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Etchie TO, Sivanesan S, Etchie AT, Krishnamurthi K, Adewuyi GO, George KV. Can the Indian national ambient air quality standard protect against the hazardous constituents of PM 2.5? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135047. [PMID: 35609663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution claims ∼9 million lives, yearly, and a quarter of this deaths occurs in India. Regulation of PM2.5 pollution in India is based on compliance with its National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3, which is eight times the revised global air quality guideline (AQG) of 5 μg/m3. But, whether the NAAQS provides adequate protection against the hazardous components in PM2.5 is still not clear. Here, we examined the risk to health associated with exposure to PM2.5-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an Indian district averaging below the NAAQS. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 mass, Σ28PCB and Σ13PAHs were 34 ± 17 μg/m3, 21 ± 12 ng/m3 and 458 ± 246 ng/m3, respectively. Concentrations of As, Cr, Mn and Ni in PM2.5 surpassed the screening levels for residential air. Substantial level of risks to health were associated with exposure to dioxin-like PCBs (Σ12dlPCB), PAHs, As, Cr and Ni. The hazard index or lifetime cancer risk were 240, or 9 cases per 1000 population, respectively. The estimated risks to health through exposure to hazardous components, except Ni, were greatest in rural areas, having a lower average PM2.5 concentration, than urban or peri-urban areas, suggesting higher toxicity potential of rural combustion sources. The large disparity between the estimated risk values and the acceptable risk level suggests that it would take a more stringent standard, such as the global AQG, to protect vulnerable populations in India from hazardous components in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | | | - K V George
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
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Han F, Kota SH, Sharma S, Zhang J, Ying Q, Zhang H. Modeling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India: Seasonal variations, sources and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113466. [PMID: 35618010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are in high levels in developing countries like India. However, limited measurements are inadequate for better understanding of their ambient levels and health effects. This study predicted PAHs concentrations in atmosphere and estimated their sources and health risks in India in four representative months of winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon in 2015 using an updated version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ). Predicted PAHs were in agreement with observations from literature. Surface 16-PAHs were highest in winter, with a peak value of 2.5 μg/m3 and population-weighted average of 0.5 μg/m3 in northern and eastern India, where biomass burning and coal combustion were chief contributors. Pre-monsoon and monsoon had lower concentrations ∼0.2 μg/m3. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was greater than 4E-4 in many industrial and urban areas. Exposure to PAHs resulted in 7431 excess lifetime cancer cases. Coal combustion and biomass burning were major contributors to ILCR, followed by gas and oil activities. Much higher health risks were observed in urban than in rural areas. India showed much higher levels of total PAHs and cPAHs than the U.S but moderately less than China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200348, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India; Arun Duggal Centre of Excellence for Research in Climate Change and Air Pollution (CERCA), IIT Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachary Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, United States
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachary Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, United States
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200348, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States.
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3
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Spatial occurrence and sources of PAHs in sediments drive the ecological and health risk of Taihu Lake in China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3668. [PMID: 35256642 PMCID: PMC8901641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the spatial occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of 16 PAHs, surface sediments had been collected from seven major areas of Taihu Lake, China in April 2021. Results showed that the concentrations of ∑16PAHs varied between 1381.48 and 4682.16 ng g−1, and the contents of BghiP in each sample were the highest. The PAHs concentrations in the sediments near the lakeshore were much higher than those in the central area of the lake. The sedimentary ∑16PAHs were mainly composed of molecular-weight monomers and 4-ring PAHs showed superiority (35.69–45.02%). According to the ratio of PAH monomer, the sedimentary PAHs in Taihu Lake were dominantly derived from the combustion. Through the biological toxicity assessment and the BaP equivalent (BaPE), great biological risks of PAHs monomers i.e. DahA and IcdP were found. Both concentrations of ∑16PAHs and dominant 4–6-ring monomers accompanied by carcinogenic risks in many areas of Taihu Lake increased. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring and take measures to control the input of organic pollutants.
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Kawatsu Y, Masih J, Ohura T. Occurrences and Potential Sources of Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with PM 2.5 in Mumbai, India. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:312-320. [PMID: 34529871 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Occurrences of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs and BrPAHs, respectively) in fine aerosol particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter were investigated in urban and suburban sites in Mumbai, India; and the possible sources from association with indicators, such as hopanes, steranes, and trace elements are discussed. The mean concentrations of total ClPAHs and BrPAHs were 0.54 and 0.25 ng/m3 in the urban site and 0.16 and 0.02 ng/m3 in the suburban site during the campaign, respectively. The variations in total Cl-/BrPAH concentrations showed a similar trend between the urban and suburban sites, whereas the composition profiles varied in each air sample. The relationships between the concentrations among individual compounds in the urban site suggest that dominant sources of Cl-/BrPAHs could be common to PAHs but not in the suburban site. Principal component analysis using the data set of certain compounds showed that Cl-/BrPAH concentrations in urban and suburban sites are occasionally driven by specific sources of either coal combustion or traffic emissions. In contrast, most air samples during the campaign could be attributed to a mix of those sources. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:312-320. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kawatsu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jamson Masih
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai, India
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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Amster E. Public health impact of coal-fired power plants: a critical systematic review of the epidemiological literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:558-580. [PMID: 31617747 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1674256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal-based energy production is the most utilized method of electricity production worldwide and releases the highest concentration of gaseous, particulate, and metallic pollutants. Toxicological research has shown that coal combustion by-products are carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, and cardiorespiratory toxins. This article aims to systematically review the epidemiological literature on the impact emissions from coal-based power production has on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Two thousand one hundred and fifty-two articles were retrieved based on search criteria. Word search of abstract and article text filtered the results to 95 articles. Forty articles were included after screening. The literature indicates a significant adverse effect from particulate matter and polyaromatic hydrocarbon emissions on morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of consistency of exposure assessment and inadequate control of significant potential confounders such as social economic status. Future research should focus on improving exposure assessment models, specifically source-apportionment and geographic information system methods to model power plant-specific emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Amster
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Abbasnejad B, Keshavarzi B, Mohammadi Z, Moore F, Abbasnejad A. Characteristics, distribution, source apportionment, and potential health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Kerman metropolis, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:668-685. [PMID: 30714393 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1566523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of street dust-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kerman metropolis as a typical arid urban area were determined to investigate the contamination, molecular composition, toxicity, and sources of PAHs. Sixteen individual PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority list were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in street dust samples from 30 sites. ∑PAHs ranged between 165 and 5314.7 µg·kg-1 with a mean of 770.8 µg·kg-1. The most abundant individual PAHs were fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, respectively. High molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) made 74.8% of ∑PAHs mass and were dominant in all sites. Source apportionment was performed using ring classification, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression. The results indicated that primary contributors of PAHs in the street dust of Kerman could be liquid fossil fuel combustion, natural gas combustion, and petrogenic sources, accounting for 82.4%, 11.5%, and 6.1%, respectively. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk is 8.13 × 10-4 for children and 6.27 × 10-4 for adults. Hence, both children and adults in Kerman are potentially exposed to a high carcinogenic risk via ingestion and dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abbasnejad
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zargham Mohammadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ahmad Abbasnejad
- Department of Geology, College of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman , Iran
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Cheong KH, Ngiam NJ, Morgan GG, Pek PP, Tan BYQ, Lai JW, Koh JM, Ong MEH, Ho AFW. Acute Health Impacts of the Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze Problem-A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183286. [PMID: 31500215 PMCID: PMC6765769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution has emerged as one of the world’s largest environmental health threats, with various studies demonstrating associations between exposure to air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Regional air quality in Southeast Asia has been seasonally affected by the transboundary haze problem, which has often been the result of forest fires from “slash-and-burn” farming methods. In light of growing public health concerns, recent studies have begun to examine the health effects of this seasonal haze problem in Southeast Asia. This review paper aims to synthesize current research efforts on the impact of the Southeast Asian transboundary haze on acute aspects of public health. Existing studies conducted in countries affected by transboundary haze indicate consistent links between haze exposure and acute psychological, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological morbidity and mortality. Future prospective and longitudinal studies are warranted to quantify the long-term health effects of recurrent, but intermittent, exposure to high levels of seasonal haze. The mechanism, toxicology and pathophysiology by which these toxic particles contribute to disease and mortality should be further investigated. Epidemiological studies on the disease burden and socioeconomic cost of haze exposure would also be useful to guide policy-making and international strategy in minimizing the impact of seasonal haze in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hao Cheong
- Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Nicholas Jinghao Ngiam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Geoffrey G Morgan
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pin Pin Pek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Joel Weijia Lai
- Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jin Ming Koh
- Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Marcus Eng Hock Ong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Andrew Fu Wah Ho
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Emergency Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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8
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Cheong KH, Ngiam NJ, Morgan GG, Pek PP, Tan BYQ, Lai JW, Koh JM, Ong MEH, Ho AFW. Acute Health Impacts of the Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze Problem-A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019. [PMID: 31500215 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-007-9392-210.3390/ijerph16183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has emerged as one of the world's largest environmental health threats, with various studies demonstrating associations between exposure to air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Regional air quality in Southeast Asia has been seasonally affected by the transboundary haze problem, which has often been the result of forest fires from "slash-and-burn" farming methods. In light of growing public health concerns, recent studies have begun to examine the health effects of this seasonal haze problem in Southeast Asia. This review paper aims to synthesize current research efforts on the impact of the Southeast Asian transboundary haze on acute aspects of public health. Existing studies conducted in countries affected by transboundary haze indicate consistent links between haze exposure and acute psychological, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological morbidity and mortality. Future prospective and longitudinal studies are warranted to quantify the long-term health effects of recurrent, but intermittent, exposure to high levels of seasonal haze. The mechanism, toxicology and pathophysiology by which these toxic particles contribute to disease and mortality should be further investigated. Epidemiological studies on the disease burden and socioeconomic cost of haze exposure would also be useful to guide policy-making and international strategy in minimizing the impact of seasonal haze in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hao Cheong
- Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Nicholas Jinghao Ngiam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Geoffrey G Morgan
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pin Pin Pek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Joel Weijia Lai
- Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jin Ming Koh
- Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Marcus Eng Hock Ong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Andrew Fu Wah Ho
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Emergency Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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9
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Synergistical accumulation for electrochemical sensing of 1-hydroxypyrene on electroreduced graphene oxide electrode. Talanta 2019; 192:387-394. [PMID: 30348407 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Guo Z, Wang Z, Qian L, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Fu Y, Li J, Zhang C, Lu B, Qian J. Biological and chemical compositions of atmospheric particulate matter during hazardous haze days in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34540-34549. [PMID: 30315527 PMCID: PMC6245000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a major air pollutant in Beijing in recent years, poses a formidable public health threat. Even through many studies have documented the chemical and biological characteristics of PM, less is known about these characteristics on hazardous haze days (Air Quality Index, AQI 301-500) and the difference with sunny or unhealthy haze day (AQI 151-200) characteristics. Herein, studies were performed during a red alert air pollution event (continuous hazardous haze days) and the first few days following the event (sunny days first and then unhealthy haze days) in Beijing from December 19 to 25, 2016. A laser particle counter and an ANDERSEM-6 sampler were used to study the concentration and size distributions dynamics of the PM and the culturable airborne bacteria and fungi, respectively. PM2.5 was sampled by a high-volume air sampler and the chemical compositions, bacterial and fungal community structures, and endotoxin levels were analyzed. The results showed that the PM concentrations on the hazardous haze days and unhealthy haze days were 10.7 and 8.0 times higher, respectively, than those on the sunny days. The chemical composition of PM2.5 was highly correlated with the AQI. The concentration and percentage of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII), which dominated the PM2.5 constituents, as well as the levels of endotoxin were higher on hazardous haze days than on unhealthy haze days and sunny days. Interestingly, the abundances of bacteria and fungi demonstrated the following order: unhealthy haze days> sunny days> hazardous haze days. Most culturable bacteria and fungi were distributed in particles with aerodynamic diameters of 2.1-4.7 μm. Redundancy analysis found total organic carbon explained 30.0% and 27.1% of total variations in bacterial composition and fungal composition at the genera level, respectively. Our results facilitate a better understanding of the biological and chemical composition dynamics of PM in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu'an Qian
- The Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Zongzheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Chunmao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Liu Ying Road 666, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China.
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11
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Ramakreshnan L, Aghamohammadi N, Fong CS, Bulgiba A, Zaki RA, Wong LP, Sulaiman NM. Haze and health impacts in ASEAN countries: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2096-2111. [PMID: 29209970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal haze episodes and the associated inimical health impacts have become a regular crisis among the ASEAN countries. Even though many emerging experimental and epidemiological studies have documented the plausible health effects of the predominating toxic pollutants of haze, the consistency among the reported findings by these studies is poorly understood. By addressing such gap, this review aimed to critically highlight the evidence of physical and psychological health impacts of haze from the available literature in ASEAN countries. Systematic literature survey from six electronic databases across the environmental and medical disciplines was performed, and 20 peer-reviewed studies out of 384 retrieved articles were selected. The evidence pertaining to the health impacts of haze based on field survey, laboratory tests, modelling and time-series analysis were extracted for expert judgement. In specific, no generalization can be made on the reported physical symptoms as no specific symptoms recorded in all the reviewed studies except for throat discomfort. Consistent evidence was found for the increase in respiratory morbidity, especially for asthma, whilst the children and the elderly are deemed to be the vulnerable groups of the haze-induced respiratory ailments. A consensual conclusion on the association between the cardiovascular morbidity and haze is unfeasible as the available studies are scanty and geographically limited albeit of some reported increased cases. A number of modelling and simulation studies demonstrated elevating respiratory mortality rates due to seasonal haze exposures over the years. Besides, evidence on cancer risk is inconsistent where industrial and vehicular emissions are also expected to play more notable roles than mere haze exposure. There are insufficient regional studies to examine the association between the mental health and haze. Limited toxicological studies in ASEAN countries often impede a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanism of haze-induced toxic pollutants on human physiology. Therefore, the lack of consistent evidence among the reported haze-induced health effects as highlighted in this review calls for more intensive longitudinal and toxicological studies with greater statistical power to disseminate more reliable and congruent findings to empower the institutional health planning among the ASEAN countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logaraj Ramakreshnan
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chng Saun Fong
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awang Bulgiba
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Ping Wong
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Meriam Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Wang J, Cao J, Dong Z, Guinot B, Gao M, Huang R, Han Y, Huang Y, Ho SSH, Shen Z. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and source apportionment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nineteen communities in Xi'an, China: The effects of suburban scattered emissions in winter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1330-1343. [PMID: 28923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated at urban residential, commercial area, university, suburban region, and industry in Xi'an, during summer and winter time at 2013. Much higher levels of total PAHs were obtained in winter. Spatial distributions by kriging interpolations principle showed that relative high PAHs were detected in western Xi'an in both summer and winter, with decreasing trends in winter from the old city wall to the 2nd-3rd ring road except for the suburban region and industry. Coefficients of diversity and statistics by SPSS method demonstrated that PAHs in suburban have significant differences (t < 0.05) with those in urban residential in both seasons. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that biomass burning (31.1%) and vehicle emissions (35.9%) were main sources for PAHs in winter and summer in urban, which different with the suburban. The coal combustion was the main source for PAHs in suburban region, which accounted for 46.6% in winter and sharp decreased to 19.2% in summer. Scattered emissions from uncontrolled coal combustion represent an important source of PAHs in suburban in winter and there were about 135 persons in Xi'an will suffer from lung cancer for lifetime exposure at winter levels. Further studies are needed to specify the effluence of the scattered emission in suburban to the city and to develop a strategy for controlling those emissions and lighten possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Blown Sand Physics and Desert Environments, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Meiling Gao
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Etchie TO, Sivanesan S, Adewuyi GO, Krishnamurthi K, Rao PS, Etchie AT, Pillarisetti A, Arora NK, Smith KR. The health burden and economic costs averted by ambient PM 2.5 pollution reductions in Nagpur, India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:145-156. [PMID: 28291535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
National estimates of the health and economic burdens of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in India reveal substantial impacts. This information, often lacking at the local level, can justify and drive mitigation interventions. Here, we assess the health and economic gains resulting from attainment of WHO guidelines for PM2.5 concentrations - including interim target 2 (IT-2), interim target 3 (IT-3), and the WHO air quality guideline (AQG) - in Nagpur district to inform policy decision making for mitigation. We conducted a detailed assessment of concentrations of PM2.5 in 9 areas, covering urban, peri-urban and rural environments, from February 2013 to June 2014. We used a combination of hazard and survival analyses based on the life table method to calculate attributed annual number of premature deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for five health outcomes linked to PM2.5 exposure: acute lower respiratory infection for children <5years, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke and lung cancer in adults ≥25years. We used GBD 2013 data on deaths and DALYs for these diseases. We calculated averted deaths, DALYs and economic loss resulting from planned reductions in average PM2.5 concentration from current level to IT-2, IT-3 and AQG by the years 2023, 2033 and 2043, respectively. The economic cost for premature mortality was estimated as the product of attributed deaths and value of statistical life for India, while morbidity was assumed to be 10% of the mortality cost. The annual average PM2.5 concentration in Nagpur district is 34±17μgm-3 and results in 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6, 4.2) thousand premature deaths and 91 (95% CI: 68, 116) thousand DALYs in 2013 with economic loss of USD 2.2 (95% CI: 1.7, 2.8) billion in that year. It is estimated that interventions that achieve IT-2, IT-3 and AQG by 2023, 2033 and 2043, would avert, respectively, 15, 30 and 36%, of the attributed health and economic loss in those years, translating into an impressively large health and economic gain. To achieve this, we recommend an exposure-integrated source reduction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde O Etchie
- The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust, New Delhi, India
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | | | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | - Padma S Rao
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | | | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Narendra K Arora
- The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kirk R Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
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14
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Hong WJ, Jia H, Ma WL, Sinha RK, Moon HB, Nakata H, Minh NH, Chi KH, Li WL, Kannan K, Sverko E, Li YF. Distribution, Fate, Inhalation Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Asian Countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7163-74. [PMID: 27268081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale monitoring program, the Asia Soil and Air Monitoring Program (Asia-SAMP), was conducted in five Asian countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and India. Air samples were collected using passive air samplers with polyurethane foam disks over four consecutive 3-month periods from September 2012 to August 2013 to measure the seasonal concentrations of 47 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including 21 parent and 26 alkylated PAHs, at 176 sites (11 background, 83 rural, and 82 urban). The annual concentrations of total 47 PAHs (∑47PAHs) at all sites ranged from 6.29 to 688 ng/m(3) with median of 82.2 ng/m(3). Air concentrations of PAHs in China, Vietnam, and India were greater than those in Japan and South Korea. As expected, the air concentrations (ng/m(3)) were highest at urban sites (143 ± 117) followed by rural (126 ± 147) and background sites (22.4 ± 11.4). Significant positive correlations were found between PAH concentrations and atmosphere aerosol optical depth. The average benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) was 5.61 ng/m(3). It was estimated that the annual BaPeq concentrations at 78.8% of the sampling sites exceeded the WHO guideline level. The mean population attributable fraction (PAF) for lung cancer due to inhalation exposure to outdoor PAHs was on the order 8.8‰ (0.056-52‰) for China, 0.38‰ (0.007-3.2‰) for Japan, 0.85‰ (0.042-4.5‰) for South Korea, 7.5‰ (0.26-27‰) for Vietnam, and 3.2‰ (0.047-20‰) for India. We estimated a number of lifetime excess lung cancer cases caused by exposure to PAHs, which the concentrations ranging from 27.8 to 2200, 1.36 to 108, 2.45 to 194, 21.8 to 1730, and 9.10 to 720 per million people for China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and India, respectively. Overall, the lung cancer risk in China and Vietnam were higher than that in Japan, South Korea, and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Hong
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | | | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- IJRC-PTS, Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan city, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- IJRC-PTS, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- DIOXIN LABORATORY, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environmental Administration (VEA) , 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University , Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- IJRC-PTS, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ed Sverko
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA , Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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15
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Pant P, Guttikunda SK, Peltier RE. Exposure to particulate matter in India: A synthesis of findings and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:480-496. [PMID: 26974362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution poses a critical threat to human health with ambient and household air pollution identified as key health risks in India. While there are many studies investigating concentration, composition, and health effects of air pollution, investigators are only beginning to focus on estimating or measuring personal exposure. Further, the relevance of exposures studies from the developed countries in developing countries is uncertain. This review summarizes existing research on exposure to particulate matter (PM) in India, identifies gaps and offers recommendations for future research. There are a limited number of studies focused on exposure to PM and/or associated health effects in India, but it is evident that levels of exposure are much higher than those reported in developed countries. Most studies have focused on coarse aerosols, with a few studies on fine aerosols. Additionally, most studies have focused on a handful of cities, and there are many unknowns in terms of ambient levels of PM as well as personal exposure. Given the high mortality burden associated with air pollution exposure in India, a deeper understanding of ambient pollutant levels as well as source strengths is crucial, both in urban and rural areas. Further, the attention needs to expand beyond the handful large cities that have been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarath K Guttikunda
- Institute of Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 225 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Richard E Peltier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA.
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Wang J, Ho SSH, Ma S, Cao J, Dai W, Liu S, Shen Z, Huang R, Wang G, Han Y. Characterization of PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China: uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:961-971. [PMID: 26851882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds including n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C40), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and hopanes were quantified in fine particulate (PM2.5), which were collected in urban area of Guangzhou, China in winter and summer in 2012/2013. The pollutants levels were well comparable with the data obtained in previous studies in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region but much lower than most northern Chinese megacities. The contribution of EC to PM2.5 and OC/EC ratio suggest that the pollution sources were relatively consistent in GZ between the two seasons. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was the most abundant PAHs, which were 4.9 and 1.0ng/m(3) on average, accounting for 10.7% and 9.1% to the total quantified PAHs in winter and summer, respectively. The total concentrations of PAEs ranged from 289.1 to 2435ng/m(3) and from 102.4 to 1437ng/m(3), respectively, in winter and summer. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was the most dominant PAEs. The ambient levels of PAEs could be partly attributed to the widespread uses of the household products, municipal garbage compressing, sewage, and external painting material on the building. Source apportionment for OC with chemical mass balance (CMB) model demonstrated coal combustion, vehicle emission, cooking, and secondary organic compounds (SOC) formation were the four major pollution sources. Both of the indices of n-alkanes and diagnostic PAHs ratios support that anthropogenic sources such as vehicle emission and coal combustion were the significant pollution sources with some extents from epicuticular waxes by terrestrial plants. The ratio of hopanes to EC proved the influences from vehicle emission, and displayed a certain degree of the air aging in the Guangzhou ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China of Institute of Environmental Sciences, SCIES, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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17
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Wang J, Ho SSH, Cao J, Huang R, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Xu H, Liu S, Wang G, Shen Z, Han Y. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 from Sanya, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:110-119. [PMID: 26026415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected in Sanya, China in summer and winter in 2012/2013. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds including n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C40) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified. The concentrations of these carbonaceous matters were generally higher in winter than summer. The estimated secondary organic carbon (OCsec) accounted for 38% and 54% of the total organic carbon (TOC) in winter and summer, respectively. The higher value of OCsec in addition to the presences of photochemically-produced PAHs in summer supports that photochemical conversions of organics are much active at the higher air temperatures and with stronger intense solar radiation. Carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes suggest that anthropogenic sources were more dominant than derivation from terrestrial plants in Sanya. Diagnostic ratios of atmospheric PAHs further indicate that there was a wide mix of pollution sources in winter while fossil fuel combustion was the most dominant in summer. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis with 18 PAHs in the winter samples found that motor vehicle emissions and biomass burning were the two main pollution sources, contributing 37.5% and 24.6% of the total quantified PAHs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jiamao Zhou
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- College of Science and Technology, Qiongzhou University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmntal Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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18
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Liu Q, Tang J, Bai Z, Hecker M, Giesy JP. Distribution of petroleum degrading genes and factor analysis of petroleum contaminated soil from the Dagang Oilfield, China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11068. [PMID: 26086670 PMCID: PMC4478889 DOI: 10.1038/srep11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes that encode for enzymes that can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are critical for the ability of microorganisms to bioremediate soils contaminated with PHs. Distributions of two petroleum-degrading genes AlkB and Nah in soils collected from three zones of the Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China were investigated. Numbers of copies of AlkB ranged between 9.1 × 10(5) and 1.9 × 10(7) copies/g dry mass (dm) soil, and were positively correlated with total concentrations of PHs (TPH) (R(2) = 0.573, p = 0.032) and alkanes (C33 ~ C40) (R(2) = 0.914, p < 0.01). The Nah gene was distributed relatively evenly among sampling zones, ranging between 1.9 × 10(7) and 1.1 × 10(8) copies/g dm soil, and was negatively correlated with concentrations of total aromatic hydrocarbons (TAH) (R(2) = -0.567, p = 0.035) and ∑16 PAHs (R(2) = -0.599, p = 0.023). Results of a factor analysis showed that individual samples of soils were not ordinated as a function of the zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Pollution Diagnosis and Environmental Restoration, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Pollution Diagnosis and Environmental Restoration, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Markus Hecker
- 1] School of Environment and sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada [2] Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- 1] Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada [2] Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada [3] School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China [4] State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China [5] Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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19
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Mukherjee B, Bindhani B, Saha H, Ray MR. Increased oxidative DNA damage and decreased expression of base excision repair proteins in airway epithelial cells of women who cook with biomass fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:341-352. [PMID: 25128766 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether biomass burning causes oxidative DNA damage and alters the expression of DNA base excision repair (BER) proteins in airway cells, sputum samples were collected from 80 premenopausal rural biomass-users and 70 age-matched control women who cooked with liquefied petroleum gas. Compared with control the airway cells of biomass-users showed increased DNA damage in alkaline comet assay. Biomass-users showed higher percentage of cells expressing oxidative DNA damage marker 8-oxoguanine and lower percentages of BER proteins OGG1 and APE1 by immunocytochemical staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was doubled and level of superoxide dismutase was depleted significantly among biomass-users. The concentrations of particulate matters were higher in biomass-using households which positively correlated with ROS generation and negatively with BER proteins expressions. ROS generation was positively correlated with 8-oxoguanine and negatively with BER proteins suggesting cooking with biomass is a risk for genotoxicity among rural women in their child-bearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Banani Bindhani
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Hirak Saha
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Ray
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India.
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20
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Kaur S, Senthilkumar K, Verma VK, Kumar B, Kumar S, Katnoria JK, Sharma CS. Preliminary analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particles (PM10) in Amritsar, India: sources, apportionment, and possible risk implications to humans. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:382-95. [PMID: 23695716 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary analysis was performed to assess human health risks of exposure to 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by way of inhalation by children and adults living in urban area of Amritsar, Punjab, India. In particular, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) 16 priority PAH compounds were analyzed in air particulate matter (PM10) from different geographical locations by high-volume air sampler. Sum concentrations of PAHs (37-274 ng m(-3)) were comparable with those of other cities in India as well many cities on a global scale. Pyrene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene accounted for >80% of ∑16PAH concentrations. Furthermore, the contribution of seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 12% of ∑16PAHs. The estimated carcinogenicity of PAHs in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency (BaPTEQ) was assessed and confirmed that dibenzo(a,h)anthracene was the dominant PAH contributor (88.7%) followed by benzo(a)pyrene (6.67%). Homolog pattern and diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested that mixed pyrogenic sources--including biomass burning, coal combustion, and petrogenic sources, such as vehicular emissions--are dominant PAH sources in Amritsar. Health risk of adults and children by way of PAHs was assessed by estimating the lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) using USEPA guidelines. The assessed cancer risk (ILCR) was found to be within the acceptable range (10(-6)-10(-4)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simerpreet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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