1
|
Dianiska RE, Quas JA, Lyon TD. Using rapport building to improve information yield when interviewing adolescents: A systematic review and call for research. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 154:106898. [PMID: 38908231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents frequently experience and witness violence and crime, yet very little research has been conducted to determine how best to question these witnesses to elicit complete and accurate disclosures. OBJECTIVE This systematic review integrated scientific research on rapport building with child and adult witnesses with theory and research on adolescent development in order to identify rapport building techniques likely to be effective with suspected adolescent victims and witnesses. METHOD Four databases were searched to identify investigations of rapport building in forensic interviewing of adolescents. RESULTS Despite decades of research of studies including child and adult participants, only one study since 1990 experimentally tested techniques to build rapport with adolescents. Most rapport strategies used with children and adults have yet to be tested with adolescents. Tests of these strategies, along with modifications based on developmental science of adolescence, would provide a roadmap to determining which approaches are most beneficial when questioning adolescent victims and witnesses. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear need for research that tests what strategies are best to use with adolescents. They may be reluctant to disclose information about stressful or traumatic experiences to adults due to both normative developmental processes and the types of events about which they are questioned in legal settings. Rapport building approaches tailored to address adolescents' motivational needs may be effective in increasing adolescents' reporting, and additional research testing such approaches will provide much-needed insight to inform the development of evidence-based practices for questioning these youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Dianiska
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Jodi A Quas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Thomas D Lyon
- University of Southern California Gould School of Law, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dianiska RE, Simpson E, Quas JA. Rapport building with adolescents to enhance reporting and disclosure. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 238:105799. [PMID: 37862787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents comprise a vulnerable population that is exposed to crime and also may be reluctant to disclose full details of their experiences. Little research has addressed effective ways of increasing their willingness to disclose and provide complete reports. Strategies that improve honesty and report completeness in other age groups have not been evaluated to determine whether they are similarly effective at increasing adolescents' reporting. In the current study, we tested whether rapport building techniques, modified from those commonly used with children and adults to address reasons why adolescents are likely reluctant, enhance the amount of detail adolescents provide about prior experiences. The participants, 14- to 19-year-olds (N = 125), completed an online questionnaire regarding significant events (e.g., big argument with family member) they experienced during the last 12 months. After a delay, they completed a remote interview asking them to recount details of one of the events. The interview began with either standard rapport building composed of largely yes/no questions about the adolescents' background or one of two expanded rapport building phases: open-ended (questions about the adolescents' backgrounds that required narrative answers) or enhanced (open-ended questions paired with the interviewer also sharing personal information). Although only adolescents in the standard condition showed age-related increases in information disclosed, overall adolescents in the enhanced condition provided significantly longer and more detailed narratives than adolescents in the other conditions. This effect was largest for the youngest adolescents, suggesting that mutual self-disclosure may be especially beneficial for eliciting honest complete reports from adolescents about salient prior experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Dianiska
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92597, USA.
| | - Emma Simpson
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92597, USA
| | - Jodi A Quas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92597, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stevens LM, Bennett TC, Cotton J, Rockowitz S, Flowe HD. A critical analysis of gender-based violence reporting and evidence building applications (GBVxTech) for capturing memory reports. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1289817. [PMID: 38303781 PMCID: PMC10830630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1289817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gender-based violence (GBV) is under-reported to the authorities owing to the stigma, shame, and fear of reprisal that surrounds these crimes. To address this, there has been an influx of technologies, including mobile phone and online applications that allow victim-survivors (hereafter, victims) to document and report GBV (hereafter referred to as GBVxTech). We critically analysed the extent to which GBVxTech applications align with the scientific knowledge base on gathering accounts of crimes from victims and witnesses. Methods We identified 41 reporting and evidence building applications from around the world but found many (n = 19) were no longer accessible. A total of 13 applications met the study criteria and were available for download. We evaluated each application on how well its design and features align with established minimum best practice standards for gathering complete and accurate accounts from witnesses and victims, such as the pre-interview instructions (e.g., setting ground rules), questioning approach (e.g., using open-ended questions), and the adequacy of security features (e.g., password protection). Results and Discussion We found most applications employ open questions, encourage victims to report information in an independent voice, and seek to elicit information pertinent to a criminal investigation. None of the applications use leading questions. However, most applications do not establish ground rules, and many use forced-choice questions, do not time stamp the information gathered, or document when users change their answers. Many applications have limited security features, potentially compromising users' safety. Further, some applications do not provide information about how to use the app, an informed consent procedure, or data usage information. We discuss the findings and offer recommendations for future GBVxTech development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stevens
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tia C. Bennett
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cotton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rockowitz
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Heather D. Flowe
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interviewing in virtual environments: Towards understanding the impact of rapport-building behaviours and retrieval context on eyewitness memory. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:404-421. [PMID: 36251160 PMCID: PMC9575624 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the complexities of episodic memory and necessarily social nature of in-person face-to-face interviews, theoretical and evidence-based techniques for collecting episodic information from witnesses, victims, and survivors champion rapport-building. Rapport is believed to reduce some of the social demands of recalling an experienced event in an interview context, potentially increasing cognitive capacity for remembering. Cognitive and social benefits have also emerged in remote interview contexts with reduced anxiety and social pressure contributing to improved performance. Here, we investigated episodic memory in mock-eyewitness interviews conducted in virtual environments (VE) and in-person face-to-face (FtF), where rapport-building behaviours were either present or absent. Main effects revealed when rapport was present and where interviews were conducted in a VE participants recalled more correct event information, made fewer errors and were more accurate. Moreover, participants in the VE plus rapport-building present condition outperformed participants in all other conditions. Feedback indicated both rapport and environment were important for reducing the social demands of a recall interview, towards supporting effortful remembering. Our results add to the emerging literature on the utility of virtual environments as interview spaces and lend further support to the importance of prosocial behaviours in applied contexts.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chenier K, Shawyer A, Milne R, Williams A. Police interviews with adult reporters of historical child sexual abuse: Exploring the link between verbal rapport and information obtained. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105943. [PMID: 36343518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police officers and academics agree that rapport is important when interviewing victims and witnesses, although previous research has found that officers do not always engage in rapport-building behaviours during interviews. Interviews with complainants reporting historical child sexual abuse may be key to police investigations, as physical or corroborating evidence is often not available. OBJECTIVE This research explored the possible effect of verbal rapport-building behaviour on the elicitation of investigation-relevant details in historical child sexual abuse victim interviews. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A sample of interviews (N = 44) with adults reporting historical child sexual abuse in a northern Canadian territory with a large Indigenous population was examined. METHODS Interviews were evaluated for interviewer verbal rapport-building behaviours, using a framework derived from Tickle-Degnen and Rosenthal's three domain model of rapport. Interviews were also coded for details given by the interviewee. RESULTS Results showed that verbal rapport was significantly positively correlated with both total details (r = 0.621, p < .001) and abuse relevant details (r = 0.518, p < .001). Chronological Rapport Maps were piloted, to show the use of rapport behaviours over the course of interviews, and the possible effect over time of these behaviours on information yield. CONCLUSIONS The results show that information yield is higher when more rapport behaviours are demonstrated and both parties work together harmoniously, even after a long delay. Further research is needed on the experience of police interviews for Indigenous complainants.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dion Larivière C, Crough Q, Eastwood J. The Effects of Rapport Building on Information Disclosure in Virtual Interviews. JOURNAL OF POLICE AND CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 38:452-460. [PMID: 35855723 PMCID: PMC9281184 DOI: 10.1007/s11896-022-09535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapport building has been identified as an effective tool when interviewing victims and witnesses of events that may be sensitive in nature. The objective of this study was to examine the rapport-building process within a virtual interviewing context. Participants (N = 94) were shown a sexual education video and then questioned about the content of the video in a live virtual interview using either a rapport (e.g., empathy, personalization, smiling) or no-rapport (e.g., flat tone, no smiling, no personalization) approach. Results showed that perceived rapport was much higher in the rapport condition compared to the no-rapport condition (d = 1.47). Participants in the rapport condition also provided substantially more dialog (d = 0.85) and reported more accurate details (d = 0.42) in the substantive phase of the interview than those in the no-rapport condition. Implications of this study for investigative interviews conducted virtually will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Dion Larivière
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, 11 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 4R7 Canada
| | - Quintan Crough
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, 11 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 4R7 Canada
| | - Joseph Eastwood
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, 11 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 4R7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nahouli Z, Dando CJ, Mackenzie JM, Aresti A. Rapport building and witness memory: Actions may 'speak' louder than words. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256084. [PMID: 34388182 PMCID: PMC8362973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Building rapport during police interviews is argued as important for improving on the completeness and accuracy of information provided by witnesses and victims. However, little experimental research has clearly operationalised rapport and investigated the impact of rapport behaviours on episodic memory. Eighty adults watched a video of a mock crime event and 24-hours later were randomly allocated to an interview condition where verbal and/or behavioural (non-verbal) rapport techniques were manipulated. Memorial performance measures revealed significantly more correct information, without a concomitant increase in errors, was elicited when behavioural rapport was present, a superiority effect found in both the free and probed recall phase of interviews. The presence of verbal rapport was found to reduce recall accuracy in the free recall phase of interviews. Post-interview feedback revealed significant multivariate effects for the presence of behavioural (only) rapport and combined (behavioural + verbal) rapport. Participants rated their interview experience far more positively when these types of rapport were present compared to when verbal (only) rapport or no rapport was present. These findings add weight to the importance of rapport in supporting eyewitness cognition, highlighting the potential consequences of impoverished social behaviours for building rapport during dyadic interactions, suggesting 'doing' rather than simply 'saying' may be more beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharia Nahouli
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Coral J. Dando
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andreas Aresti
- Department of Criminology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carol RN, Kieckhaefer JM, Johnson J, Peek J, Schreiber Compo N. Being a good witness: The roles of benevolence and working memory capacity in rapport’s effect on eyewitness memory. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando N. Carol
- Department of Psychology Auburn University at Montgomery Montgomery AL USA
| | | | - Joy Johnson
- Department of Psychology Auburn University at Montgomery Montgomery AL USA
| | - Jillian Peek
- Department of Psychology Auburn University at Montgomery Montgomery AL USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsumoto D, Hwang HC. An initial investigation into the nature and function of rapport in investigative interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Matsumoto
- Department of Psychology San Francisco State University San Francisco California USA
- Humintell El Cerrito California USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Giannou K, Frowd CD, Taylor JR, Lander K. Mindfulness in face recognition: Embedding mindfulness instructions in the face‐composite construction process. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Charlie D. Frowd
- School of Psychology and Computer Science University of Central Lancashire Preston UK
| | - Jason R. Taylor
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Karen Lander
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gabbert F, Hope L, Luther K, Wright G, Ng M, Oxburgh G. Exploring the use of rapport in professional information‐gathering contexts by systematically mapping the evidence base. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology Goldsmiths University of London London UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Kirk Luther
- Department of Psychology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Gordon Wright
- Department of Psychology Goldsmiths University of London London UK
| | - Magdalene Ng
- School of Computing Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Gavin Oxburgh
- Department of Social Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nunan J, Stanier I, Milne R, Shawyer A, Walsh D, May B. The impact of rapport on intelligence yield: police source handler telephone interactions with covert human intelligence sources. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 29:1-19. [PMID: 35693385 PMCID: PMC9186345 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1784807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Covert Human Intelligence Sources (CHIS) provide unique access to criminals and organised crime groups, and their collection of intelligence is vital to understanding England and Wales' threat picture. Rapport is essential to the establishment and maintenance of effective professional relationships between source handlers and their CHIS. Thus, rapport-based interviewing is a fundamental factor to maximising intelligence yield. The present research gained unprecedented access to 105 real-life audio recorded telephone interactions between England and Wales police source handlers and CHIS. This research quantified both the rapport component behaviours (e.g., attention, positivity, and coordination) displayed by the source handler and the intelligence yielded from the CHIS, in order to investigate the frequencies of these rapport components and their relationship to intelligence yield. Overall rapport, attention and coordination significantly correlated with intelligence yield, while positivity did not. Attention was the most frequently used component of rapport, followed by positivity, and then coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Nunan
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Ian Stanier
- School of Justice Studies, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Milne
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrea Shawyer
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Dave Walsh
- School of Law, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Brandon May
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Risan P, Milne R, Binder PE. Trauma narratives: recommendations for investigative interviewing. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:678-694. [PMID: 33679205 PMCID: PMC7901695 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1742237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the investigation of a criminal event, the police may encounter witnesses or victims experiencing symptoms of being traumatized (e.g. anxiety, intrusive thoughts or avoidance of trauma-related stimuli). This may pose a challenge in investigative interviews where police interviewers aim to obtain reliable and detailed accounts. Based on previous theory and research, this theoretical paper aims to outline recommendations for police interviewers for approaching traumatized adult witnesses to facilitate communication, attend to the well-being of the individual and reach investigative aims. First, factors considered important for preparing for the interview and building rapport are presented. Then, different aspects of how to facilitate the interviewee's account will be described with an emphasis on how police interviewers can approach emotional reactions to maintain rapport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Risan
- Department of Bachelor’s studies, Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca Milne
- Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Q. Feedback and Direction Sources Influence Navigation Decision Making on Experienced Routes. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2104. [PMID: 31572278 PMCID: PMC6753235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When navigating in a new environment, it is typical for people to resort to external guidance such as Global Positioning System (GPS), or people. However, in the real world, even though navigators have learned the route, they may still prefer to travel with external guidance. We explored how the availability of feedback and the source of external guidance affect navigation decision-making on experienced routes in the presence of external guidance. In three experiments, participants navigated a simulated route three times and then verbally confirmed that they had learned it. They then traveled the same route again, accompanied with no, correct, or incorrect direction guidance, which latter two were provided by a GPS (Experiment 1), a stranger (Experiment 2), or a friend (Experiment 3). Half of the participants received immediate feedback on their navigation decisions, while the other half without feedback did not know if they had selected the correct directions. Generally, without feedback, participants relied on external guidance, regardless of the direction sources. Results also showed that participants trusted the GPS the most, but performed best with their friends as a direction source. With feedback, participants did not show differences in performance between the correct and incorrect guidance conditions, indicating that feedback plays a critical role in evaluating the reliability of external guidance. Our findings suggest that incorrect guidance without any feedback might disturb navigation decision-making, which was further moderated by the perceived credibility of direction sources. We discuss these results within the context of navigation decision-making theory and consider implications for wayfinding behaviors as a social activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Capparelli AL, Miller QC, Wright DB, London K. Canine-Assisted Interviews Bolster Informativeness for Negative Autobiographical Memories. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:159-178. [PMID: 31126223 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119851803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals share a unique bond. Professionals are capitalizing on the human–animal bond by incorporating animals into therapy, forensic interviews, and the courtroom. However, the mnemonic consequence for including dogs in forensic interviews has not been empirically evaluated. In the current study, we examined whether the use of dogs increases the quantity of verbal reports for emotional events. Undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to dog or no dog conditions. Participants were interviewed about positive experienced events and negative experienced events. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for quantity of new information. Participants shared more new information in negative event reports with a dog present than with no dog present. There were no significant differences in the quantity of information disclosed for positive event memories between dog conditions. Canine-assisted interviews may provide comfort to people, resulting in more elaborative autobiographical reports about negative stressful events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quincy C Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Kamala London
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cunial KJ, Casey LM, Bell C, Kebbell MR. Police perceptions of the impact that ADHD has on conducting cognitive interviews with youth. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 26:252-273. [PMID: 31984076 PMCID: PMC6762124 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1504241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in youth witnesses, victims and suspects can significantly impact the investigative interviewing process. In this study, 102 Child Protection Investigation Unit (CPIU) detectives were asked to read four vignettes of adolescents being interviewed by police, two as witnesses and two as suspects, in which one witness and one suspect display ADHD-type behaviour. The detectives rated the degree to which the behaviour in each vignette would impact the interviewer's ability to use the 10 key components of the cognitive interview (CI). They perceived ADHD-type interviewee behaviour as significantly hampering the use of all 10 CI components. There is also a significant difference between the detectives' rated severity of each CI component; they rated Encourage Concentration, Mentally Recreate and Change Order as exerting the strongest impact on the interview process. Implications for police perceptions of training options, needs and preferences regarding interviewing youth with ADHD are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leanne M. Casey
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clare Bell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark R. Kebbell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Matsumoto D, Hwang HC. Social influence in investigative interviews: The effects of authority on informational elements produced in interviews and written statements. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Matsumoto
- Department of Psychology; San Francisco State University; San Francisco California
- Humintell; El Cerrito, CA 94530
| | - Hyisung C. Hwang
- Department of Psychology; San Francisco State University; San Francisco California
- Humintell; El Cerrito, CA 94530
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Taylor DA, Dando CJ. Eyewitness Memory in Face-to-Face and Immersive Avatar-to-Avatar Contexts. Front Psychol 2018; 9:507. [PMID: 29719520 PMCID: PMC5913374 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances offer possibilities for innovation in the way eyewitness testimony is elicited. Typically, this occurs face-to-face. We investigated whether a virtual environment, where interviewer and eyewitness communicate as avatars, might confer advantages by attenuating the social and situational demands of a face-to-face interview, releasing more cognitive resources for invoking episodic retrieval mode. In conditions of intentional encoding, eyewitnesses were interviewed 48 h later, either face-to-face or in a virtual environment (N = 38). Participants in the virtual environment significantly outperformed those interviewed face-to-face on all episodic performance measures - improved correct reporting reduced errors, and increased accuracy. Participants reported finding it easier to admit not remembering event information to the avatar, and finding the avatar easier to talk to. These novel findings, and our pattern of retrieval results indicates the potential of avatar-to-avatar communication in virtual environments, and provide impetus for further research investigating eyewitness cognition in contemporary retrieval contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Coral J. Dando
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Matsumoto D, Hwang HC. Social influence in investigative interviews: The effects of reciprocity. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Matsumoto
- Department of Psychology; San Francisco State University; San Francisco CA USA
- Humintell; El Cerrito CA USA
| | - Hyisung C. Hwang
- Department of Psychology; San Francisco State University; San Francisco CA USA
- Humintell; El Cerrito CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vrij A, Meissner CA, Fisher RP, Kassin SM, Morgan CA, Kleinman SM. Psychological Perspectives on Interrogation. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:927-955. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691617706515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proponents of “enhanced interrogation techniques” in the United States have claimed that such methods are necessary for obtaining information from uncooperative terrorism subjects. In the present article, we offer an informed, academic perspective on such claims. Psychological theory and research shows that harsh interrogation methods are ineffective. First, they are likely to increase resistance by the subject rather than facilitate cooperation. Second, the threatening and adversarial nature of harsh interrogation is often inimical to the goal of facilitating the retrieval of information from memory and therefore reduces the likelihood that a subject will provide reports that are extensive, detailed, and accurate. Third, harsh interrogation methods make lie detection difficult. Analyzing speech content and eliciting verifiable details are the most reliable cues to assessing credibility; however, to elicit such cues subjects must be encouraged to provide extensive narratives, something that does not occur in harsh interrogations. Evidence is accumulating for the effectiveness of rapport-based information-gathering approaches as an alternative to harsh interrogations. Such approaches promote cooperation, enhance recall of relevant and reliable information, and facilitate assessments of credibility. Given the available evidence that torture is ineffective, why might some laypersons, policymakers, and interrogation personnel support the use of torture? We conclude our review by offering a psychological perspective on this important question.
Collapse
|
21
|
Risan P, Binder PE, Milne RJ. Emotional Intelligence in Police Interviews—Approach, Training and the Usefulness of the Concept. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15228932.2016.1234143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
22
|
Paulo RM, Albuquerque PB, Bull R. Improving the Enhanced Cognitive Interview With a New Interview Strategy: Category Clustering Recall. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui M. Paulo
- School of Psychology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | | | - Ray Bull
- School of Law and Criminology; University of Derby; Derby UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vallano JP, Evans JR, Schreiber Compo N, Kieckhaefer JM. Rapport-Building During Witness and Suspect Interviews: A Survey of Law Enforcement. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
24
|
Kieckhaefer JM, Wright DB. Likable co-witnesses increase eyewitness accuracy and decrease suggestibility. Memory 2014; 23:462-72. [PMID: 24841477 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.905607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of likability on memory accuracy and memory conformity between two previously unacquainted individuals. After viewing a crime, eyewitnesses often talk to one another and may find each other likable or dislikable. One hundred twenty-seven undergraduate students arrived at the laboratory with an unknown confederate and were assigned to a likability condition (i.e., control, likable or dislikable). Together, the pair viewed pictures and was then tested on their memory for those pictures in such a way that the participant knew the confederate's response. Thus, the participant's response could be influenced both by his or her own memory and by the answers of the confederate. Participants in the likable condition were more accurate and less influenced by the confederate, compared with the other conditions. Results are discussed in relation to research that shows people are more influenced by friends than strangers and in relation to establishing positive rapport in forensic interviewing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Kieckhaefer
- a Department of Psychology , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|