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Lee HJ, Shin M, Kim MS, Kim T, Lee KM, Park NB, Lee JC, Lee C. Removal of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides using chemical disinfectants. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120230. [PMID: 37392510 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades, red tide control has been recognized as necessary for mitigating financial damage to fish farms. Chemical disinfectants, frequently used for water disinfection, can reduce the risk of red tides on inland fish farms. This study systematically evaluated four different chemical disinfectants (ozone (O3), permanganate (MnO4-), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) for their potential use in inland fish farms to control red tides by investigating their (i) inactivation efficacy regarding C. polykrikoides, (ii) total residual oxidant and byproduct formation, and (iii) toxicity to fish. The inactivation efficacy of C. polykrikoides cells by chemical disinfectants from highest to lowest followed the order of O3 > MnO4- > NaOCl > H2O2 for different cell density conditions and disinfectant doses. The O3 and NaOCl treatments generated bromate as an oxidation byproduct by reacting with bromide ions in seawater. The acute toxicity tests of the disinfectants for juvenile red sea bream (Pagrus major) showed that 72-h LC50 values were 1.35 (estimated), 0.39, 1.32, and 102.61 mg/L for O3, MnO4-, NaOCl, and H2O2, respectively. Considering the inactivation efficacy, exposure time of residual oxidants, byproduct formation, and toxicity toward fish, H2O2 is suggested as the most practical disinfectant for controlling red tides in inland fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Shin
- Korea Environment Corporation, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Myeong Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Noh-Back Park
- Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Government Complex Sejong, 5-dong, 94, Dasom2-ro, Sejong-City 30110, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Sayinli B, Dong Y, Park Y, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Recent progress and challenges facing ballast water treatment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132776. [PMID: 34742764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transoceanic movement of non-indigenous microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants through the transfer of ballast water of ocean-going vessels can be considered highly likely. The introduction of contaminants and non-indigenous microorganisms can cause changes in indigenous microorganisms, marine species, and biota, which can create problems for the ecology, economy, environment, and human health. This paper compiles and presents ballast water treatment system concepts, principles of inactivation mechanisms used, and the advantages and challenges of the treatment technologies. In addition, the paper aims to draw attention to the relationship between various organisms and the individual mechanism to be inactivated, including the effect of external factors (e.g., pH, salinity, turbidity) on inactivation efficiency. This review can assist in the choice of a suitable ballast water treatment system, taking into account the water conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, salinity) and indigenous species of the maritime areas where the ships intend to operate. This review also provides information describing the responses of the various organisms to different treatment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Sayinli
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Box 111, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Institute of Environmental Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Wada Y, Onoe K, Matsumoto M. Acceleration of Bromine Oxyacid Generation and Organic Compound Decomposition by O 3 Fine Bubble Injection into an Aqueous Solution Containing Bromide Ions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.20we164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaoru Onoe
- Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology
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Moreno-Andrés J, Farinango G, Romero-Martínez L, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Application of persulfate salts for enhancing UV disinfection in marine waters. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114866. [PMID: 31344506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, industrial activities that generate high salinity effluents have been intensifying; this has relevant potential for causing organic and microbiological pollution which damages both human and ocean health. The development of new regulations, such as ballast water convention, encourage the development of treatment systems that can be feasible for treating seawater effluents. Accordingly, an approach based on the UV activation of persulfate salts has been assessed. In this scenario, two different persulfate sources (S2O82- and HSO5-) were evaluated under UV-C irradiation for disinfection purposes. An optimization process was performed with low chemical doses (<1 mM). In order to extensively examine the applicability on seawater, different water matrices were tested as well as different microorganisms including both fecal and marine bacteria. An enhancement of UV-inactivation with the addition of persulfate salts was achieved in all cases, kinetic rate constant has been accelerated by up to 79% in seawater. It implies a UV-dose saving up to 45% to achieve 4-log reductions. Best efficiencies were obtained with [HSO5-] = 0.005 mM and [S2O82-] = 0.5 mM. Higher effectiveness was obtained with the use of HSO5- due to its low stability and interaction with chloride. Also, different responses were obtained according to the specific microorganisms by achieving faster disinfection in Gram-negative than in Gram-positive bacteria, the sensitivity observed was Vibrio spp. > E. coli > E. faecalis ≈ Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria. With an evaluation of regrowth after treatment, greater cell damage was detected with the addition of persulfate salts. The major ability of regrowth for marine bacteria encourages the use of a residual disinfectant after disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Farinango
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad Técnica del Norte, Facultad en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Hess-Erga OK, Moreno-Andrés J, Enger Ø, Vadstein O. Microorganisms in ballast water: Disinfection, community dynamics, and implications for management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:704-716. [PMID: 30677936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns have accelerated the development of international regulations and methods for ballast water management to limit the introduction of non-indigenous species. The transport of microorganisms with ballast water has received scientific attention in recent years. However, few studies have focused on the importance of organisms smaller than 10 μm in diameter. In this work, we review the effects of ballast water transport, disinfection, and the release of microorganisms on ecosystem processes with a special focus on heterotrophic bacteria. It is important to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of ballast water treatment systems, such as the generation of easily degradable substrates and the subsequent regrowth of heterotrophic microorganisms in ballast tanks. Disinfection of water can alter the composition of bacterial communities through selective recolonization in the ballast water or the recipient water, and thereby affects bacterial driven functions that are important for the marine food web. Dissolved organic matter quality and quantity and the ecosystem status of the treated water can also be affected by the disinfection method used. These side effects of disinfection should be further investigated in a broader context and in different scales (laboratory studies, large-scale facilities, and on the ships).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Kristian Hess-Erga
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, University of Cádiz, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Camepus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Øivind Enger
- Sarsia Seed AS, Postboks 7150, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Bai M, Tian Y, Yu Y, Zheng Q, Zhang X, Zheng W, Zhang Z. Application of a hydroxyl-radical-based disinfection system for ballast water. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:541-549. [PMID: 29890492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A hydroxyl radical (OH) ballast water treatment system (BWTS) was developed and applied to inactivate entrained organisms in a 10,000-ton oceanic ship, where OH was produced by a strong ionization discharge combined with a water jet cavitation effect. The calculated OH generation rate was 1373.4 μM min-1 in ballast water, which is much higher than that in other advanced oxidative processes such as photocatalysis. As a result, non-indigenous red tide algae were inactivated to meet the ballast water discharge standards (<10 cells mL-1) of the International Maritime Organization. The ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) for algal chlorophyll rapidly decreased to zero within a contact time of only 6 s, indicating complete inactivation of algae. Observation under a scanning electron microscope showed no cellular materials were released by algal cells upon OH inactivation. A risk assessment of the OH treatment system was conducted, and the ratios of predicted environmental concentrations to predicted no effect concentrations of all detected disinfection byproducts were less than 1, even at a worst-case oxidant concentration of 2.41 mg L-1. Ship ballast water treated using OH inactivation is safe for marine environments. Finally, the energy consumption and operational costs of the OH BWTS were found to be 0.033 kWh m-3 and CNY 0.03 m-3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Bai
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Yiping Tian
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Yixuan Yu
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Qilin Zheng
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Wu Zheng
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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Aguilar S, Rosado D, Moreno-Andrés J, Cartuche L, Cruz D, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Inactivation of a wild isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae by photo-chemical processes: UV-C, UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/H2O2/Fe3+. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang Z, Liang W, Guo X, Liu L. Inactivation of Scrippsiella trochoidea cysts by different physical and chemical methods: Application to the treatment of ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:150-158. [PMID: 29421082 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of heating, ultraviolet (UV), ultrasound (US), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and freshwater, and the combined treatments on inactivation of cysts of Scrippsiella trochoidea and cysts in sediment suspension were studied. Heating was the most efficient way to inactivate cyst germination, and cysts were completely inactivated at 38°C for 5h. UV, US, and freshwater efficiently inhibited but could not completely inactivate cyst germination. Effects of heating, UV, and US on cyst germination decreased for cysts in sediment, and germination rates increased by 6.7-48% compared to the same treatment for cysts without sediment. H2O2 significantly inhibited cyst germination, but complete inactivation occurred at high concentration for long duration (100mg/L, 6d). The combined treatments were more effective, especially the combinations of heating and UV. The results suggested that heating might be a feasible way for ballast water treatment especially after combined with filtration and UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Weibiao Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Shin M, Lee HJ, Kim MS, Park NB, Lee C. Control of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides by ozone in seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:237-244. [PMID: 27907823 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of C. polykrikoides, a red tide dinoflagellate, by ozonation was investigated in seawater by monitoring numbers of viable and total cells. Parameters affecting the inactivation efficacy of C. polykrikoides such as the ozone dose, initial cell concentration, pH, and temperature were examined. The viable cell number rapidly decreased in the initial stage of the reaction (mostly in 1-2 min), whereas the decrease in total cell number was relatively slow and steady. Increasing ozone dose and decreasing initial cell concentration increased the inactivation efficacy of C. polykrikoides, while increasing pH and temperature decreased the cell inactivation efficacy. The addition of humic acid (a promoter for the ozone decomposition) inhibited the inactivation of C. polykrikoides, whereas bicarbonate ion (an inhibitor for the ozone decomposition) accelerated the C. polykrikoides inactivation. Observations regarding the effects of pH, temperature, humic acid, and bicarbonate ion collectively indicate that the inactivation of C. polykrikoides by ozonation is mainly attributed to oxidative cell damages by molecular ozone, rather than by hydroxyl radical, produced during the ozone decomposition. At high ozone dose (e.g., 5 mg/L), hypobromous acid formed by the reaction of bromide with ozone may partially contribute to cell inactivation. The use of ozone of less than 1 mg/L produced 0.75-2.03 μg/L bromate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Shin
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Kim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Noh-Back Park
- Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 6 Yeondaemaeul-gil, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, 63068, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Stehouwer PP, Buma A, Peperzak L. A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on UV radiation, electrochlorination and chlorine dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2094-2104. [PMID: 25704551 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spread of aquatic invasive species through ballast water is a major ecological and economical threat. Because of this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set limits to the concentrations of organisms allowed in ballast water. To meet these limits, ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) were developed. The main techniques used for ballast water treatment are ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrochlorination (EC). In this study, phytoplankton regrowth after treatment was followed for six BWTSs. Natural plankton communities were treated and incubated for 20 days. Growth, photosystem II efficiency and species composition were followed. The three UV systems all showed similar patterns of decrease in phytoplankton concentrations followed by regrowth. The two EC and the chlorine dioxide systems showed comparable results. However, UV- and chlorine-based treatment systems showed significantly different responses. Overall, all BWTSs reduced phytoplankton concentrations to below the IMO limits, which represents a reduced risk of aquatic invasions through ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Paul Stehouwer
- a Department of Biological Oceanography , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB , Den Burg Texel , The Netherlands
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