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Mendez EE, Davis J, Bonner MR, Abdel Rasoul GM, Ismail AA, Hendy OM, Olson JR, Rohlman DS. Impact of chlorpyrifos exposure on lung function in Egyptian adolescent agriculture workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38993119 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2024.2374582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that has been linked to detrimental health effects that range from neurological impacts to respiratory disease. The objective of this study was to assess respiratory symptoms associated with CPF exposure throughout the application season. Urine samples were collected from Egyptian adolescent applicators (n = 206) and non-applicators (n = 72) to assess 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a biomarker for CPF exposure, along with spirometry measures to determine lung ventilatory function. Samples were collected over 7 months in 2016. Logistic regression was used to model the odds of reporting wheeze symptoms based on urinary TCPy concentrations while controlling for age and smoking in the household. Ordinal multinomial logistic regression was used to model the percent reference for forced expiratory volume in one second (rFEV1) based on urinary TCPy concentration (µg/g creatinine). Wheezing increased with increasing pesticide exposure (OR = 1.74 (1.32 - 2.31)). There was no statistically significant relationship between rFEV1 and TCPy concentration. Efforts to reduce pesticide exposure should be implemented to prevent the potential onset or exacerbation of any linked respiratory complications in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto E Mendez
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan Davis
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gaafar M Abdel Rasoul
- Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Ismail
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Olfat M Hendy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Diane S Rohlman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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2
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Imran I, Moin SF, Saleem S, Azhar A, Zehra S. Bioaccumulation of Chloropyrifos Organo-pesticide and Its Toxicogenic Association with Antioxidant GSTP1 in Pakistani Pest Control Workers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:3331-3343. [PMID: 37646887 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are employed to enhance agricultural production. Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides may be a source of health problems. The present study was designed to examine an association of GSTP1 (rs1695) polymorphism with OP pesticide chronic exposure. A case-control study was recruited with 250 subjects comprising exposed (n = 100) and controls (n = 150). A survey was conducted to determine the pesticide type to which workers had exposed. According to recorded survey assessment, two compounds of OP pesticides chloropyrifos and malathion were investigated in the blood samples of exposed study subjects using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For screening of genetic polymorphism in GSTP1 (rs1695) polymerase chain reaction, restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed. Statistically, data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20.0 and MedCal© software. Total chrom© navigator programmer was used for detection of OP residues in serum and local pesticide solution. chloropyrifos-OP pesticide residues were detected in serum of estimated chronically exposed subjects at 206 nm HPLC optimal conditions. The pattern of GSTP1 (rs1695) genotypic frequencies depicted that heterozygous genotype was higher in Chloropyrifos exposed subjects (0.56) when compared with controls (0.44). Statistical outcomes showed an insignificant association with GSTP1 (rs1695) polymorphism and chloropyrifos-OP pesticide toxicity (Fisher's exact test 1.0, p = 0.25). An insignificant allelic investigation reflected a protective effect of mutant allele G against chloropyrifos-OP pesticide toxicity in exposed subjects. Findings may be helpful in identifying bioaccumulated pesticide residues, but in studied Pakistani exposed workers, no significant association of GSTP1 (rs1695) variant with chloropyrifos-OPs was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Imran
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
- Ziauddin University Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Block B, North Nazimabad, Karachi, F-10374600, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Faraz Moin
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saima Saleem
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abid Azhar
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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3
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Guo C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Lv L, Li M. Research on knowledge construction and analysis of pesticide exposure to children based on bibliometrics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100325-100339. [PMID: 37648921 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is a major health problem that cannot be ignored, and children are particularly vulnerable and sensitive. As a result, the study of health damage in children caused by pesticide exposure has gradually developed into an important cross-disciplinary research topic. In this study, we reviewed the current state, characteristics, and trends of existing research findings and summarized them comprehensively and systematically through bibliometrics. We collected and examined a large number of studies using Citespace and Vosviewer, employing a clustering method to analyze the effects of pesticide exposure on children and to highlight the hot keywords in the research field. Through an analysis of the active time of high-frequency keywords, we found that the research field is in a hot spot, and the occurrence value of keywords was used to judge the innovation of the research results, thereby highlighting the frontier and key directions of future research in this field. We conclude that in addition to core pesticides, children, exposure, and other malaria and polychlorinated biphenyls also appear as high-frequency keywords in the research field of pesticide exposure effects on children. The core issues of concern in this field include occupational pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia, history of pesticide exposure during pregnancy and childhood leukemia, environmental factors and dietary intake and organophosphorus pesticide exposure in children, and pyrethroid pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral development in children. Future research may focus on how to control the safe use of pesticides, quantitative research on pesticide hazards, and potential effects on children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161000, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010110, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161000, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- Department of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161000, China.
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China.
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010110, China.
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
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4
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Zhao L, Liu Q, Jia Y, Lin H, Yu Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li W, Fang T, Jiang W, Zhang J, Cui H, Li P, Li H, Hou S, Guo L. The Associations between Organophosphate Pesticides (OPs) and Respiratory Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. TOXICS 2023; 11:741. [PMID: 37755752 PMCID: PMC10535340 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although some epidemiological studies have identified the associations between exposure to organophosphate pesticides (Ops) and respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), controversial results still exist. In this review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the overall pooled effect estimates and the possible mechanisms of the relationship between OP exposure and adverse health outcomes. In this study, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, OVID, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched until September 2022. Nineteen observational studies that focused on the general population or occupational populations examined the associations between OP exposure and respiratory diseases, DM, and CVD were included. Based on the overall pooled results, a significantly positive association was observed between OP exposure and respiratory diseases (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.19). A significant link was also observed between various individual species of OP exposure and respiratory diseases, with an OR value of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05-1.18). In particular, there was a significant association of OPs with wheezing and asthma, with OR values of 1.19 (95% CI: 1.08-1.31) and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.05-1.22), respectively. In addition, a significant association was also observed between OP exposure and DM (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.29). However, no significant association was observed between OP exposure and CVD (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.94-1.05). Exposure to OPs was associated with a significantly increased risk of respiratory diseases and DM, but there was no evidence of a significant association between OP exposure and CVD. Considering the moderate strength of the results, further evidence is needed to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qisijing Liu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yaning Jia
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huishu Lin
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ziquan Liu
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Weixia Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- The Dingli Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huanhuan Cui
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Office for National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100051, China
- National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Cancino J, Soto K, Tapia J, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Contreras C, Moreno J. Occupational exposure to pesticides and symptoms of depression in agricultural workers. A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116190. [PMID: 37217130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of pesticides can result in harm to both the environment and human health. There is a growing concern in the field of occupational health about the impact on the mental health of agricultural workers. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to systematize scientific evidence from the last ten years on the impact of occupational exposure to pesticides on the development of depression symptoms in agricultural workers. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Scopus databases from 2011 to September 2022. Our search included studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese that examined the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and symptoms of depression in agricultural workers, following the guidelines recommended by the PRISMA statement and the PECO strategy (Population, Exposure, Comparison, and Outcomes). RESULTS Among the 27 articles reviewed, 78% of them indicated a link between exposure to pesticides and the incidence of depression symptoms. The pesticides most frequently reported in the studies were organophosphates (17 studies), herbicides (12 studies), and pyrethroids (11 studies). The majority of the studies were rated as having intermediate to intermediate-high quality, with the use of standardized measures to assess both exposure and effect. CONCLUSION The updated evidence presented in our review indicates a clear association between pesticide exposure and the development of depressive symptoms. However, more high-quality longitudinal studies are necessary to control for sociocultural variables and utilize pesticide-specific biomarkers and biomarkers of depression. Given the increased use of these chemicals and the health risks associated with depression, it is crucial to implement more stringent measures to monitor the mental health of agricultural workers regularly exposed to pesticides and to enhance surveillance of companies that apply these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cancino
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Karly Soto
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Joaquín Tapia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile; The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Boris Lucero
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Caterina Contreras
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center CINPSI Neurocog, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jaime Moreno
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Gouin N, Notte AM, Kolok AS, Bertin A. Pesticide exposure affects DNA methylation patterns in natural populations of a mayfly. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161096. [PMID: 36572299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollutants derived from agricultural activities represent a major threat to freshwater biota. Despite growing evidence involving epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, in response to pesticide contamination in agroecosystems, research on wild populations of non-model species remains scarce, particularly for endemic freshwater arthropods. Using the MethylRAD method, this study investigates whether exposure to pesticide contamination in natural populations of the endemic mayfly A. torrens produces genome wide changes in levels of DNA methylation. From a total of 1,377,147 MethylRAD markers produced from 285 specimens collected at 30 different study sites along the Limarí watershed of north-central Chile, six showed significant differential methylation between populations exposed and unexposed to pesticides. In all cases the effect of pesticides was positive, independent and stronger than the effects detected for other spatial and environmental factors. Only one candidate marker appeared correlated significantly with additional variables, nitrate and calcium levels, which also reflects the impact of agrichemicals and could additionally suggest, to a lower extent, antagonistic effects of mineral salts concentration for this specific marker. These results suggest that the effect of pesticide exposure on methylation levels is apparent at these six MethylRAD markers in A. torrens populations. Such data is challenging to obtain in natural populations and is, for the most part, lacking in ecotoxicological studies. Our study shows that DNA methylation processes are involved in the response to pesticide contamination in populations of the mayfly A. torrens in their natural habitat, and provides new evidence regarding the impact of pesticide contamination and agricultural activities on the endemic fauna of lotic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gouin
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Ana-Maria Notte
- Programa de doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3002, United States
| | - Angéline Bertin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
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Landeros N, Duk S, Márquez C, Inzunza B, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Zúñiga-Venegas LA. Genotoxicity and Reproductive Risk in Workers Exposed to Pesticides in Rural Areas of Curicó, Chile: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16608. [PMID: 36554491 PMCID: PMC9779056 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant risks to human health have been associated with chronic exposure to low doses of pesticides, a situation which may be frequent among agricultural workers. In this context, and regarding the agricultural-based economy of central Chile, we aimed to explore the genotoxic damage in agricultural workers and reproductive risk among women in rural and urban areas of Curicó, a traditional agricultural district in Chile. Hence, we sampled a group of rural agricultural workers associated with pesticide management (n = 30) and an urban unexposed group (n = 30). Our results showed that the agricultural workers had higher micronuclei frequencies (MN: β = 13.27; 95% CI low = 11.08, CI high = 15.47) and women had a 40-fold higher risk of reproductive problems (OR = 40.32; 95% CI low = 2.60, CI high = 624.31) than the unexposed group. The factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) showed that neither the sex nor smoking habits appear to define the ordination of the data. Nevertheless, the exposure level did segregate them in the multidimensional space (explained variance: 35.38% dim-1; 18.63% dim-2). This pilot study highlights the higher risks of biological conditions negatively associated with the health of agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Landeros
- Centro Oncológico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas (LIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Soledad Duk
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Genética Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Carolina Márquez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Genética Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Bárbara Inzunza
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Genética Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias (I), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas (LIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
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8
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Zúñiga-Venegas LA, Hyland C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Quirós-Alcalá L, Butinof M, Buralli R, Cardenas A, Fernandez RA, Foerster C, Gouveia N, Gutiérrez Jara JP, Lucero BA, Muñoz MP, Ramírez-Santana M, Smith AR, Tirado N, van Wendel de Joode B, Calaf GM, Handal AJ, Soares da Silva A, Cortés S, Mora AM. Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:96002. [PMID: 36173136 PMCID: PMC9521041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88 ) and Mexico (20%, n = 46 ), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167 ), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105 ) or children (21%, n = 48 ). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62 ) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54 ), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81 ). Forty-seven percent (n = 112 ) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rafael Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Foerster
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Nelson Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juan P. Gutiérrez Jara
- Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Boris A. Lucero
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Anna R. Smith
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Louisiana Paz, Bolivia
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis J. Handal
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Sandra Cortés
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Infants’ Environmental Health Study, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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9
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Rueda-Ruzafa L, Ropero-Padilla C, Ruiz-González C, Rodriguez-Arrastia M, Roman P, Sánchez-Labraca N. A nursing socio-environmental approach for acute pesticide poisoning: A qualitative focus group study. J Adv Nurs 2022; 79:1754-1764. [PMID: 35668553 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the experiences and perceptions of final-year nursing students in assessing and managing acute pesticide poisoning using a socio-environmental care approach in a primary health care simulation-based scenario. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using focus groups. METHODS Twelve focus groups were held, with 114 fourth-year nursing students. The study was carried out from September to November 2021. To grant an in-depth analysis of the collected data, a thematic analysis was used. RESULTS After our data analysis, three main themes emerged: (i) experiences of an acute pesticide poisoning case in a simulation-based scenario; (ii) environmental health nursing competencies for a culturally competent practice and (iii) social factors in prevention strategies. CONCLUSIONS Using a socio-environmental care approach with a primary care simulation-based poisoning case can provide a realistic public health clinical experience for local problems and prepare the context for the development of global citizenship values, as well as offer numerous opportunities to facilitate transformative learning, including Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into local nursing clinical practice. IMPACT Nurse managers, policymakers and educators must collaborate together to broaden their reach in teaching the role of the environment and social determinants of health through evidence-based care models, as well as actively contributing to the achievement of the SDGs to promote "glocal" competencies among nursing professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Carmen Ropero-Padilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Cristofer Ruiz-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Torrecardenas University Hospital, Almeria, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Arrastia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pablo Roman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research Group CTS-451 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Nuria Sánchez-Labraca
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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10
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Coria J, Elgueta S. Towards safer use of pesticides in Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:22785-22797. [PMID: 35099697 PMCID: PMC8979876 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coria
- Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Elgueta
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias Y Agronómicas, Universidad de Las Americas, Sede Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Mehmood Y, Arshad M, Mahmood N, Kächele H, Kong R. Occupational hazards, health costs, and pesticide handling practices among vegetable growers in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111340. [PMID: 34043972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disregarding protective measures when handling pesticides in agricultural production imposes increased health risks and health costs on farmers as well as degrades the natural ecosystem. In Pakistan, where agriculture is the prime occupation in rural communities, there is overwhelming evidence of indiscriminate use of hazardous pesticides by farmers without taking adequate precautions. Using cross-sectional data, we examined personal protection and health costs to vegetable growers due to pesticide exposure and determinants of farmers' pesticide handling practices. The theory of averting behavior was used, and the possible factors affecting farmers' adoption of safety equipment and of disposal methods for pesticide containers were estimated using a logit model. Health effects (P < 0.05) and farmers' protection and health costs (P < 0.01) are found as important determinants of farmers' adoption of safety equipment and of disposal methods for pesticide containers. The mean protection and health cost of pesticide exposure per farmer per vegetable season in 2019 was US $3.60. Analytical outcomes indicate that safe and recommended pesticide handling practices are needed to be introduced through adequate integrated pest management (IPM) training programs and by improving farmers' formal education. Thus, creating awareness through IPM training programs among vegetable growers and enhancing formal education to encourage the adoption of precautionary measures and safe disposal methods for pesticide containers may reduce health risks and health costs. Findings imply that adoption of adequate pesticide handling practices would further help reduce occupational hazards and promote sustainable agriculture in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Mehmood
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (S3H), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Department of Economics & Agricultural Economics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Harald Kächele
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany; Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Schicklerstraße 5, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Rong Kong
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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12
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Lucero B, Muñoz-Quezada MT. Neurobehavioral, Neuromotor, and Neurocognitive Effects in Agricultural Workers and Their Children Exposed to Pyrethroid Pesticides: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:648171. [PMID: 34335205 PMCID: PMC8322659 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.648171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, pyrethroids have emerged as a less toxic alternative to eliminate insect pests. However, some animal studies and studies with children show that these pesticides are toxic and lead to neurobehavioral effects similar to other pesticides, such as organophosphates. The purpose of this review was to systematize the epidemiological scientific evidence about the neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive effects in agricultural workers and their children exposed to pyrethroid pesticides. We conducted two searches (with different terms) in PubMed and Scopus databases, including articles in Spanish and English language on the effects of occupational exposure to pyrethroid pesticides associated with neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive functioning of agricultural workers and their children. There were no filters by year, and the search included studies till march 2021. To develop the search, we followed the recommendations contained in the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO strategy. The results show that in 66.6% of the studies reviewed (8 of 12 studies), agricultural workers or their children occupationally exposed to pyrethroid pesticides have a higher risk of presenting difficulties in their neurocognitive, neuromotor, or neurobehavioral performance, mainly associated with attention, processing speed (linked to hand-eye coordination), and motor coordination. There are still few studies that address this issue. However, the quality of most of the research conducted (83% intermediate or high quality) confirms the risk for neurobehavioral health in agricultural workers due to occupational exposure to pyrethroids. More research is required evaluating the exposure to pyrethroids, including biomarkers and validated neurobehavioral and neuromotor tests, in addition to evaluating the effect of simultaneous exposure to other hazardous pesticides. Assuming that the use of pyrethroids is increasing considerably and faster than the scientific evidence, it is suggested as a precautionary principle to regulate, more strictly, the sale of pyrethroids and other pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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13
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Yang C, Lim W, Song G. Mechanisms of deleterious effects of some pesticide exposure on pigs. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104850. [PMID: 33993968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the size of the global population increases the food and energy demand, making the use of pesticides in agricultural and livestock industries unavoidable. Exposure to pesticides can be toxic to the non-target species, such as humans, wildlife, and livestock, in addition to the target organisms. Various chemicals are used in the livestock industry to control harmful organisms, such as insects, weeds, and parasites. Pigs are one of the most important food sources for humans. In addition, pigs can be used as promising models for assessing the risk of absorption of environmental pollutants through the skin and oral exposure since they are physiologically similar to humans. Exposure to numerous environmental pollutants, such as mycotoxins, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals, has been reported to adversely affect growth, fertility, and endocrine homeostasis in pigs. Various pesticides have been observed in porcine tissues, blood, urine, and processed foods; however, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their effects on porcine health. This review provides a comprehensive description of the characteristics of pesticides that pigs can be exposed to and how their exposure affects porcine reproductive function, intestinal health, and endocrine homeostasis in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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The Research Progress of the Influence of Agricultural Activities on Atmospheric Environment in Recent Ten Years: A Review. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the industrial emission of air pollution has been reduced via a series of measures. However, with the rapid development of modern agriculture, air pollution caused by agricultural activities is becoming more and more serious. Agricultural activities can generate a large amount of air pollutants, such as ammonia, methane, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and persistent organic pollutants, the sources of which mainly include farmland fertilization, livestock breeding, pesticide use, agricultural residue burning, agricultural machinery, and agricultural irrigation. Greenhouse gases emitted by agricultural activities can affect regional climate change, while atmospheric particulates and persistent organic pollutants can even seriously harm the health of surrounding residents. With the increasing threat of agricultural air pollution, more and more relevant studies have been carried out, as well as some recommendations for reducing emissions. The emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases can be significantly reduced by adopting reasonable fertilization methods, scientific soil management, and advanced manure treatment systems. Regarding pesticide use and agricultural residues burning, emission reduction are more dependent on the restriction and support of government regulations, such as banning certain pesticides, prohibiting open burning of straw, and supporting the recycling and reuse of residues. This review, summarizing the relevant research in the past decade, discusses the current situation, health effects, and emission reduction measures of agricultural air pollutants from different sources, in order to provide some help for follow-up research.
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15
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Chormey DS, Yılmaz Durak B, Bakırdere S. Determination of Pyridaphenthion in Aqueous and Food Samples by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after QuEChERS Extraction and Degradation Studies under Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1774772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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16
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de-Assis MP, Barcella RC, Padilha JC, Pohl HH, Krug SBF. Health problems in agricultural workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. Rev Bras Med Trab 2021; 18:352-363. [PMID: 33597986 PMCID: PMC7879472 DOI: 10.47626/1679-4435-2020-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural workers are susceptible to several health problems as a result of occupational exposure to toxic substances, especially pesticides. The aim of this review was to describe the health issues associated with occupational exposure to pesticides in agricultural workers. A descriptive study, in the form of an integrative literature review, was conducted based on articles retrieved from the LILACS, SciELO and PubMed databases, published between January 2015 and October 2018. The searches were conducted using the keywords "pesticides," "workers' health," "occupational exposure" and "agricultural workers." The study was guided by the following research question: what health problems do agricultural workers experience as a result of occupational exposure to pesticides? The screening process led to the selection of 35 studies performed in several countries and continents, all of which shed light on the vulnerability of agricultural workers, especially due to the misuse of personal protective equipment and lack of knowledge about the correct use of these devices. The studies investigated a variety of health issues, and most reported a positive association between these conditions, which include cancer, and the use of pesticides. Educational and preventive measures must be implemented to promote the health of rural workers. Furthermore, it is crucial that governments play an active role in these initiatives and provide alternatives to pesticides for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Portela de-Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cristine Barcella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaína Chiogna Padilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Hildegard Hedwig Pohl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzane Beatriz Frantz Krug
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
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17
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Awotunsin KO, Oridupa OA, Ogunsola JO, Obisesan AD, Saba AB. Simulation of hemo- and biochemical toxicities associated with chronic inhalation exposure to 2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) in Wistar rat. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:103547. [PMID: 33188889 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DDVP is a commonly used pesticide in Nigeria and those involved with DDVP manufacturing, packaging or utilizing facilities seldom use PPE to limit pesticide exposure. The study aim was to determine the impact of chronic exposure to DDVP by monitoring hematological and biochemical changes in Wistar rats. Male rats (n = 60; 150-180 g) were exposed to graded DDVP concentrations (0%, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 %) via inhalation route for 60 days. Body weights were initially measured and then at 20-day intervals. Blood samples were collected for hematology and serum biochemistry on day 61. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) polycythemia, neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, hepatic and renal derangement in rats exposed to DDVP. Also, albumin, AST, ALP, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin levels and dyslipidemia significantly increased. Cholinergic signs and stunted growth were observed in higher concentrations. Study emphasized hazards of DDVP mishandling and risks of non-compliance with PPE use by workers in-contact with DDVP, as well as misuse/abuse in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John O Ogunsola
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Adebowale Bernard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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18
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Ledda C, Cannizzaro E, Cinà D, Filetti V, Vitale E, Paravizzini G, Di Naso C, Iavicoli I, Rapisarda V. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers after exposure to pesticides. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33413467 PMCID: PMC7791774 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-020-00290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies on workers describe that exposure to pesticides can induce oxidative stress by increased production of free radicals that can accumulate in the cell and damage biological macromolecules, for example, RNA, DNA, DNA repair proteins and other proteins and/or modify antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as detoxification and scavenger enzymes. This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and DNA damage among workers exposed to pesticides. METHODS For this purpose, 52 pesticide exposed workers and 52 organic farmers were enrolled. They were assessed: the pesticide exposure, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (TG), oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), levels. RESULTS Correlation between pesticide exposure was positively associated with high TBARS and 8-oxodG levels (p < 0.001). A negative association was founded with TG and GSSG and pesticide exposure. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation results seem to indicate a mild augment in oxidative stress associated with pesticide exposure, followed by an adaptive response to increase the antioxidant defenses to prevent sustained oxidative adverse effects stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, Occupational Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Cinà
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Filetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Concettina Di Naso
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
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19
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Ledda C, Cannizzaro E, Cinà D, Filetti V, Vitale E, Paravizzini G, Di Naso C, Iavicoli I, Rapisarda V. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers after exposure to pesticides. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33413467 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-020-00290-z/figures/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies on workers describe that exposure to pesticides can induce oxidative stress by increased production of free radicals that can accumulate in the cell and damage biological macromolecules, for example, RNA, DNA, DNA repair proteins and other proteins and/or modify antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as detoxification and scavenger enzymes. This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and DNA damage among workers exposed to pesticides. METHODS For this purpose, 52 pesticide exposed workers and 52 organic farmers were enrolled. They were assessed: the pesticide exposure, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (TG), oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), levels. RESULTS Correlation between pesticide exposure was positively associated with high TBARS and 8-oxodG levels (p < 0.001). A negative association was founded with TG and GSSG and pesticide exposure. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation results seem to indicate a mild augment in oxidative stress associated with pesticide exposure, followed by an adaptive response to increase the antioxidant defenses to prevent sustained oxidative adverse effects stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, Occupational Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Cinà
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Filetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Concettina Di Naso
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
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20
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Buralli RJ, Ribeiro H, Iglesias V, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Leão RS, Marques RC, Almeida MMCD, Guimarães JRD. Occupational exposure to pesticides and health symptoms among family farmers in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2020; 54:133. [PMID: 33331527 PMCID: PMC7703531 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of occupational pesticide exposure with acute and mental health symptoms. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey carried out with 78 Brazilian family farmers, who were pesticide applicators and helpers conveniently selected. Symptoms and exposure data were collected by interviews, and mental health outcomes by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Blood samples were analyzed to assess cholinesterase levels. Exposure indicators and symptoms were compared between applicators and helpers, and Poisson regression was performed to estimate prevalence ratios. RESULTS: Farmers reported exposure to multiple pesticides from early ages; they worked without safety training, technical support, and full protective equipment, and they had a high prevalence of acute and mental health symptoms (e.g., headache, mucosal irritation, tachycardia, and depressive signs). Applicators had more cholinesterase changes than helpers, but less symptoms. Helpers used less personal protection and had significantly higher prevalence ratio of headache, dyspnea, wheezing, cough, poor digestion, tiredness, and feeling worthless, after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Acute and mental health symptoms were observed, both among farmers and helpers. Thus, surveillance actions must be reinforced in Brazil, technical support and safety training improved, focused on applicators and helpers, who are occupationally and environmentally exposed to pesticides. Agricultural practices of these groups with less pesticide use should receive incentive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Junqueira Buralli
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- Universidad de Chile. Escuela de Salud Pública. Departamento de Epidemiología. Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Renata Spolti Leão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Centro de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais e Grafeno. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rejane Correa Marques
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé. Centro Multidisciplinar - UFRJ. Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Jean Remy Davée Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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21
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Boedeker W, Watts M, Clausing P, Marquez E. The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1875. [PMID: 33287770 PMCID: PMC7720593 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human poisoning by pesticides has long been seen as a severe public health problem. As early as 1990, a task force of the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about one million unintentional pesticide poisonings occur annually, leading to approximately 20,000 deaths. Thirty years on there is no up-to-date picture of global pesticide poisoning despite an increase in global pesticide use. Our aim was to systematically review the prevalence of unintentional, acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP), and to estimate the annual global number of UAPP. METHODS We carried out a systematic review of the scientific literature published between 2006 and 2018, supplemented by mortality data from WHO. We extracted data from 157 publications and the WHO cause-of-death database, then performed country-wise synopses, and arrived at annual numbers of national UAPP. World-wide UAPP was estimated based on national figures and population data for regions defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). RESULTS In total 141 countries were covered, including 58 by the 157 articles and an additional 83 by data from the WHO Mortality Database. Approximately 740,000 annual cases of UAPP were reported by the extracted publications resulting from 7446 fatalities and 733,921 non-fatal cases. On this basis, we estimate that about 385 million cases of UAPP occur annually world-wide including around 11,000 fatalities. Based on a worldwide farming population of approximately 860 million this means that about 44% of farmers are poisoned by pesticides every year. The greatest estimated number of UAPP cases is in southern Asia, followed by south-eastern Asia and east Africa with regards to non-fatal UAPP. CONCLUSIONS Our study updates outdated figures on world-wide UAPP. Along with other estimates, robust evidence is presented that acute pesticide poisoning is an ongoing major global public health challenge. There is a need to recognize the high burden of non-fatal UAPP, particularly on farmers and farmworkers, and that the current focus solely on fatalities hampers international efforts in risk assessment and prevention of poisoning. Implementation of the international recommendations to phase out highly hazardous pesticides by the FAO Council could significantly reduce the burden of UAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meriel Watts
- PAN Asia Pacific, P.O. Box 1170, 10850, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Emily Marquez
- PAN North America, 2029 University Ave., Suite 200, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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Abaukaka YA, Sanusi S, Ozigi KA, Malo FU. Assessment of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of dichlorvos (DDVP) using in silico classification model; a health hazard awareness in Nigeria. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2020; 35:e2020016. [PMID: 32979901 PMCID: PMC7656162 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichlorvos (DDVP) has been abused in Nigeria for suicide attempts, topical applications to treat an ectoparasitic infestation, and indiscriminate use on farm produce. Exposure to this compound in subacute concentration can cause toxicity in different tissues by alteration of the cellular antioxidative defence mechanism. This analysis is aimed at the systematic profiling of DDVP to assess its cytotoxic and mutagenic potential for human vulnerability using an in silico classification model. DDVP was grouped into categories of analogue chemical compounds generated from inventories based on structural alerts that measure the biological effects on cell lines and animal models using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model. The cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of DDVP was assessed by analyzing target endpoints like skin sensitization, oral/inhalation toxicity, neurotoxicity and mutagenicity. DDVP shows moderate sensitization potential that can induce skin irritation during prolonged exposure because of the presence of dichlorovenyl side-chain that interacts with cellular proteins and causes degradation. 50% lethal dose (LD50) of DDVP per body weight was determined to be 26.2 mg/kg in a rat model at 95% confidence range for acute oral toxicity, and 14.4 mmol/L was estimated as 50% lethal concentration (LC50) in the atmosphere due to acute inhalation toxicity. DDVP can also inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system to produce nicotinic and muscarinic symptoms like nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, salivation, bradycardia, and respiratory failure may cause death. The widely used pesticide causes weak DNA methylation which can repress gene transcription on promoter sites. DDVP is volatile so it can cause oral and inhalation toxicity coupled with neurotoxicity during prolonged exposure. Serum cholinesterase blood tests should be encouraged in federal and state hospitals to investigate related health challenges as DDVP is still used in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salihu Sanusi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 226, Qods St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, Iran
| | - Kabir Abdullahi Ozigi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 226, Qods St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, Iran
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Ramírez-Santana M, Zúñiga-Venegas L, Corral S, Roeleveld N, Groenewoud H, Van der Velden K, Scheepers PTJ, Pancetti F. Reduced neurobehavioral functioning in agricultural workers and rural inhabitants exposed to pesticides in northern Chile and its association with blood biomarkers inhibition. Environ Health 2020; 19:84. [PMID: 32698901 PMCID: PMC7374955 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous biomonitoring studies have shown that people in the rural population of Coquimbo, the major agricultural area in northern Chile are being occupationally and environmentally exposed to organophosphate/carbamate (OP/CB) pesticides. Given their harmful effects, this study had two aims; first, to evaluate the effect of cumulative or chronic exposure to OP/CB pesticides on the neurobehavioral performance of agricultural workers and rural inhabitants; second, to determine if changes in the neurobehavioral performance are associated to changes in blood biomarkers of OP/CB pesticides during the spray season, when exposure is higher. METHODS For the first aim, a cross sectional study of neurobehavioral performance in adult volunteers (men and women, 18-50 years-old, right-handed) was carried out in the pre-spray season. Sampling was done by convenience and a questionnaire was used to categorize participants depending on their level of chronic exposure, as either: occupationally exposed (OE, n = 87), environmentally exposed (EE, n = 81), or non-exposed controls or reference group (RG, n = 100). A neurobehavioral test battery consisting of 21 tests to measure cognitive, motor and emotional state was applied. For the second aim, neurobehavioral measures were taken a second time from EE and OE groups during the spray season, and their exposure corroborated by blood-based biomarker inhibition. RESULTS Lower neurobehavioral performance was observed in the pre-spray evaluation of EE and OE groups compared to the non-exposed, OE being the worst performing group. Seasonal exposure impaired performance in both exposure groups on all tests except those on attention and mood. Data modeling of the basal (pre-spray) measurements showed that the level of exposure was the best predictor of performance. During spraying, inhibition of BChE activity in the EE group was the best predictor of low performance in tests measuring logical, auditory and visual memory, inhibitory control of cognitive interference, constructional and planning abilities, executive functions, and motor speed and coordination. CONCLUSION Long-term occupational or environmental exposure to pesticides caused impairment in neurobehavioral functioning, which worsened during the spraying season, mainly in EE. BChE inhibition was the best predictor for seasonal neurobehavioral changes in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departemento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados de Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sebastián Corral
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Translacional, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Groenewoud
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koos Van der Velden
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floria Pancetti
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
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[Pesticide exposure in Chile and population health: urgency for decision making]. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 35:480-487. [PMID: 32684309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last 25 years, Chile has had an expanding role as an agro-export country in the global economy, with efficient rates of productivity in the region, based on the technological development of agriculture, with of large monocultures whose productivity depends on the intensive application of agrochemicals. This form of agriculture has also lacked efficient regulations and surveillance, so it is difficult to estimate the real magnitude of the exposed population and its effects on health in the short or long term. This systematic review compiles the epidemiological evidence generated from studies conducted in several regions of Chile regarding pesticide exposure and health effects. Of the total number of articles, 50% included agricultural workers, 25% children, and 25% women of childbearing age, with the greatest effects being the neurotoxic (54%), genotoxic (31%) and reproductive (15%). The evidence collected shows that in Chile the levels of exposure to pesticides in the general and occupational population are higher than international studies levels. It is urgent to protect the health of both the occupational and general population and especially children through a stricter control of the sale and use of pesticides, with comprehensive surveillance systems in environmental health and educational actions in the social and cultural context of rural communities. It is a priority to strengthen research with national relevance on health effects, and strictly restrict the use of pesticides already prohibited in developed countries due to their high level of risk to human and environmental health.
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Ramírez-Santana M, Zúñiga-Venegas L, Corral S, Roeleveld N, Groenewoud H, van der Velden K, Scheepers PTJ, Pancetti F. Association between cholinesterase's inhibition and cognitive impairment: A basis for prevention policies of environmental pollution by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109539. [PMID: 32361078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chile organophosphate pesticides are widely used in the production of fruits. Pesticides use is regulated for professional practice but there is no regulation regarding exposure to the general population. OBJECTIVE To relate exposure to cholinesterase's inhibitor pesticides during the spray season with neuropsychological impairment in occupationally exposed (OE) and environmentally exposed (EE) groups of people. METHODS Exposure was assessed through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and neuropsychological outcomes were evaluated through a large battery of tests covering general mental status, language, memory, attention, executive function, praxis and psychomotricity. Evaluations were carried out firstly in a period of no/low organophosphate pesticide use and subsequently during the spray season. All parameters were calculated as the relative change from baseline to spray season. RESULTS For this study in total 156 participants were recruited divided equally over participants with environmental exposures (EE) and participants with occupational exposure (OE). In the EE, BChE's enzyme activity inhibition ≥30% showed significant association with 10% or more decreased performance in several tests evaluating six of the eight cognitive areas (excepting psychomotricity and mood status); besides, for AChE inhibition in EE, the association was significant in three tests evaluating attention and one of executive function. Whereas, in OE, the inhibition of the BChE ≥30% was associated with a low performance of one attention test and for AChE the exceedance of the standard was associated with diminished performance in one test of memory and attention, respectively. The association between biomarkers of biological effect and cognitive impairment persisted among the EE group after removing confounders. No association was found between biomarkers of biological acute effect and decreased cognitive performance in the OE group. CONCLUSIONS Increased exposure to pesticides was confirmed by increased inhibition of cholinesterase's in both exposure groups; which was associated with a diminished neuropsychological performance, mainly in the environmentally exposed study group. [310 words].
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile. PhD Student Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas
- Laboratory of Biomedical Investigations, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile; Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog).Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Sebastián Corral
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Groenewoud
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Koos van der Velden
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Floria Pancetti
- Laboratory of Environmental Neurotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Anand M, Taneja A. Organochlorine pesticides residue in placenta and their influence on anthropometric measures of infants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109106. [PMID: 31927245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of placental concentrations of some organochlorine pesticides on newborn's anthropometric measurements (height, weight, head circumference & ponderal index). For this study, we have collected 90 placental tissue samples for the measurement of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) & Hexachlocyclohexane (HCH) by Gas Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). Regression analysis were performed between outcome variables such as birth weight, birth height, head circumference, ponderal index and independent variable i.e., organochlorine pesticide concentrations. In case of birth weight, there was a substantial decrease of 5.81, 1.94, 4.71, and 2.64 g for 1 ppb (μg/L) increase in placental α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and total HCH concentrations respectively. Significant decrease of 2.02 and 0.43 kg/m3 in ponderal index was found with 1 μg/L increase of total-HCH and total DDT concentrations in placenta. The results of this study support an association between environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides and anthropometric development of the fetus leading to a significant reduction in its birth weight and ponderal index, slight and non-significant reduction in birth height and head circumference. Efforts should be made to reduce exposure of women of reproductive age in relation to long-term impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - A Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra, 282002, India
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Nogueira FDAM, Szwarcwald CL, Damacena GN. Exposição a agrotóxicos e agravos à saúde em trabalhadores agrícolas: o que revela a literatura? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-6369000041118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução: a relação entre agrotóxicos e agravos à saúde tem sido investigada em diferentes contextos. Objetivo: reunir evidência científica relevante sobre agravos à saúde associados à exposição ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. Métodos: revisão de literatura de estudos publicados entre 2000 e 2017, nas bases PubMed, Embase e LILACS. Estabeleceu-se como critérios de elegibilidade: a) estudos observacionais; b) população de trabalhadores agrícolas; c) exposição ocupacional; d) agravos à saúde definidos como desfecho; e) comparação estatística de expostos com não expostos; f) idioma inglês, português ou espanhol. Resultados: 59 publicações foram elegíveis - 33 estudos transversais, 22 de coorte e 4 caso-controle. Discussão: os estudos indicam que trabalhadores rurais apresentam maior risco para alguns agravos crônicos (câncer, doenças mentais, neurológicas, endócrinas, renais, auditivas, respiratórias e autoimunes), efeitos subclínicos (danos genéticos e alterações bioquímicas) e sinais e sintomas clínicos de intoxicação aguda. Também foram identificadas limitações dos estudos quanto à avaliação da exposição e do desfecho, delineamento e amostragem. Conclusão: as evidências sugerem a necessidade de se complementar a avaliação da saúde dos trabalhadores expostos aos agrotóxicos utilizando biomarcadores de efeito de genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade, a fim de promover e ampliar a vigilância da exposição e das intoxicações crônicas e suas prevenções.
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Gutiérrez-Jara JP, Córdova-Lepe FD, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Chowell G. Susceptibility to organophosphates pesticides and the development of infectious-contagious respiratory diseases. J Theor Biol 2019; 488:110133. [PMID: 31870902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we develop an SIRS compartmental model to investigate the dynamic interplay between pesticide intoxication and the spread of infectious-contagious respiratory diseases. We are particularly interested in investigating three levels of genetic susceptibility to pesticide intoxication. The genotypic distribution of susceptibility to pesticide intoxication, is proposed and parameterized according to ethnic variation using real population data from published studies, and we assume that pesticide intoxication increases susceptibility to infection with a respiratory pathogen. We use mathematical models to illustrate the impact of this distribution on the spread of hypothetical respiratory disease in a population exposed to the organophosphate pesticide. In this context, we show how an initial basic reproductive number below the epidemic threshold of 1.0 could be enhanced to support epidemic outbreaks in agricultural populations that employ chlorpyrifos pesticides. We further illustrate our modeling framework to study the effect of ethnic group variation in Singapore (Malay, Indian and Chinese) using genetic distribution data from published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gutiérrez-Jara
- Doctorado en Modelamiento Matemático Aplicado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile.
| | - F D Córdova-Lepe
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile.
| | - M T Muñoz-Quezada
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile.
| | - G Chowell
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Decatur 140 Georgia, Atlanta, USA.
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Daghagh Yazd S, Wheeler SA, Zuo A. Key Risk Factors Affecting Farmers' Mental Health: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4849. [PMID: 31810320 PMCID: PMC6926562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, concern has increased globally over farmers' mental health issues. We present a systematic review of the outcomes, locations, study designs, and methods of current studies on farmers' mental health. In particular, this review aims to fill an important gap in understanding of the potential key risk factors affecting farmers' mental health around the world. 167 articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review using a standardized electronic literature search strategy and PRISMA guidelines. The four most-cited influences on farmers' mental health in the reviewed literature respectively were pesticide exposure, financial difficulties, climate variabilities/drought, and poor physical health/past injuries. The majority of studies were from developed countries, most specifically from the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Comparative studies on the mental health of farmers and other occupational workers showed mixed results, with a larger portion identifying that psychological health disturbances were more common in farmers and farm-workers. Knowledge of farmer psychological disorder risk factors and its impacts are essential for reducing the burden of mental illness. Further research will be required on climate change impacts, developing country farmers' mental health, and information on how to reduce help-seeking barriers amongst farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Ann Wheeler
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (S.D.Y.); (A.Z.)
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Alahakoon C, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Weerasinghe VS, Buckley NA. Differences between organophosphates in respiratory failure and lethality with poisoning post the 2011 bans in Sri Lanka. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:466-470. [PMID: 31496307 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1660782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Self-poisoning with organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) has high morbidity and mortality. The most toxic OP formulations have been progressively banned in Sri Lanka over the past three decades. However, respiratory failure (RF) requiring ventilation remains a major contributor to fatalities. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the frequency of RF and death after poisoning with the currently available OPs to determine if further bans might be warranted to reduce the burden of OP poisoning in Sri Lanka.Methods: Five hundred and forty patients with confirmed OP self-poisoning were prospectively observed throughout their hospital stay following admission to Peradeniya hospital in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Clinical data including the time and duration of intubation were documented prospectively in structured datasheets.Results: One hundred and forty-nine patients required ventilation (27%), and 34 (23%) of those died. Males with alcohol co-ingestion were more likely to develop RF. Compared to other OPs, profenofos (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5-3.9), and quinalphos (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.6-12.6) were more likely to, and chlorpyrifos (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.4) less likely to lead to RF than other OPs. Profenofos was also associated with higher mortality (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6) than other OPs. The median time to intubation was longer for profenofos, but the duration of intubation was similar for all OP formulations.Conclusion: RF and deaths following OP ingestion continue to be a major problem in Sri Lanka, with profenofos being the major current agent of concern. Strategies to replace profenofos and quinalphos use with less toxic insecticides should be explored. Doctors should be alert to the high probability of delayed and prolonged RF after profenofos poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Alahakoon
- Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Tharaka L Dassanayake
- Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Indika B Gawarammana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Vajira S Weerasinghe
- Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,The Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Bradman A, Steenland K, Zúñiga L, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Iglesias V, Muñoz MP, Buralli RJ, Fredes C, Gutiérrez JP. An educational intervention on the risk perception of pesticides exposure and organophosphate metabolites urinary concentrations in rural school children in Maule Region, Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108554. [PMID: 31288198 PMCID: PMC7953381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate (OP) pesticides can be hazardous to human health if not applied with appropriate precautions. There is evidence in the Maule region of Chile that rural schoolchildren are exposed to OP pesticides. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention on OP exposure and understanding of pesticides and their hazards (risk perception) in two school communities in the Maule Region of Chile during 2016. METHOD We conducted a quasi-experimental study about the effects on OP pesticide exposure of a community outreach and education program (COEP) administered in four 2-h sessions that's included hands-on activities among 48 schoolchildren from two rural schools. The intervention was directed to groups of parents and school-children separately, and aimed to educate them about the risks of exposure to pesticides and their effects on health. We measured 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPY), malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), p-nitrophenol (PNP), specific urinary metabolites of the OP pesticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and parathion, respectively, as well as the non-specific diethylakylphosphates (DEAPs) and dimethylalkylphosphates (DMAPs) in 192 urine samples of schoolchildren collected before and after the intervention. The risk perception of school children and their parents was also assessed through a questionnaire before and after the intervention. Generalized Estimated Equations were used to account for each child's repeated measures during four sessions, two in September 2016 (pre-intervention) and two in November 2016 (post-intervention). RESULTS The intervention level had significant effect on the risk perception of adults and children, which increased after the intervention. However, the intervention was not associated with reduced of urinary metabolites levels, with no significant differences between the pre and post measures. The detection frequencies were 1.1% (MDA), 71.4% (TCPy), 43.3% (IMPY), 98.96% (PNP), and 100% (DEAPs and DMAPs). Higher DEAPs urine concentrations were associated with eating more fruit at school (p = 0.03), a younger age (p = 0.03), and being male (p = 0.01). DMAPs showed no associations with potential predictor variables (e.g. OPs applied at home, fruit consumption at school, among others). Higher TCPy was associated with attending a school closer to farms (p = 0.04) and living in a home closer to farm fields (p = 0.01); higher PNP was marginally associated with children younger age (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION Environmental exposure to OP pesticides was unchanged even after behavior changes. It is possible that a longer time period is needed to observe changes in both behavior and urinary metabolites. The levels of DEP and DMP metabolites found here are above the reference population of the US, and our findings indicate exposure to a wide variety of OP pesticides. Given that individual-level interventions were not associated with lower exposures, efforts to reduce exposure must occur upstream and require stricter regulation and control of pesticide use by government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Boris Lucero
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liliana Zúñiga
- The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - María Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael J Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Fredes
- Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Gutiérrez
- Doctorate in Applied Mathematical Modeling, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
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Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Bradman A, Baumert B, Iglesias V, Muñoz MP, Concha C. Reliability and factorial validity of a questionnaire to assess organophosphate pesticide exposure to agricultural workers in Maule, Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:45-59. [PMID: 30124052 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1508647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire to assess organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure in agricultural workers. We then enrolled a random sample of 114 agricultural workers from the region of Maule, Chile (mean age = 50 years [SD = 12]). An internal consistency analysis (Cronbach's alpha> 0.70) and a Varimax rotational factorial analysis were applied. The instrument had a high reliability to predict likely occupational pesticide exposures: Cronbach's alpha = 0.95, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure was 0.90 and the Bartell sphericity test = p < 0.001. Four factors explaining 68% of the variance were extracted. The factors identified were as follows: (1) labor conditions during application of OPs; (2) use of personal protective equipment; (3) workplace conditions related to OP exposure and (4) home conditions related to OP exposure. The questionnaire has adequate metric properties to characterize likely OP exposure of agricultural workers and to explore associated working and home conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Universidad Católica del Maule , Talca , Chile
- b The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog) , Universidad Católica del Maule , Talca , Chile
| | - Boris Lucero
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Universidad Católica del Maule , Talca , Chile
- b The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog) , Universidad Católica del Maule , Talca , Chile
| | - Asa Bradman
- c Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , USA
| | - Brittney Baumert
- d PhD in Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , USA
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- e School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- e School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carlos Concha
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Universidad Católica del Maule , Talca , Chile
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Method validation for simultaneous determination of atropine, pralidoxime and 12 organophosphorus compounds in blood samples by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1097-1098:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lucero B, Saracini C, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Mendez-Bustos P, Mora M. Laboratory of the Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center of Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile. Cogn Process 2018; 19:465-472. [PMID: 29948428 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-018-0871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Laboratory of the Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), located in the "Technological Park" building of the Catholic University of Maule (Universidad Católica del Maule, UCM) campus in Talca, Chile, has been established as "Psychology Lab" recently in July, 2016. Our lines of work include basic and applied research. Among the basic research, we study executive functions, decision-making, and spatial cognition. In the applied field, we have studied neuropsychological and neurobehavioral effects of pesticides exposure, among other interests. One of our aims is to develop collaboration both national and internationally. It is important to mention that to date there are only few psychology laboratories and research centers in Chile involved with the fields of neuropsychology and neurosciences. Thus, this scientific effort could be a groundbreaking initiative to develop specific knowledge in this area locally and interculturally through its international collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Lucero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile. .,The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Edificio Parque Científico Tecnológico, Talca, VII Región del Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile.
| | - Chiara Saracini
- VRIP de la Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Edificio Parque Científico Tecnológico, Talca, VII Región del Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Edificio Parque Científico Tecnológico, Talca, VII Región del Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Pablo Mendez-Bustos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Edificio Parque Científico Tecnológico, Talca, VII Región del Maule, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Marco Mora
- LITRP, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Corral SA, de Angel V, Salas N, Zúñiga-Venegas L, Gaspar PA, Pancetti F. Cognitive impairment in agricultural workers and nearby residents exposed to pesticides in the Coquimbo Region of Chile. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 62:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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