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Hochman VGA, Nascimento RCFDA, da Silva CBM, Quinderé PNA, Melo RX, Velarde LGC, Bueno AC, Vieira AA. Relationship Between Maternal Age and Macronutrient Content of Colostrum. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:286-295. [PMID: 38411139 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241233500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between maternal age and the macronutrient content of colostrum. RESEARCH AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal age and human milk macronutrient content by comparing the concentrations of lactose, proteins, and lipids in the colostrum of women with younger, moderate, and advanced maternal age. METHODS An observational, cross-sectional study was designed to compare the macronutrient concentrations in the colostrum of women aged < 20 years, 20 to 34 years, and > 34 years (younger, moderate, and advanced maternal age, respectively; n = 33 per group). For each participant, 3 ml of colostrum was collected by manual extraction from the right breast at 10 am, 39-48 hr after delivery, and analyzed using a Miris Human Milk Analyzer. Macronutrient concentrations were compared between the groups using analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mothers with moderate maternal age had a higher colostrum lipid concentration than those with younger or advanced maternal age (2.3 mg, SD = 1.4 mg vs. 1.5 mg, SD = 1.0 mg vs. 1.6 mg, SD = 0.9 mg, respectively; p = 0.007). Lactose and protein contents in the analyzed samples did not differ among the three study groups. CONCLUSION This study lends support to the potential variation of lipids in colostrum by maternal age and suggests individual adaptation to the nutritional components of milk to the needs of the infant may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Ximenes Melo
- National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Costa Bueno
- Faculty of Medicine, Maternal and Child Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan Araújo Vieira
- Faculty of Medicine, Maternal and Child Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hatem O, Kaçar ÖF, Kaçar HK, Szentpéteri JL, Marosvölgyi T, Szabó É. Trans isomeric fatty acids in human milk and their role in infant health and development. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1379772. [PMID: 38515522 PMCID: PMC10954868 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play an important role in neurodevelopment in the perinatal life. The most important source of these fatty acids is the diet, however, they can also be formed in the human body from their shorter chain precursors, the essential fatty acids. Since the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after birth, the exclusive source of these fatty acids for breastfed infants is human milk, which can be influenced by the mother's diet. Unsaturated fatty acids can have either cis or trans configuration double bond in their chain with distinct physiological effects. Cis isomeric unsaturated fatty acids have several beneficial effects, while trans isomers are mostly detrimental, because of their similar structure to saturated fatty acids. Trans fatty acids (TFAs) can be further subdivided into industrial (iTFA) and ruminant-derived trans fatty acids (rTFA). However, the physiological effects of these two TFA subgroups may differ. In adults, dietary intake of iTFA has been linked to atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, obesity, chronic inflammation, and increased development of certain cancers, among other diseases. However, iTFAs can have a negative impact on health not only in adulthood but in childhood too. Results from previous studies have shown that iTFAs have a significant negative effect on LCPUFA levels in the blood of newborns and infants. In addition, iTFAs can affect the growth and development of infants, and animal studies suggest that they might even have lasting negative effects later in life. Since the only source of TFAs in the human body is the diet, the TFA content of breast milk may determine the TFA supply of breastfed infants and thus affect the levels of LCPUFAs important for neurodevelopment and the health of infants. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the TFA content in human milk available in the literature and their potential effects on infant health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okba Hatem
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ömer Furkan Kaçar
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hüsna Kaya Kaçar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Türkiye
| | - József L. Szentpéteri
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Marosvölgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Nurani N, Wibowo T, Susilowati R, Hastuti J, Haksari EL, Julia M, Van Weissenbruch M. Changes in Mature Human Milk Macronutrient Composition over 45 years in an Urban Population in Indonesia. J Hum Lact 2023; 39:648-655. [PMID: 37712570 DOI: 10.1177/08903344231195326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With improvement in a population's welfare, its food consumption patterns may change, including those of nursing mothers. This, in turn, could influence their human milk composition. RESEARCH AIM To investigate the secular trend in macronutrient composition of mature human milk from mothers of healthy, full-term infants in urban populations in Indonesia from 1974 and 2019. METHOD We compared the macronutrient composition of mature human milk of healthy full-term infants from 1974 and 2019. The data from 2019 used the Human Milk Analyzer MIRIS to quantify the milk's carbohydrate, fat, and protein content, while the historical data used methods available at that time, that is, methods described by Benedict, Gerber and Kjeldahl, respectively. RESULTS There were no significant differences in carbohydrate, protein and fat content across categories of maternal nutritional status in the respective periods. However, the fat content of human milk from 2019 was significantly higher than that of 1974 (4.7 g/dl, SD = 1.7 g/dl vs. 3.3 g/dl, SD = 1.1 g/dl; p < 0.001), while its carbohydrate content was significantly lower (6.2 g/dl, SD = 2.1 g/dl vs. 7.1 g/dl, SD = 0.2 g/dl; p < 0.001). There was no difference in the protein content between the two periods (1.4 g/dl, SD = 0.5 g/dl vs. 1.6 g/dl, SD = 0.3 g/dl; p = 0.491). CONCLUSION The mature human milk from 2019 has a higher fat and total energy content but lower carbohydrate content than those observed 4 decades ago. The protein content remained the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neti Nurani
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tunjung Wibowo
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rina Susilowati
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Janatin Hastuti
- Department of Health Nutrition. Lab. of Bioanthropology & Palaeoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ekawaty Lutfia Haksari
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Madarina Julia
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/ Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mirjam Van Weissenbruch
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Herrera E, Ortega-Senovilla H. Dietary Implications of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Pregnancy and in Neonates. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1656. [PMID: 37629513 PMCID: PMC10455977 DOI: 10.3390/life13081656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain limitations exist for animals to modify fatty acid changes. Besides the role of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other 20-carbon long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) for the synthesis of inflammatory mediators as eicosanoids, different LCPUFAs have many other effects, including their abilities to regulate gene expression and downstream events. LCPUFAs are susceptible to autoxidation, which is prevented by the action of antioxidants in the form of enzymes like superoxide dismutases, catalases and peroxidases, as well as antioxidant compounds that protect against oxidation or repair the damage caused. Under normal conditions, the fetus needs both essential fatty acids (EFAs) and LCPUFAs, which are obtained from its mother by placental transfer. In early pregnancy, dietary derived fatty acids are accumulated in maternal adipose tissue. However, during late pregnancy, corresponding to the period of the highest fetal growth, maternal adipose tissue becomes catabolic and LCPUFAs are released into the circulation by adipose lipolytic activity. The released LCPUFAs are taken up by maternal liver to be esterified and released back to the circulation as triacylglycerides (TAGs) in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) that become available to the placenta to be transferred to the fetus in the form of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). An enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis is maintained around parturition and esterified LCPUFAs are diverted to mammary glands thanks to an increased activity of lipoprotein lipase for milk production. Throughout this process, LCPUFAs become available to the newborn during suckling. The important role of both DHA and AA for the development of the nervous system and for growth has motivated their dietary supplement during different postnatal stages. This has been especially important in preterm infants both because under normal conditions, the fetus acquires most of these fatty acids during late pregnancy, and because the immaturity of the enzyme systems for the synthesis of AA and DHA from their respective EFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Herrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
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Wu D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shi J, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Lipid Profiles of Human Milk and Infant Formulas: A Comparative Lipidomics Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030600. [PMID: 36766129 PMCID: PMC9914114 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas (IFs) are prevalent alternatives for human milk (HM), although their comparative lipid profiles have not been fully investigated. We adopted lipidomics to analyze and compare in-depth the lipid patterns of HM and IFs. The results indicated that the distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and the structure of triacylglycerols varied substantially in the analyzed samples. A total number of 425 species were identified during the analysis. HM was abundant in triacylglycerols that contained unsaturated and long-chain FAs (>C13), while triacylglycerols in IFs were mainly comprised of saturated and medium-chain FAs (C8-C13). Higher levels of sphingomyelin were observed in HM. Furthermore, HM and IF1 contained 67 significantly differential lipids (SDLs), and 73 were identified between HM and IF2. These SDLs were closely associated with nine metabolic pathways, of which the most significant was the glycerophospholipid metabolism. The results shed light on the differences between the lipid profiles of human and infant formula milks, and provide support for designing Chinese infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bryś J, Wesolowska A, Hamulka J. Breastmilk PUFA strongly associated with maternal dietary intake but not anthropometric parameters and breastmilk carotenoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102505. [PMID: 36279603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the optimal n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio are essential for proper neurodevelopment in infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between breastmilk fatty acid intake and maternal dietary intake, anthropometrics and breastmilk carotenoid levels. METHODS This observational, prospective study included 44 women in the first, third, and sixth month of lactation. At each study visit, maternal anthropometric measures were assessed and breastmilk samples were collected and assessed for fatty acids and carotenoids. At the third and sixth month, maternal diet was evaluated by three-day foods record. RESULTS Mean breastmilk docosahexaenoic (DHA) was 0.58%, 0.47%, and 0.49%, respectively at the 1, 3, and 6 month (p ≤ 0.05). Mean DHA intake were higher in month 3 compared to 6: 357 vs. 169 mg/day. Pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with SFA, PUFA, and n-6 PUFA at 1 month, whereas current BMI to SFA at months 1 and 3. DHA was correlated with lycopene, total carotenoids at 1 month and total carotenoids at month 3, whereas n-3 PUFA to lycopene at 1 month. DHA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA and saturated (SFA) levels were associated with its dietary intake both at months 3 and 6, AA/DHA and LA/ALA ratios only at month 3. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were a good predictor of its breastmilk composition, whereas pre-pregnancy and current BMI, as well as breastmilk carotenoids had a limited influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Yu J, Yan Z, Mi L, Wang L, Liu Z, Ye X, Jin Q, Pang J, Wei W, Wang X. Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols and di-unsaturated fatty acyl-palmitoyl-glycerols in Chinese human milk: Association with region during the lactation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1040321. [PMID: 36313110 PMCID: PMC9614417 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triacylglycerols (TAGs) of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) and di-unsaturated fatty acyl-palmitoyl-glycerols (UPU) in human milk provide better nutritional effects, and should be prioritized as crucial focuses on neonatal nutrition research. However, little has been done on the influences of the lactation stage and regional diversity on MLCT and UPU. In this study, we collected 204 human milk samples during colostrum, 1st and 4th month from the north (Baotou), central (Beijing), east (Jinan), southwest (Kunming), southeast (Shenzhen), and northwest (Xining) regions of China. There were 122 species of TAGs detected with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including 60 kinds of MLCT and 15 kinds of UPU. The MLCT and UPU type TAGs in human milk were ~27 and ~38%, respectively. The sum content of MLCT and UPU in human milk was stable. Compared to the regional diversity, lactation stages showed more obvious influences on MLCT and UPU composition. Moreover, a summary of TAG studies indicated that Chinese human milk showed a higher ratio of O-P-L to O-P-O than in western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengdong Liu
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Ye
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - QingZhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinzhu Pang
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China,Jinzhu Pang
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,*Correspondence: Wei Wei
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,Xingguo Wang
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Ni M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xu X, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang L, Chen J. Profiles of total and sn-2 fatty acid of human mature milk and their correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926429. [PMID: 36071934 PMCID: PMC9441907 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) in breast milk is beneficial to the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. However, the structure profiles of breast milk FAs and the influencing factors which are crucial for normal function have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the profiles of total and sn-2 FAs in human mature milk based on two representative urban areas in China and explore potential sociodemographic determinants. Mothers (n = 70) at 40–100 d postpartum from Beijing and Danyang were recruited according to unified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total and sn-2 FA compositions were examined by gas chromatography and quantified. Using the Spearman correlation and multiple regression model, we found that the location and maternal education level were the most conspicuous correlated factor. The milk of mothers from Beijing had higher levels of the n-6 series of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA, LA/ALA, and ARA/DHA) than that of Danyang, while the opposite was observed in the n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA). Compared to the milk of mothers with a high school degree or below, those with a bachelor's degree or above had lower SFAs (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and Total SFA), n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA), C18:1n-9t, and higher n-6 series of LCPUFA (C18:2n-6c, C20:2, C20:4n-6, Total n-6PUFA, and n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA). Maternal age, infant gender, pre-conception body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, and gestational weight gain were also associated with total FAs. However, fewer associations were found between the above factors and sn-2 FAs. This study will promote an understanding of human breast milk's lipid profile and help develop a formula more suitable for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China
- CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute) Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuexin Yang
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lishi Zhang
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Jinyao Chen
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Lin L, Li T, Sun M, Liang Q, Ma Y, Wang F, Duan J, Sun Z. Global association between atmospheric particulate matter and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112785. [PMID: 35077718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among various air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is the most harmful and representative pollutant. Although several studies have shown a link between particulate pollution and obesity, the conclusions are still inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to pool the effect of PM exposure on obesity. Five databases (including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched for relevant studies up to Jan 2022. Adjusted risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were retrieved from individual studies and pooled with random effect models by STATA software. Besides, we tested the stability of results by Egger's test, Begg's test, funnel plot, and using the trim-and-fill method to modify the possible asymmetric funnel graph. The NTP-OHAT guidelines were followed to assess the risk of bias. Then the GRADE was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. RESULTS 26 studies were included in this meta-analysis. 19 studies have shown that PM2.5 can increase the risk of obesity per 10 μg/m3 increment (RR: 1.159, 95% CI: 1.111-1.209), while 15 studies have indicated that PM10 increase the risk of obesity per 10 μg/m3 increment (RR: 1.092, 95% CI: 1.070-1.116). Besides, 5 other articles with maternal exposure showed that PM2.5 increases the risk of obesity in children (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.11). And we explored the source of heterogeneity by subgroup analysis, which suggested associations between PM and obesity tended to vary by region, age group, participants number, etc. The analysis results showed publication bias and other biases are well controlled, but most certainties of the evidence were low, and more research is required to reduce these uncertainties. CONCLUSION Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 with per 10 μg/m3 increment could increase the risk of obesity in the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Lin
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yuexiao Ma
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Fenghong Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
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10
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Thum C, Wall C, Day L, Szeto IMY, Li F, Yan Y, Barnett MPG. Changes in Human Milk Fat Globule Composition Throughout Lactation: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:835856. [PMID: 35634409 PMCID: PMC9137899 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.835856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in understanding how the relative levels of human milk fat globule (MFG) components change over the course of lactation, how they differ between populations, and implications of these changes for the health of the infant. In this article, we describe studies published over the last 30 years which have investigated components of the MFG in term milk, focusing on changes over the course of lactation and highlighting infant and maternal factors that may influence these changes. We then consider how the potential health benefits of some of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components and derived ingredients relate to compositional and functional aspects and how these change throughout lactation. The results show that the concentrations of phospholipids, gangliosides, cholesterol, fatty acids and proteins vary throughout lactation, and such changes are likely to reflect the changing requirements of the growing infant. There is a lack of consistent trends for changes in phospholipids and gangliosides across lactation which may reflect different methodological approaches. Other factors such as maternal diet and geographical location have been shown to influence human MFGM composition. The majority of research on the health benefits of MFGM have been conducted using MFGM ingredients derived from bovine milk, and using animal models which have clearly demonstrated the role of the MFGM in supporting cognitive and immune health of infants at different stages of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch Ltd, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Caroline Thum
| | - Clare Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Li Day
- AgResearch Ltd, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ignatius M. Y. Szeto
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Li
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Yalu Yan
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
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Decsi T, Marosvölgyi T, Muszil E, Bódy B, Szabó É. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status at Birth and Development of Childhood Allergy: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:526. [PMID: 35455017 PMCID: PMC9030843 DOI: 10.3390/life12040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The associations of fetal fatty acids status to immune-related health parameters later in life are unclear. Our aim is to collect all available information on the relationship between fatty acid status at birth and allergy in childhood. Systematic literature search was performed on Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The search retrieved 897 articles without duplicates; 14 articles remained after excluding those that did not fit into our inclusion criteria. When the dichotomous parameter of suffering or not from allergic condition in childhood was analyzed, cord blood eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) values proved to be significantly lower in allergic than non-allergic children in four comparisons from three studies. When the linear parameters of odds ratios and relative risks for allergy were taken into consideration, high cord blood EPA, but also high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and high total n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid values were associated to clinically relevant reduction (at least 38%) in eight comparisons from five studies. Within the cord blood samples, higher EPA, docosapentaenoic acid, and DHA values were significantly and negatively associated in eight correlation analyses from three studies with laboratory parameters considered to reflect allergic trait. The data reported here may provide information for defining optimal fatty acid intakes for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Decsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.D.); (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Tamás Marosvölgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Eszter Muszil
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.D.); (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Blanka Bódy
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.D.); (E.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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de Weerth C, Aatsinki AK, Azad MB, Bartol FF, Bode L, Collado MC, Dettmer AM, Field CJ, Guilfoyle M, Hinde K, Korosi A, Lustermans H, Mohd Shukri NH, Moore SE, Pundir S, Rodriguez JM, Slupsky CM, Turner S, van Goudoever JB, Ziomkiewicz A, Beijers R. Human milk: From complex tailored nutrition to bioactive impact on child cognition and behavior. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7945-7982. [PMID: 35352583 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2053058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a highly complex liquid food tailor-made to match an infant's needs. Beyond documented positive effects of breastfeeding on infant and maternal health, there is increasing evidence that milk constituents also impact child neurodevelopment. Non-nutrient milk bioactives would contribute to the (long-term) development of child cognition and behavior, a process termed 'Lactocrine Programming'. In this review we discuss the current state of the field on human milk composition and its links with child cognitive and behavioral development. To promote state-of-the-art methodologies and designs that facilitate data pooling and meta-analytic endeavors, we present detailed recommendations and best practices for future studies. Finally, we determine important scientific gaps that need to be filled to advance the field, and discuss innovative directions for future research. Unveiling the mechanisms underlying the links between human milk and child cognition and behavior will deepen our understanding of the broad functions of this complex liquid food, as well as provide necessary information for designing future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Katariina Aatsinki
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Frank F Bartol
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amanda M Dettmer
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Meagan Guilfoyle
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Lustermans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nurul Husna Mohd Shukri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Nutrition Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia and the London, Fajara, The GambiaBanjul
| | - Shikha Pundir
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juan Miguel Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sarah Turner
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Ziomkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Social Development, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Tian H, Yu H, Lin Y, Li Y, Xu W, Chen Y, Liu G, Xie L. Association between FADS Gene Expression and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Milk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030457. [PMID: 35276817 PMCID: PMC8839397 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in breast milk provides physiological benefits for offspring and is closely related to endogenous biosynthesis in lactating women. Few studies have addressed the association between fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene expression patterns and fatty acids in breast milk. This research aimed to explore the differences in PUFA levels among breast milk groups with different levels of FADS gene expression and provide a scientific basis for precision nutrition strategies. A total of 50 healthy women 42–45 days postpartum were included in this study. A basic information questionnaire and breast milk samples were collected. Eight types of PUFA were detected, and RNA was extracted from breast milk. The transcription level of the FADS gene was detected using real-time quantitative PCR. Significant differences in the content of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n6) were found in breast milk among FADS1 gene transcription groups (p = 0.009, p = 0.042, respectively). No significant differences in PUFA were found among the FADS2 and FADS3 gene expression groups. The results demonstrated that n-6 PUFA was associated with the mRNA expression levels of the FADS1 gene. They are of great significance in developing new methods and diets to optimize infant feeding using breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Tian
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Yiqi Lin
- Jilin Women and Children Health Hospital, Changchun 130061, China;
| | - Yueting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Wenhui Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Yiru Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8561-9455
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Jiang H, Gallier S, Feng L, Han J, Liu W. Development of the digestive system in early infancy and nutritional management of digestive problems in breastfed and formula-fed infants. Food Funct 2022; 13:1062-1077. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Food digestion and absorption in infants are closely related to early growth and long-term health. Human milk and infant formula are the main food sources for 0-6 month-old infants. Due...
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Odor-active volatile compounds in preterm breastmilk. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1493-1504. [PMID: 33963300 PMCID: PMC9197798 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile compounds in breastmilk (BM) likely influence flavor learning and, through the cephalic phase response, metabolism, and digestion. Little is known about the volatile compounds present in preterm BM. We investigated whether maternal or infant characteristics are associated with the profile of volatile compounds in preterm BM. METHODS Using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we analyzed volatile compounds in 400 BM samples collected from 170 mothers of preterm infants. RESULTS Forty volatile compounds were detected, mostly fatty acids and their esters (FA and FAe), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, terpenoids, alcohols, and ketones. The relative concentration of most FA and FAe increased with advancing lactation and were lower in BM of most socially deprived mothers and those with gestational diabetes (p < 0.05), but medium-chain FAs were higher in colostrum compared to transitional BM (p < 0.001). Infant sex, gestational age, and size at birth were not associated with the profile of volatile compounds in preterm BM. CONCLUSIONS Sensory-active volatile FA and FAe are the major contributors to the smell of preterm BM. The associations between lactation stage, maternal characteristics, and volatile compounds, and whether differences in volatile compounds may affect feeding behavior or metabolism, requires further research. IMPACT Sensory-active volatile FAs are major contributors to the smell of preterm BM and are influenced by the lactation stage and maternal characteristics. Longitudinal analysis of volatile compounds in preterm BM found that FAs increased with advancing lactation. Colostrum had a higher concentration of medium-chain FAs compared to transitional BM and the concentration of these is associated with socioeconomic status, gestational diabetes, and ethnicity.
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Potential Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pediatric Food Allergy. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010152. [PMID: 35011028 PMCID: PMC8746967 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved both in immune system regulation and inflammation. In particular, within the PUFAs category, omega-3 (ω-3) may reduce inflammation, whereas omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs are generally considered to have a proinflammatory effect. Recent evidence highlights an imbalance in the ω-3:ω-6 ratio with an increased intake of ω-6, as a consequence of the shift towards a westernized diet. In critical age groups such as infants, toddlers and young children, as well as pregnant and lactating women or fish allergic patients, ω-3 intake may be inadequate. This review aims to discuss the potential beneficial effects of PUFAs on pediatric food allergy prevention and treatment, both at prenatal and postnatal ages. Data from preclinical studies with PUFAs supplementation show encouraging effects in suppressing allergic response. Clinical studies results are still conflicting about the best timing and dosages of supplementation and which individuals are most likely to benefit; therefore, it is still not possible to draw firm conclusions. With regard to food-allergic children, it is still debated whether PUFAs could slow disease progression or not, since consistent data are lacking. In conclusion, more data on the effects of ω-3 PUFAs supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients are warranted, both in the general and food allergic population.
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Jia W, Zhang M, Xu M, Shi L. Novel strategy to remove the odor in goat milk: Dynamic discovey magnetic field treatment to reduce the loss of phosphatidylcholine in flash vacuum from the proteomics perspective. Food Chem 2021; 375:131889. [PMID: 34953238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In present study, a precisely profile of PC species in goat milk was presented by quantitative lipidomics, and the matrix effect (bovine, goat and breast milk) on the lipase catalysis of PC metabolism patterns was explored via proteomics. The effects of flash vacuum and magnetic field processes to PC profile were investigated. Results showed PC(16:0_18:1) (1365.24 μg/mL) and PC(16:0_20:2) (1354.73 μg/mL) had the most abundant intensity in goat milk. Twelve novel bioactive lipases: LDHB, NSDHL, ALDH3B1, DPYD, ALDH1A1, ALDOC, ENO1, ALDOA, PRDX6, XDH, ENO3 and GAPDH were nuclear-localized in PC biosynthesis. PC in C15:0, C16:0 increased while C6:0, C8:0 decreased and the characterized protein XDH was about 91 times up regulated under 0.085 MPa, 65 °C flash vacuum and 5 mT magnetic field. The findings suggest different bioactive lipases show desirable effects on PC species metabolism, and magnetic field realize a beneficial programming impact on reducing the loss of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mudan Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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Relationship between Fatty Acids Composition/Antioxidant Potential of Breast Milk and Maternal Diet: Comparison with Infant Formulas. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122910. [PMID: 32599866 PMCID: PMC7356699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of human breast milk is relevant for the energy, immunity and eicosanoid production in infants. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of foods are essential for human health. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal diet and fatty acids composition as well as the antioxidant potential of breast milk from donors to human milk bank of Perugia's hospital, Italy. Results were compared with infant formulas. We observed increased levels of total fatty acids and, in particular, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in milk from mothers fed on a vegetable and fruit-rich diet compared with a Mediterranean diet. In the same milk, a reduced antioxidant potential was found. All infant formulas resulted in richer total fatty acid content than human breast milk. Only some formulas were qualitatively similar to breast milk. Of note, the antioxidant potential of the formulas was higher or lower than the human milk with the exception of one sample. The antioxidant potential of four formulas was very high. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants has been shown to have a teratogenic effect and to increase the formation of metastases in adult. There are no data on the effects of excess antioxidants in the infants, but the possibility that they can be harmful cannot be excluded.
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