D, Bickenbach AR, Weidinger C, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Kühl AA, Siegmund B, Maul J, Neumann C, Scheffold A. A Notch/STAT3-driven Blimp-1/c-Maf-dependent molecular switch induces IL-10 expression in human CD4 + T cells and is defective in Crohn´s disease patients. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:480-490. [PMID: 35169232 PMCID: PMC9038525 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive Interleukin (IL)-10 production by pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells is a central self-regulatory function to limit aberrant inflammation. Still, the molecular mediators controlling IL-10 expression in human CD4+ T cells are largely undefined. Here, we identify a Notch/STAT3 signaling-module as a universal molecular switch to induce IL-10 expression across human naïve and major effector CD4+ T cell subsets. IL-10 induction was transient, jointly controlled by the transcription factors Blimp-1/c-Maf and accompanied by upregulation of several co-inhibitory receptors, including LAG-3, CD49b, PD-1, TIM-3 and TIGIT. Consistent with a protective role of IL-10 in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), effector CD4+ T cells from Crohn's disease patients were defective in Notch/STAT3-induced IL-10 production and skewed towards an inflammatory Th1/17 cell phenotype. Collectively, our data identify a Notch/STAT3-Blimp-1/c-Maf axis as a common anti-inflammatory pathway in human CD4+ T cells, which is defective in IBD and thus may represent an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ahlers
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.420214.1Present Address: Sanofi Pasteur, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrej Mantei
- Labor Berlin, Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Cell Biology, Precision for Medicine GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Stäber
- Central Lab Service, Max-Plack-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- grid.413453.40000 0001 2224 3060German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Thordis Hohnstein
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Menzel
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Translational Tumor Immunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simge G. Yüz
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Simon
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Anne Rieke Bickenbach
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Mockel-Tenbrinck
- grid.59409.310000 0004 0552 5033Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co.KG, Bergisch-Gladbach, Nordrhein-Westfalen Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662iPATH, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Maul
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,Gastroenterologie am Bayerischen Platz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Neumann
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Gut-inhabiting Clostridia build human GPCR ligands by conjugating neurotransmitters with diet- and human-derived fatty acids. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:792-805. [PMID: 33846627 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human physiology is regulated by endogenous signalling compounds, including fatty acid amides (FAAs), chemical mimics of which are made by bacteria. The molecules produced by human-associated microbes are difficult to identify because they may only be made in a local niche or they require a substrate sourced from the host, diet or other microbes. We identified a set of uncharacterized gene clusters in metagenomics data from the human gut microbiome. These clusters were discovered to make FAAs by fusing exogenous fatty acids with amines. Using an in vitro assay, we tested their ability to incorporate 25 fatty acids and 53 amines known to be present in the human gut, from which the production of six FAAs was deduced (oleoyl dopamine, oleoyl tyramine, lauroyl tryptamine, oleoyl aminovaleric acid, α-linolenoyl phenylethylamine and caproyl tryptamine). These molecules were screened against panels of human G-protein-coupled receptors to deduce their putative human targets. Lauroyl tryptamine is found to be an antagonist to the immunomodulatory receptor EBI2 against its native oxysterol ligand (0.98 μM half-maximal inhibitory concentration), is produced in culture by Eubacterium rectale and is present in human faecal samples. FAAs produced by Clostridia may serve as a mechanism to modulate their host by mimicking human signalling molecules.
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3
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Orrù V, Steri M, Sidore C, Marongiu M, Serra V, Olla S, Sole G, Lai S, Dei M, Mulas A, Virdis F, Piras MG, Lobina M, Marongiu M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Loizedda A, Onano S, Zoledziewska M, Sawcer S, Devoto M, Gorospe M, Abecasis GR, Floris M, Pala M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F. Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1036-1045. [PMID: 32929287 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the influence of ~22 million variants on 731 immune cell traits in a cohort of 3,757 Sardinians. We detected 122 significant (P < 1.28 × 10-11) independent association signals for 459 cell traits at 70 loci (53 of them novel) identifying several molecules and mechanisms involved in cell regulation. Furthermore, 53 signals at 36 loci overlapped with previously reported disease-associated signals, predominantly for autoimmune disorders, highlighting intermediate phenotypes in pathogenesis. Collectively, our findings illustrate complex genetic regulation of immune cells with highly selective effects on autoimmune disease risk at the cell-subtype level. These results identify drug-targetable pathways informing the design of more specific treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sole
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monia Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Loizedda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Onano
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matteo Floris
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Mifflin L, Ofengeim D, Yuan J. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:553-571. [PMID: 32669658 PMCID: PMC7362612 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key mediator of cell death and inflammation. The unique hydrophobic pocket in the allosteric regulatory domain of RIPK1 has enabled the development of highly selective small-molecule inhibitors of its kinase activity, which have demonstrated safety in preclinical models and clinical trials. Potential applications of these RIPK1 inhibitors for the treatment of monogenic and polygenic autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, ischaemic and acute conditions, such as sepsis, are emerging. This article reviews RIPK1 biology and disease-associated mutations in RIPK1 signalling pathways, highlighting clinical trials of RIPK1 inhibitors and potential strategies to mitigate development challenges. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) — a key mediator of cell death and inflammation — is activated in human diseases. Here, Yuan and colleagues discuss current understanding of RIPK1 biology and its association with diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and sepsis. The clinical development of small-molecule RIPK1 inhibitors and associated challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mifflin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Hancock DB, Guo Y, Reginsson GW, Gaddis NC, Lutz SM, Sherva R, Loukola A, Minica CC, Markunas CA, Han Y, Young KA, Gudbjartsson DF, Gu F, McNeil DW, Qaiser B, Glasheen C, Olson S, Landi MT, Madden PAF, Farrer LA, Vink J, Saccone NL, Neale MC, Kranzler HR, McKay J, Hung RJ, Amos CI, Marazita ML, Boomsma DI, Baker TB, Gelernter J, Kaprio J, Caporaso NE, Thorgeirsson TE, Hokanson JE, Bierut LJ, Stefansson K, Johnson EO. Genome-wide association study across European and African American ancestries identifies a SNP in DNMT3B contributing to nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1911-1919. [PMID: 28972577 PMCID: PMC5882602 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide. Nicotine dependence, which reduces the likelihood of quitting smoking, is a heritable trait with firmly established associations with sequence variants in nicotine acetylcholine receptor genes and at other loci. To search for additional loci, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of nicotine dependence, totaling 38,602 smokers (28,677 Europeans/European Americans and 9925 African Americans) across 15 studies. In this largest-ever GWAS meta-analysis for nicotine dependence and the largest-ever cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis for any smoking phenotype, we reconfirmed the well-known CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 genes and further yielded a novel association in the DNA methyltransferase gene DNMT3B. The intronic DNMT3B rs910083-C allele (frequency=44-77%) was associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence at P=3.7 × 10-8 (odds ratio (OR)=1.06 and 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.04-1.07 for severe vs mild dependence). The association was independently confirmed in the UK Biobank (N=48,931) using heavy vs never smoking as a proxy phenotype (P=3.6 × 10-4, OR=1.05, and 95% CI=1.02-1.08). Rs910083-C is also associated with increased risk of squamous cell lung carcinoma in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (N=60,586, meta-analysis P=0.0095, OR=1.05, and 95% CI=1.01-1.09). Moreover, rs910083-C was implicated as a cis-methylation quantitative trait locus (QTL) variant associated with higher DNMT3B methylation in fetal brain (N=166, P=2.3 × 10-26) and a cis-expression QTL variant associated with higher DNMT3B expression in adult cerebellum from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (N=103, P=3.0 × 10-6) and the independent Brain eQTL Almanac (N=134, P=0.028). This novel DNMT3B cis-acting QTL variant highlights the importance of genetically influenced regulation in brain on the risks of nicotine dependence, heavy smoking and consequent lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hancock
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Y Guo
- Center for Genomics in Public Health and Medicine, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - N C Gaddis
- Research Computing Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - R Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C Minica
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A Markunas
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Y Han
- Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - K A Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - F Gu
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D W McNeil
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B Qaiser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Glasheen
- Behavioral and Urban Health Program, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S Olson
- Public Health Informatics Program, eHealth, Quality and Analytics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M T Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - R J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C I Amos
- Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare Center, Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N E Caporaso
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - J E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - L J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - E O Johnson
- Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Elkind MM. Enhanced risks of cancer from protracted exposures to X- or gamma-rays: a radiobiological model of radiation-induced breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:133-8. [PMID: 8546896 PMCID: PMC2074312 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M M Elkind
- Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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7
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Radiation-Induced Mutation in Mammalian Cells at Low Doses and Dose Rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-035416-0.50008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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