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Parmeggiani B, Signori MF, Cecatto C, Frusciante MR, Marcuzzo MB, Souza DG, Ribeiro RT, Seminotti B, Gomes de Souza DO, Ribeiro CAJ, Wajner M, Leipnitz G. Glycine disrupts myelin, glutamatergic neurotransmission, and redox homeostasis in a neonatal model for non ketotic hyperglycinemia. Biochimie 2024; 219:21-32. [PMID: 37541567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Non ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is an inborn error of glycine metabolism caused by mutations in the genes encoding glycine cleavage system proteins. Classic NKH has a neonatal onset, and patients present with severe neurodegeneration. Although glycine accumulation has been implicated in NKH pathophysiology, the exact mechanisms underlying the neurological damage and white matter alterations remain unclear. We investigated the effects of glycine in the brain of neonatal rats and MO3.13 oligodendroglial cells. Glycine decreased myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in the corpus callosum and striatum of rats on post-natal day (PND) 15. Glycine also reduced neuroglycan 2 (NG2) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NR1) in the cerebral cortex and striatum on PND15. Moreover, glycine reduced striatal glutamate aspartate transporter 1 (GLAST) content and neuronal nucleus (NeuN), and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on PND15. Glycine also increased DCFH oxidation and malondialdehyde levels and decreased GSH concentrations in the cerebral cortex and striatum on PND6, but not on PND15. Glycine further reduced viability but did not alter DCFH oxidation and GSH levels in MO3.13 cells after 48- and 72-h incubation. These data indicate that impairment of myelin structure and glutamatergic system and induction of oxidative stress are involved in the neuropathophysiology of NKH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belisa Parmeggiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marian Flores Signori
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cecatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Rocha Frusciante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manuela Bianchin Marcuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Guerini Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Teixeira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - César Augusto João Ribeiro
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Zhao L, Mühleisen TW, Pelzer DI, Burger B, Beins EC, Forstner AJ, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Amunts K, Palomero-Gallagher N, Cichon S. Relationships between neurotransmitter receptor densities and expression levels of their corresponding genes in the human hippocampus. Neuroimage 2023; 273:120095. [PMID: 37030412 PMCID: PMC10167541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter receptors are key molecules in signal transmission, their alterations are associated with brain dysfunction. Relationships between receptors and their corresponding genes are poorly understood, especially in humans. We combined in vitro receptor autoradiography and RNA sequencing to quantify, in the same tissue samples (7 subjects), the densities of 14 receptors and expression levels of their corresponding 43 genes in the Cornu Ammonis (CA) and dentate gyrus (DG) of human hippocampus. Significant differences in receptor densities between both structures were found only for metabotropic receptors, whereas significant differences in RNA expression levels mostly pertained ionotropic receptors. Receptor fingerprints of CA and DG differ in shapes but have similar sizes; the opposite holds true for their "RNA fingerprints", which represent the expression levels of multiple genes in a single area. In addition, the correlation coefficients between receptor densities and corresponding gene expression levels vary widely and the mean correlation strength was weak-to-moderate. Our results suggest that receptor densities are not only controlled by corresponding RNA expression levels, but also by multiple regionally specific post-translational factors.
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3
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Casili G, Lanza M, Filippone A, Cucinotta L, Paterniti I, Repici A, Capra AP, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Campolo M. Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) Alleviated Post-Operative (PO) Pain through the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091774. [PMID: 36139848 PMCID: PMC9495385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of post-operative (PO) pain has generally been shown to be inadequate; therefore, acquiring a novel understanding of PO pain mechanisms would increase the therapeutic options available. There is accumulating evidence to implicate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the induction and maintenance of central sensitization during pain states by reinforcing glutamate sensory transmission. It is known that DMF protects from oxidative glutamate toxicity. Therefore, NMDA receptor antagonists have been implicated in peri-operative pain management. Recent advances demonstrated that dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a non-opioid and orally bioavailable drug, is able to resolve neuroinflammation through mechanisms that drive nociceptive hypersensitivity. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the role of DMF on pain and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of PO pain. An incision of the hind paw was performed, and DMF at two different doses (30 and 100 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage for five consecutive days. Mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and locomotor dysfunction were evaluated daily for five days after surgery. Mice were sacrificed at day 7 following PO pain induction, and hind paw and lumbar spinal cord samples were collected for histological and molecular studies. DMF administration significantly reduced hyperalgesia and allodynia, alleviating motor disfunction. Treatment with DMF significantly reduced histological damage, counteracted mast cell activation and reduced the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of the activated B cell (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway, in addition to downregulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (Il-1β) and Il-4 expression. Interestingly, DMF treatment lowered the activation of NMDA receptor subtypes (NR2B and NR1) and the NMDA-receptor-interacting PDZ proteins, including PSD93 and PSD95. Furthermore, DMF interfered with calcium ion release, modulating nociception. Thus, DMF administration modulated PO pain, managing NMDA signaling pathways. The results suggest that DMF positively modulated persistent nociception related to PO pain, through predominantly NMDA-receptor-operated calcium channels.
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Warfield AE, Prather JF, Todd WD. Systems and Circuits Linking Chronic Pain and Circadian Rhythms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:705173. [PMID: 34276301 PMCID: PMC8284721 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.705173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the last 20 years regarding the link between circadian rhythms and chronic pain pathology has suggested interconnected mechanisms that are not fully understood. Strong evidence for a bidirectional relationship between circadian function and pain has been revealed through inflammatory and immune studies as well as neuropathic ones. However, one limitation of many of these studies is a focus on only a few molecules or cell types, often within only one region of the brain or spinal cord, rather than systems-level interactions. To address this, our review will examine the circadian system as a whole, from the intracellular genetic machinery that controls its timing mechanism to its input and output circuits, and how chronic pain, whether inflammatory or neuropathic, may mediate or be driven by changes in these processes. We will investigate how rhythms of circadian clock gene expression and behavior, immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, intracellular signaling, and glial cells affect and are affected by chronic pain in animal models and human pathologies. We will also discuss key areas in both circadian rhythms and chronic pain that are sexually dimorphic. Understanding the overlapping mechanisms and complex interplay between pain and circadian mediators, the various nuclei they affect, and how they differ between sexes, will be crucial to move forward in developing treatments for chronic pain and for determining how and when they will achieve their maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William D. Todd
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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5
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Effects of arsenic exposure on d-serine metabolism in the hippocampus of offspring mice at different developmental stages. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:77-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Silva GM, Barcelos MP, Poiani JGC, Hage-Melim LIDS, da Silva CHTDP. Allosteric Modulators of Potential Targets Related to Alzheimer's Disease: a Review. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1467-1483. [PMID: 31310701 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and there is an urgent need to discover new and efficacious forms of treatment for it. Pathological patterns of AD include cholinergic dysfunction, increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide concentration, the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles, among others, all of which are strongly associated with specific biological targets. Interactions observed between these targets and potential drug candidates in AD most often occur by competitive mechanisms driven by orthosteric ligands that sometimes result in the production of side effects. In this context, the allosteric mechanism represents a key strategy; this can be regarded as the selective modulation of such targets by allosteric modulators in an advantageous manner, as this may decrease the likelihood of side effects. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of compounds that act as allosteric modulators of the main biological targets related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pegrucci Barcelos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Curtolo Poiani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM-02, 68903-419, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14090-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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7
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Muñoz-Llanos M, García-Pérez MA, Xu X, Tejos-Bravo M, Vidal EA, Moyano TC, Gutiérrez RA, Aguayo FI, Pacheco A, García-Rojo G, Aliaga E, Rojas PS, Cidlowski JA, Fiedler JL. MicroRNA Profiling and Bioinformatics Target Analysis in Dorsal Hippocampus of Chronically Stressed Rats: Relevance to Depression Pathophysiology. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:251. [PMID: 30127715 PMCID: PMC6088391 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in rodents subjected to chronic stress and some observations in humans after psychosocial stress, have allowed to establish a link between stress and the susceptibility to many complex diseases, including mood disorders. The studies in rodents have revealed that chronic exposure to stress negatively affects synaptic plasticity by triggering changes in the production of trophic factors, subunit levels of glutamate ionotropic receptors, neuron morphology, and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. These modifications may account for the impairment in learning and memory processes observed in chronically stressed animals. It is plausible then, that stress modifies the interplay between signal transduction cascades and gene expression regulation in the hippocampus, therefore leading to altered neuroplasticity and functioning of neural circuits. Considering that miRNAs play an important role in post-transcriptional-regulation of gene expression and participate in several hippocampus-dependent functions; we evaluated the consequences of chronic stress on the expression of miRNAs in dorsal (anterior) portion of the hippocampus, which participates in memory formation in rodents. Here, we show that male rats exposed to daily restraint stress (2.5 h/day) during 7 and 14 days display a differential profile of miRNA levels in dorsal hippocampus and remarkably, we found that some of these miRNAs belong to the miR-379-410 cluster. We confirmed a rise in miR-92a and miR-485 levels after 14 days of stress by qPCR, an effect that was not mimicked by chronic administration of corticosterone (14 days). Our in silico study identified the top-10 biological functions influenced by miR-92a, nine of which were shared with miR-485: Nervous system development and function, Tissue development, Behavior, Embryonic development, Organ development, Organismal development, Organismal survival, Tissue morphology, and Organ morphology. Furthermore, our in silico study provided a landscape of potential miRNA-92a and miR-485 targets, along with relevant canonical pathways related to axonal guidance signaling and cAMP signaling, which may influence the functioning of several neuroplastic substrates in dorsal hippocampus. Additionally, the combined effect of miR-92a and miR-485 on transcription factors, along with histone-modifying enzymes, may have a functional relevance by producing changes in gene regulatory networks that modify the neuroplastic capacity of the adult dorsal hippocampus under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Muñoz-Llanos
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A García-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Macarena Tejos-Bravo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás C Moyano
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe I Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Pacheco
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo García-Rojo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Aliaga
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Paulina S Rojas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - John A Cidlowski
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jenny L Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Lee S, Rudd S, Gratten J, Visscher PM, Prins JB, Dawson PA. Gene networks associated with non-syndromic intellectual disability. J Neurogenet 2017; 32:6-14. [PMID: 29199528 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1404058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-syndromic intellectual disability (NS-ID) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder, with more than 200 candidate genes to date. Despite the increasing number of novel mutations detected, a relatively low number of recurrently mutated genes have been identified, highlighting the complex genetic architecture of the disorder. A systematic search of PubMed and Medline identified 245 genes harbouring non-synonymous variants, insertions or deletions, which were identified as candidate NS-ID genes from case reports or from linkage or pedigree analyses. From this list, 33 genes are common to syndromic intellectual disability (S-ID) and 58 genes are common to certain neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders that often include intellectual disability as a clinical feature. We examined the evolutionary constraint and brain expression of these gene sets, and we performed gene network and protein-protein interaction analyses using GeneGO MetaCoreTM and DAPPLE, respectively. The 245 NS-ID candidate genes were over-represented in axon guidance, synaptogenesis, cell adhesion and neurotransmission pathways, all of which are key neurodevelopmental processes for the establishment of mature neuronal circuitry in the brain. These 245 genes exhibit significantly elevated expression in human brain and are evolutionarily constrained, consistent with expectations for a brain disorder such as NS-ID that is associated with reduced fecundity. In addition, we report enrichment of dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways for those candidate NS-ID genes that are common to S-ID and/or neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders that exhibit intellectual disability. Collectively, this study provides an overview and analysis of gene networks associated with NS-ID and suggests modulation of neurotransmission, particularly dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems as key contributors to synaptic dysfunction in NS-ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Lee
- a Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , Australia
| | - Stephen Rudd
- b QFAB Bioinformatics, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jacob Gratten
- c Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- c Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- a Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , Australia
| | - Paul A Dawson
- a Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , Australia
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9
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Wang L, Fu H, Liu B, Liu X, Chen W, Yu X. The effect of postnatal manganese exposure on the NMDA receptor signaling pathway in rat hippocampus. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 29205667 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overexposure to manganese (Mn) is associated with neurological disorders in children. Evidence indicated that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling pathway was critical for neurobehavioral function. However, whether NMDA receptor signaling pathway contributes to Mn-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups exposed to 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg of Mn2+ by intraperitoneal injection (n = 10/group: five males and five females). After 3 weeks of Mn exposure, messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. In Mn-exposed rats, decreased mRNA and protein expression of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B, CREB, and BDNF was observed. The results imply that downregulated NMDA receptor signaling pathway may be of vital importance in the neuropathological process of Mn-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai 200127, China, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - HuanHuan Fu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - XiaoYan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - WeiWei Chen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai 200127, China, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - XiaoDan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai 200127, China, Shanghai, 200127, China
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10
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Pacheco A, Aguayo FI, Aliaga E, Muñoz M, García-Rojo G, Olave FA, Parra-Fiedler NA, García-Pérez A, Tejos-Bravo M, Rojas PS, Parra CS, Fiedler JL. Chronic Stress Triggers Expression of Immediate Early Genes and Differentially Affects the Expression of AMPA and NMDA Subunits in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus of Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:244. [PMID: 28848384 PMCID: PMC5554379 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that chronic restraint stress triggers anhedonia, depressive-like behaviors, anxiety and a reduction in dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons. In this study, we compared the effect of repeated stress on the expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in dorsal and ventral hippocampus (VH). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and stressed groups, and were daily restrained in their motion (2.5 h/day) during 14 days. We found that chronic stress promotes an increase in c-Fos mRNA levels in both hippocampal areas, although it was observed a reduction in the immunoreactivity at pyramidal cell layer. Furthermore, Arc mRNAs levels were increased in both dorsal and VH, accompanied by an increase in Arc immunoreactivity in dendritic hippocampal layers. Furthermore, stress triggered a reduction in PSD-95 and NR1 protein levels in whole extract of dorsal and VH. Moreover, a reduction in NR2A/NR2B ratio was observed only in dorsal pole. In synaptosomal fractions, we detected a rise in NR1 in dorsal hippocampus (DH). By indirect immunofluorescence we found that NR1 subunits rise, especially in neuropil areas of dorsal, but not VH. In relation to AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunits, chronic stress did not trigger any change, either in dorsal or ventral hippocampal areas. These data suggest that DH is more sensitive than VH to chronic stress exposure, mainly altering the expression of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits, and probably favors changes in the configuration of this receptor that may influence the function of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Pacheco
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Felipe I Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Esteban Aliaga
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del MauleTalca, Chile
| | - Mauricio Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Gonzalo García-Rojo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Felipe A Olave
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Nicolas A Parra-Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Alexandra García-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Macarena Tejos-Bravo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Paulina S Rojas
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio S Parra
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
| | - Jenny L Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de ChileIndependencia, Chile
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11
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Kannan G, Gressitt KL, Yang S, Stallings CR, Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth LA, Savage CLG, Adamos MB, Sweeney KM, Origoni AE, Khushalani S, Bahn S, Leweke FM, Dickerson FB, Yolken RH, Pletnikov MV, Severance EG. Pathogen-mediated NMDA receptor autoimmunity and cellular barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1186. [PMID: 28763062 PMCID: PMC5611729 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies that bind the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) may underlie glutamate receptor hypofunction and related cognitive impairment found in schizophrenia. Exposure to neurotropic pathogens can foster an autoimmune-prone environment and drive systemic inflammation leading to endothelial barrier defects. In mouse model cohorts, we demonstrate that infection with the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, caused sustained elevations of IgG class antibodies to the NMDAR in conjunction with compromised blood-gut and blood-brain barriers. In human cohorts, NMDAR IgG and markers of barrier permeability were significantly associated with T. gondii exposure in schizophrenia compared with controls and independently of antipsychotic medication. Combined T. gondii and NMDAR antibody seropositivity in schizophrenia resulted in higher degrees of cognitive impairment as measured by tests of delayed memory. These data underscore the necessity of disentangling the heterogeneous pathophysiology of schizophrenia so that relevant subsets eligible for NMDAR-related treatment can be identified. Our data aid to reconcile conflicting reports regarding a role of pathological NMDAR autoantibodies in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kannan
- Department of Psychiatry, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K L Gressitt
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Yang
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C R Stallings
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Katsafanas
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L A Schweinfurth
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C L G Savage
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M B Adamos
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K M Sweeney
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A E Origoni
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Khushalani
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - F B Dickerson
- Sheppard Pratt Health System, Stanley Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Kannan G, Crawford JA, Yang C, Gressitt KL, Ihenatu C, Krasnova IN, Cadet JL, Yolken RH, Severance EG, Pletnikov MV. Anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies and associated neurobehavioral pathology in mice are dependent on age of first exposure to Toxoplasma gondii. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:307-14. [PMID: 26969530 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen implicated in psychiatric disorders. As elevated antibodies to T. gondii are also present in non-symptomatic individuals, we hypothesized that the age during first exposure to the pathogen may affect symptom manifestation. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating neurobehavioral abnormalities and the immune response in mice following adolescent or adult T. gondii infection. METHODS Mice were infected with T. gondii at postnatal day 33 (adolescent/juvenile) or 61 (adult). At 8weeks post-infection (wpi), pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (PPI) in mice administered MK-801 (0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) and amphetamine (5 and 10mg/kg) was assessed. Peripheral (anti-T. gondii, C1q-associated IgG and anti-GLUN2 antibodies) and central (C1q and Iba1) markers of the immune response were also evaluated. In addition, regional brain expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (GLUN1 and GLUN2A), glutamatergic (vGLUT1, PSD95) and GABAergic (GAD67) markers, and monoamines (DA, NE, 5-HT) and their metabolites were measured. RESULTS Juvenile and adult infected mice exhibited opposite effects of MK-801 on PPI, with decreased PPI in juveniles and increased PPI in adults. There was a significantly greater elevation of GLUN2 autoantibodies in juvenile-compared to adult-infected mice. In addition, age-dependent differences were found in regional expression of NMDAR subunits and markers of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems. Activated microglia and C1q elevations were found in both juvenile- and adult-T. gondii infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the age at first exposure to T. gondii is an important factor in shaping distinct behavioral and neurobiological abnormalities. Elevation in GLUN2 autoantibodies or complement protein C1q may be a potential underlying mechanism. A better understanding of these age-related differences may lead to more efficient treatments of behavioral disorders associated with T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Kannan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Joshua A Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - ChunXia Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kristin L Gressitt
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chinezimuzo Ihenatu
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina N Krasnova
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Engidawork E, Aradska J, Lubec G. Neurotransmitter receptor complexes: methods for bioanalysis, their potentials and limitations. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:111-33. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeurotransmitter receptors are key elements for brain function, but work so far has been focusing on the individual receptor subunits. It is, however, the receptor complexes that execute work rather than the subunits; of course, the multitude of possible combinations of the many receptors forming homomeric or heteromeric complexes is hampering studies. Moreover, not only receptors are observed in the complexes but also their corresponding protein kinases, phosphatases, and anchoring proteins, to name a few. Studying receptor complexes is still an analytical challenge. Thus far, no methods exist to unequivocally characterize or even quantify these assemblies. Major problems and limitations for the analysis exist, such as solubility, as the use of detergents is critical and may dissociate the receptor complexes as well as their separation in the native state. Gel-based techniques are able to separate and semiquantitatively quantify receptor complexes by subsequent immunochemical methods but do not allow the characterization of complex components. Immunoprecipitation methods are highly dependent on antibody availability and specificity, and the result of coimmunoprecipitation does not verify the direct physical interaction of proteins in the immunoprecipitate. Antibody shift assays are suitable to identify individual known proteins within a complex as are immunogold electron microscopic techniques and energy transfer technologies. Most techniques are simply showing the proximity of proteins rather than their physical interaction. Although fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is a promising technique, the use for quantification or comparing biological samples is limited. A lot of work remains to be done to provide tools for the characterization and quantification of receptor complexes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Aradska
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Köles L, Kató E, Hanuska A, Zádori ZS, Al-Khrasani M, Zelles T, Rubini P, Illes P. Modulation of excitatory neurotransmission by neuronal/glial signalling molecules: interplay between purinergic and glutamatergic systems. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:1-24. [PMID: 26542977 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS), released both from neurons and glial cells. Acting via ionotropic (NMDA, AMPA, kainate) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, it is critically involved in essential regulatory functions. Disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission can be detected in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. This paper summarizes the present knowledge on the modulation of glutamate-mediated responses in the CNS. Emphasis will be put on NMDA receptor channels, which are essential executive and integrative elements of the glutamatergic system. This receptor is crucial for proper functioning of neuronal circuits; its hypofunction or overactivation can result in neuronal disturbances and neurotoxicity. Somewhat surprisingly, NMDA receptors are not widely targeted by pharmacotherapy in clinics; their robust activation or inhibition seems to be desirable only in exceptional cases. However, their fine-tuning might provide a promising manipulation to optimize the activity of the glutamatergic system and to restore proper CNS function. This orchestration utilizes several neuromodulators. Besides the classical ones such as dopamine, novel candidates emerged in the last two decades. The purinergic system is a promising possibility to optimize the activity of the glutamatergic system. It exerts not only direct and indirect influences on NMDA receptors but, by modulating glutamatergic transmission, also plays an important role in glia-neuron communication. These purinergic functions will be illustrated mostly by depicting the modulatory role of the purinergic system on glutamatergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex, a CNS area important for attention, memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Köles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Kató
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Hanuska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Tibor Zelles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Postsynaptic density levels of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit and PSD-95 protein in prefrontal cortex from people with schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2015; 1:15037. [PMID: 27336043 PMCID: PMC4849460 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is converging evidence of involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Our group recently identified a decrease in total NR1 mRNA and protein expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a case-control study of individuals with schizophrenia (n=37/group). The NR1 subunit is critical to NMDA receptor function at the postsynaptic density, a cellular structure rich in the scaffolding protein, PSD-95. The extent to which the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit is altered at the site of action, in the postsynaptic density, is not clear. Aims: To extend our previous results by measuring levels of NR1 and PSD-95 protein in postsynaptic density-enriched fractions of prefrontal cortex from the same individuals in the case-control study noted above. Methods: Postsynaptic density-enriched fractions were isolated from fresh-frozen prefrontal cortex (BA10) and subjected to western blot analysis for NR1 and PSD-95. Results: We found a 20% decrease in NR1 protein (t(66)=−2.874, P=0.006) and a 30% decrease in PSD-95 protein (t(63)=−2.668, P=0.010) in postsynaptic density-enriched fractions from individuals with schizophrenia relative to unaffected controls. Conclusions: Individuals with schizophrenia have less NR1 protein, and therefore potentially fewer functional NMDA receptors, at the postsynaptic density. The associated decrease in PSD-95 protein at the postsynaptic density suggests that not only are glutamate receptors compromised in individuals with schizophrenia, but the overall spine architecture and downstream signaling supported by PSD-95 may also be deficient.
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16
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León-Caballero J, Pacchiarotti I, Murru A, Valentí M, Colom F, Benach B, Pérez V, Dalmau J, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder and antibodies against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: A gate to the involvement of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:403-12. [PMID: 26014349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of comorbidity between bipolar disorder (BD) and other medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases, supports the hypothesis of the nature of BD as a biological illness category. Hence, an immune dysregulation process may play an important role in the development of at least certain subtypes of BD. Increasing evidence also suggests that the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) may be relevant in the pathophysiology of BD. A possible key mechanism underlying the physiopathology of certain autoimmune diseases that may present with affective symptoms might be the production of anti-NMDAR auto-antibodies (auto-Abs). The best characterized autoimmune anti-NMDAR disease is the anti-NMDAR encephalitis. It has been found that 4% of these patients present isolated, mostly affective, psychiatric manifestations during their illness. An interesting suggestion emerged from this overview is that the same mechanisms that trigger affective symptoms in patients with increased anti-NMDAR auto-Abs levels could be involved in the physiopathology of at least a subgroup of BD. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationship between anti-NMDAR auto-Abs and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J León-Caballero
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, CIBERSAM, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - I Pacchiarotti
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Murru
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Valentí
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Colom
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Benach
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - V Pérez
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, CIBERSAM, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Dalmau
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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17
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Neurobeachin Regulates Glutamate- and GABA-Receptor Targeting to Synapses via Distinct Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2112-23. [PMID: 25934101 PMCID: PMC4823379 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmission and synaptic strength depend on expression of post-synaptic receptors on the cell surface. Post-translational modification of receptors, trafficking to the synapse through the secretory pathway, and subsequent insertion into the synapse involves interaction of the receptor with A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) and scaffolding proteins. Neurobeachin (Nbea), a brain specific AKAP, is required for synaptic surface expression of both glutamate and GABA receptors. Here, we investigated the role of Nbea-dependent targeting of postsynaptic receptors by studying Nbea interaction with synapse-associated protein 102 (SAP102/Dlg3) and protein kinase A subunit II (PKA II). A Nbea mutant lacking the PKA binding domain showed a similar distribution as wild-type Nbea in Nbea null neurons and partially restored GABA receptor surface expression. To understand the relevance of Nbea interaction with SAP102, we analysed SAP102 null mutant mice. Nbea levels were reduced by ~80 % in SAP102 null mice, but glutamatergic receptor expression was normal. A single-point mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of Nbea (E2218R) resulted in loss of binding with SAP102. When expressed in Nbea null neurons, this mutant fully restored GABA receptor surface expression, but not glutamate receptor expression. Our results suggest that the PKA-binding domain is not essential for Nbea’s role in receptor targeting and that Nbea targets glutamate and GABA receptors to the synapse via distinct molecular pathways by interacting with specific effector proteins.
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18
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Dai Y, Yang Y, Xu X, Hu Y. Effects of uterine and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on spatial memory and NMDA receptor of hippocampus in mice. Horm Behav 2015; 71:41-8. [PMID: 25870019 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental endocrine disrupter. Currently, little is known about neurodevelopmental toxicity of DEHP in wildlife and humans. The present study investigated the effects of DEHP, focusing on the changes in the behavior of offspring mice at the ages of 6 and 12w, respectively, following utero and lactational exposure to DEHP (10, 50, and 200mg/kg/d) from gestation day 7 through postnatal day 21. The results of open field tasks showed that DEHP increased the grooming of males at age 6w and females at age 12w but decreased the frequency of rearing of 6-w-old females and the number of grid crossings of 12-w-old females. In the Morris water maze task, 50 and 200mg/kg/d DEHP significantly prolonged the time of searching the hidden platform in water maze and reduced the time staying in the target quadrant during a probe trial of 6-w-old male mice, but not of 6-w-old females nor 12-w-old mice of both sexes, suggesting an impaired spatial learning and memory among younger males after perinatal exposure to DEHP. Western blot analyses further showed that DEHP at 50 and 200mg/kg/d decreased the levels of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in the hippocampus of 6-w-old males. These results suggest that uterine and lactational exposure to low doses of DEHP sex-specifically impacted behaviors, including locomotion activity and spatial memory, via the concomitant inhibition of the NMDA receptor of the hippocampus in offspring mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Dai
- Institute of Ecology, Chemistry and Life Sciences College, Zhejiang Normal University, PR China
| | - Yanling Yang
- Institute of Ecology, Chemistry and Life Sciences College, Zhejiang Normal University, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Institute of Ecology, Chemistry and Life Sciences College, Zhejiang Normal University, PR China.
| | - Yizhong Hu
- Institute of Ecology, Chemistry and Life Sciences College, Zhejiang Normal University, PR China
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19
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Lowenthal MS, Markey SP, Dosemeci A. Quantitative mass spectrometry measurements reveal stoichiometry of principal postsynaptic density proteins. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2528-38. [PMID: 25874902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative studies are presented of postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions from rat cerebral cortex with the ultimate goal of defining the average copy numbers of proteins in the PSD complex. Highly specific and selective isotope dilution mass spectrometry assays were developed using isotopically labeled polypeptide concatemer internal standards. Interpretation of PSD protein stoichiometry was achieved as a molar ratio with respect to PSD-95 (SAP-90, DLG4), and subsequently, copy numbers were estimated using a consensus literature value for PSD-95. Average copy numbers for several proteins at the PSD were estimated for the first time, including those for AIDA-1, BRAGs, and densin. Major findings include evidence for the high copy number of AIDA-1 in the PSD (144 ± 30)-equivalent to that of the total GKAP family of proteins (150 ± 27)-suggesting that AIDA-1 is an element of the PSD scaffold. The average copy numbers for NMDA receptor sub-units were estimated to be 66 ± 18, 27 ± 9, and 45 ± 15, respectively, for GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B, yielding a total of 34 ± 10 NMDA channels. Estimated average copy numbers for AMPA channels and their auxiliary sub-units TARPs were 68 ± 36 and 144 ± 38, respectively, with a stoichiometry of ∼1:2, supporting the assertion that most AMPA receptors anchor to the PSD via TARP sub-units. This robust, quantitative analysis of PSD proteins improves upon and extends the list of major PSD components with assigned average copy numbers in the ongoing effort to unravel the complex molecular architecture of the PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Lowenthal
- †Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sanford P Markey
- †Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.,‡Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ayse Dosemeci
- §Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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20
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Lichnerova K, Kaniakova M, Skrenkova K, Vyklicky L, Horak M. Distinct regions within the GluN2C subunit regulate the surface delivery of NMDA receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:375. [PMID: 25426025 PMCID: PMC4226150 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. The activation of NMDA receptors plays a key role in brain development, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation, and is a major contributor to many neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated the mechanisms that underlie the trafficking of GluN1/GluN2C receptors. Using an approach combining molecular biology, microscopy, and electrophysiology in mammalian cell lines and cultured cerebellar granule cells, we found that the surface delivery of GluN2C-containing receptors is reduced compared to GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors. Furthermore, we identified three distinct regions within the N-terminus, M3 transmembrane domain, and C-terminus of GluN2C subunits that are required for proper intracellular processing and surface delivery of NMDA receptors. These results shed new light on the regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking, and these findings can be exploited to develop new strategies for treating some forms of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Lichnerova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague Czech Republic ; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Skrenkova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Vyklicky
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague Czech Republic
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21
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Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission (Dingeldine et al. 1999). The high level of glutamatergic excitation allows the neonatal brain (the 2(nd) postnatal week in rat) to develop quickly but it also makes it highly prone to age-specific seizures that can cause lifelong neurological and cognitive disability (Haut et al. 2004). There are three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors (ligand-gated ion channels) named according to their prototypic agonists: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) and kainate (KA). During early stages of postnatal development glutamate receptors of NMDA and AMPA type undergo intensive functional changes owing to modifications in their subunit composition (Carter et al. 1988, Watanabe et al. 1992, Monyer et al. 1994, Wenzel et al. 1997, Sun et al. 1998, Lilliu et al. 2001, Kumar et al. 2002, Matsuda et al. 2002, Wee et al. 2008, Henson et al. 2010, Pachernegg et al. 2012, Paoletti et al. 2013). Participation and role of these receptors in mechanisms of seizures and epilepsy became one of the main targets of intensive investigation (De Sarro et al. 2005, Di Maio et al. 2012, Rektor 2013). LiCl/Pilocarpine (LiCl/Pilo) induced status epilepticus is a model of severe seizures resulting in development temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This review will consider developmental changes and contribution of NMDA and AMPA receptors in LiCl/Pilo model of status epilepticus in immature rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szczurowska
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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22
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Rubio MD, Drummond JB, Meador-Woodruff JH. Glutamate receptor abnormalities in schizophrenia: implications for innovative treatments. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:1-18. [PMID: 24116269 PMCID: PMC3792192 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness that afflicts 1% of the population worldwide, resulting in substantial impact to patients, their families, and health care delivery systems. For many years, schizophrenia has been felt to be associated with dysregulated dopaminergic neurotransmission as a key feature of the pathophysiology of the illness. Although numerous studies point to dopaminergic abnormalities in schizophrenia, dopamine dysfunction cannot completely account for all of the symptoms seen in schizophrenia, and dopamine-based treatments are often inadequate and can be associated with serious side effects. More recently, converging lines of evidence have suggested that there are abnormalities of glutamate transmission in schizophrenia. Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves numerous molecules that facilitate glutamate release, receptor activation, glutamate reuptake, and other synaptic activities. Evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia primarily has implicated the NMDA and AMPA subtypes of the glutamate receptor. The expression of these receptors and other molecules associated with glutamate neurotransmission has been systematically studied in the brain in schizophrenia. These studies have generally revealed region- and molecule-specific changes in glutamate receptor transcript and protein expression in this illness. Given that glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, recent drug development efforts have targeted the glutamate system. Much effort to date has focused on modulation of the NMDA receptor, although more recently other glutamate receptors and transporters have been the targets of drug development. These efforts have been promising thus far, and ongoing efforts to develop additional drugs that modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission are underway that may hold the potential for novel classes of more effective treatments for this serious psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Rubio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
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23
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Rauen T, Tanui R, Grewer C. Structural and functional dynamics of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAAT). AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2014.3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Grewer C, Gameiro A, Rauen T. SLC1 glutamate transporters. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:3-24. [PMID: 24240778 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane transporters for the neurotransmitter glutamate belong to the solute carrier 1 family. They are secondary active transporters, taking up glutamate into the cell against a substantial concentration gradient. The driving force for concentrative uptake is provided by the cotransport of Na(+) ions and the countertransport of one K(+) in a step independent of the glutamate translocation step. Due to eletrogenicity of transport, the transmembrane potential can also act as a driving force. Glutamate transporters are expressed in many tissues, but are of particular importance in the brain, where they contribute to the termination of excitatory neurotransmission. Glutamate transporters can also run in reverse, resulting in glutamate release from cells. Due to these important physiological functions, glutamate transporter expression and, therefore, the transport rate, are tightly regulated. This review summarizes recent literature on the functional and biophysical properties, structure-function relationships, regulation, physiological significance, and pharmacology of glutamate transporters. Particular emphasis is on the insight from rapid kinetic and electrophysiological studies, transcriptional regulation of transporter expression, and reverse transport and its importance for pathophysiological glutamate release under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, 13902-6000, NY, USA,
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25
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Synapse-associated protein 97 regulates the membrane properties of fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons in the visual cortex. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12739-50. [PMID: 23904610 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0040-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in layers 2/3 of the visual cortex regulate gain control and tuning of visual processing. Synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) belongs to a family of proteins that have been implicated in regulating glutamatergic synaptic transmission at pyramidal-to-pyramidal connections in the nervous system. For PV interneurons in mouse visual cortex, the expression of SAP97 is developmentally regulated, being expressed in almost all juvenile but only a fraction, ~40%, of adult PV interneurons. Using whole-cell patch-clamping, single-cell RT-PCR to assay endogenous expression of SAP97 and exogenous expression of SAP97, we investigated the functional significance of SAP97 in PV interneurons in layers 2/3 of the visual cortex. PV interneurons expressing SAP97, either endogenously or via exogenous expression, showed distinct membrane properties from those not expressing SAP97. This included an overall decrease in membrane excitability, as indexed by a decrease in membrane resistance and an increase in the stimulus threshold for the first action potential firing. Additionally, SAP97-expressing PV interneurons fired action potentials more frequently and, at moderate stimulus intensities, showed irregular or stuttering firing patterns. Furthermore, SAP97-expressing PV interneurons showed increased glutamatergic input and more extensive dendritic branching when compared with non-expressing PV interneurons. These differences in membrane and synaptic properties would significantly alter how PV interneurons expressing SAP97 compared with those not expressing SAP97 would function in local networks. Thus, our results indicate that the scaffolding protein SAP97 is a critical molecular factor regulating the input-output relationships of cortical PV interneurons.
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A eukaryotic specific transmembrane segment is required for tetramerization in AMPA receptors. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9840-5. [PMID: 23739980 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2626-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Most fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the nervous system is mediated by glutamate acting through ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). iGluRs (AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor subtypes) are tetrameric assemblies, formed as a dimer of dimers. Still, the mechanism underlying tetramerization--the necessary step for the formation of functional receptors that can be inserted into the plasma membrane--is unknown. All eukaryotic compared to prokaryotic iGluR subunits have an additional transmembrane segment, the M4 segment, which positions the physiologically critical C-terminal domain on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunits lacking M4 do not express on the plasma membrane. Here, we show that these constructs are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, the major cellular compartment mediating protein oligomerization. Using approaches to assay the native oligomeric state of AMPAR subunits, we find that subunits lacking M4 or containing single amino acid substitutions along an "interacting" face of the M4 helix that block surface expression no longer tetramerize in either homomeric or heteromeric assemblies. In contrast, subunit dimerization appears to be largely intact. These experiments define the M4 segment as a unique functional unit in AMPARs that is required for the critical dimer-to-tetramer transition.
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Lakhan SE, Caro M, Hadzimichalis N. NMDA Receptor Activity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:52. [PMID: 23772215 PMCID: PMC3677126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a variety of physiologic roles and their proper signaling is essential for cellular homeostasis. Any disruption in this pathway, leading to either enhanced or decreased activity, may result in the manifestation of neuropsychiatric pathologies such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, substance induced psychosis, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we explore the notion that the overlap in activity of at least one biochemical pathway, the NMDA receptor pathway, may be the link to understanding the overlap in psychotic symptoms between diseases. This review intends to present a broad overview of those neuropsychiatric disorders for which alternations in NMDA receptor activity is prominent thus suggesting that continued direction of pharmaceutical intervention to this pathway may present a viable option for managing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Biosciences Department, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation , Beverly Hills, CA , USA ; Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
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28
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Wang Y, Zhao F, Liao Y, Jin Y, Sun G. Effects of arsenite in astrocytes on neuronal signaling transduction. Toxicology 2013; 303:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Kaniakova M, Lichnerova K, Vyklicky L, Horak M. Single amino acid residue in the M4 domain of GluN1 subunit regulates the surface delivery of NMDA receptors. J Neurochem 2012; 123:385-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i.; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Lichnerova
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i.; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Vyklicky
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i.; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i.; Prague Czech Republic
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30
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Kaniakova M, Krausova B, Vyklicky V, Korinek M, Lichnerova K, Vyklicky L, Horak M. Key amino acid residues within the third membrane domains of NR1 and NR2 subunits contribute to the regulation of the surface delivery of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26423-34. [PMID: 22711533 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.339085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate ionotropic receptors that play critical roles in synaptic transmission, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. The functional NMDA receptors, heterotetramers composed mainly of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits, likely pass endoplasmic reticulum quality control before they are released from the endoplasmic reticulum and trafficked to the cell surface. However, the mechanism underlying this process is not clear. Using truncated and mutated NMDA receptor subunits expressed in heterologous cells, we found that the M3 domains of both NR1 and NR2 subunits contain key amino acid residues that contribute to the regulation of the number of surface functional NMDA receptors. These key residues are critical neither for the interaction between the NR1 and NR2 subunits nor for the formation of the functional receptors, but rather they regulate the early trafficking of the receptors. We also found that the identified key amino acid residues within both NR1 and NR2 M3 domains contribute to the regulation of the surface expression of unassembled NR1 and NR2 subunits. Thus, our data identify the unique role of the membrane domains in the regulation of the number of surface NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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31
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Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP. Recovery of Memory by the Glutamate NMDA Receptor Agonist D-Cycloserine Depends on the Stage of Development of Amnesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-012-9580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Cousins SL, Stephenson FA. Identification of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subtype-specific binding sites that mediate direct interactions with scaffold protein PSD-95. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13465-76. [PMID: 22375001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.292862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmitter receptors and the postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of scaffolding proteins are integral components of post-synaptic macromolecular signaling complexes that serve to propagate glutamate responses intracellularly. Classically, NMDA receptor NR2 subunits associate with PSD-95 MAGUKs via a conserved ES(E/D)V amino acid sequence located at their C termini. We previously challenged this dogma to demonstrate a second non-ES(E/D)V PSD-95-binding site in both NMDA receptor NR2A and NR2B subunits. Here, using a combination of co-immunoprecipitations from transfected mammalian cells, yeast two-hybrid interaction assays, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assays, we show that NR2A subunits interact directly with PSD-95 via the C-terminal ESDV motif and additionally via an Src homology 3 domain-binding motif that associates with the Src homology 3 domain of PSD-95. Peptide inhibition of co-immunoprecipitations of NR2A and PSD-95 demonstrates that both the ESDV and non-ESDV sites are required for association in native brain tissue. Furthermore, we refine the non-ESDV site within NR2B to residues 1149-1157. These findings provide a molecular basis for the differential association of NMDA receptor subtypes with PSD-95 MAGUK scaffold proteins. These selective interactions may contribute to the organization, lateral mobility, and ultimately the function of NMDA receptor subtypes at synapses. Furthermore, they provide a more general molecular mechanism by which the scaffold, PSD-95, may discriminate between potential interacting partner proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cousins
- University College London School of Pharmacy, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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33
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Mechanisms underlying NMDA receptor synaptic/extrasynaptic distribution and function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:308-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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34
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Smith AJ, Daut J, Schwappach B. Membrane proteins as 14-3-3 clients in functional regulation and intracellular transport. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:181-91. [PMID: 21670164 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00042.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins regulate the function and subcellular sorting of membrane proteins. Often, 14-3-3 binding to client proteins requires phosphorylation of the client, but the relevant kinase is unknown in most cases. We summarize current progress in identifying kinases that target membrane proteins with 14-3-3 binding sites and discuss the molecular mechanisms of 14-3-3 action. One of the kinases involved is Akt/PKB, which has recently been shown to activate the 14-3-3-dependent switch in a number of client membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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35
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Badanich KA, Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Mulholland PJ, Randall PK, Delpire E, Becker HC. NR2B-deficient mice are more sensitive to the locomotor stimulant and depressant effects of ethanol. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:805-816. [PMID: 21762461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NR2B subunit of N-methyl d-aspartate glutamate receptors influences pharmacological properties and confers greater sensitivity to the modulatory effects of ethanol. This study examined behavioral responses to acute ethanol in a conditional knockout mouse model that allowed for a delayed genetic deletion of the NR2B subunit to avoid mouse lethality. Mice lacking the NR2B gene (knockout) were produced by mating NR2B[f/f] mice with CAMKIIa-driven tTA transgenic mice and the tetO-CRE transgenic mice. Adult male and female offspring representing each of the resultant genotypes (knockout, CAM, CRE and wildtype mice) were tested for open-field locomotor activity following acute low- and high-dose ethanol challenge as well as loss of righting reflex. Findings indicate that male and female mice lacking the NR2B subunit exhibited greater overall activity in comparison to other genotypes during the baseline locomotor activity test. NR2B knockout mice exhibited an exaggerated stimulant response to 1.5 g/kg (i.p.) and an exaggerated depressant response to 3.0 g/kg (i.p.) ethanol challenge. In addition, NR2B knockout mice slept longer following a high dose of ethanol (4.0 g/kg, i.p.). To evaluate pharmacokinetics, clearance rates of ethanol (1.5, 4.0 g/kg, i.p.) were measured and showed that female NR2B knockouts had a faster rate of metabolism only at the higher ethanol dose. Western blot analyses confirmed significant reduction in NR2B expression in the forebrain of knockout mice. Collectively, these data indicate that the NR2B subunit of the N-methyl d-aspartate glutamate receptor is involved in regulating low-dose stimulant effects of ethanol and the depressant/hypnotic effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Badanich
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Patrick J Mulholland
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Patrick K Randall
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425.,RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425
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36
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Ferreira JS, Rooyakkers A, She K, Ribeiro L, Carvalho AL, Craig AM. Activity and protein kinase C regulate synaptic accumulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors independently of GluN1 splice variant. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28331-42. [PMID: 21676872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.222539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors are calcium-permeable ionotropic receptors that detect coincident glutamate binding and membrane depolarization and are essential for many forms of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain. The obligatory GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors is alternatively spliced at multiple sites, generating forms that vary in N-terminal N1 and C-terminal C1, C2, and C2' cassettes. Based on expression of GluN1 constructs in heterologous cells and in wild type neurons, the prevalent view is that the C-terminal cassettes regulate synaptic accumulation and its modulation by homeostatic activity blockade and by protein kinase C (PKC). Here, we tested the role of GluN1 splicing in regulated synaptic accumulation of NMDA receptors by lentiviral expression of individual GluN1 splice variants in hippocampal neurons cultured from GluN1 (-/-) mice. High efficiency transduction of GluN1 at levels similar to endogenous was achieved. Under control conditions, the C2' cassette mediated enhanced synaptic accumulation relative to the alternate C2 cassette, whereas the presence or absence of N1 or C1 had no effect. Surprisingly all GluN1 splice variants showed >2-fold increased synaptic accumulation with chronic blockade of NMDA receptor activity. Furthermore, in this neuronal rescue system, all GluN1 splice variants were equally rapidly dispersed upon activation of PKC. These results indicate that the major mechanisms mediating homeostatic synaptic accumulation and PKC dispersal of NMDA receptors occur independently of GluN1 splice isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bard L, Groc L. Glutamate receptor dynamics and protein interaction: lessons from the NMDA receptor. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:298-307. [PMID: 21640188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of excitatory glutamate synapses emerged over the last decades as a core cellular mechanism for the encoding and processing of various cognitive functions. This property relies in part on the ability to dynamically adjust the content of glutamate receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. Among these receptors, NMDA receptors (NMDAR), which are composed of two obligatory GluN1 and two regulatory GluN2/3 subunits, play a key role in the induction of many forms of plasticity processes. Understanding how NMDAR subtypes are trafficked and regulated in the synapse has thus captured considerable attention. It has emerged that NMDAR synaptic content relies on an equilibrium between intracellular trafficking and rapid lateral diffusion of the receptor within the synaptic area. Here, we review our current understanding of NMDAR trafficking, mostly the ones at the surface membrane, with a specific focus on the role of interacting PDZ-containing proteins during the journey of NMDAR to and around the synaptic area. The cellular and molecular lessons obtained from examining NMDAR dynamics and regulation by interacting proteins appear to apply to other ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, and thus shed new light on the modulation of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory transmission. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuronal Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Genetic and functional analysis of the DLG4 gene encoding the post-synaptic density protein 95 in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15107. [PMID: 21151988 PMCID: PMC2996301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signal transduction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) plays a critical role in regulating the trafficking and activity of the NMDA receptor and altered expression of the PSD95 has been detected in the post-mortem brain of patients with schizophrenia. The study aimed to examine whether the DLG4 gene that encodes the PSD95 may confer genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. We re-sequenced the core promoter, all the exons, and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) of the DLG4 gene in 588 Taiwanese schizophrenic patients and conducted an association study with 539 non-psychotic subjects. We did not detect any rare mutations at the protein-coding sequences of the DLG4 gene associated with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, we identified four polymorphic markers at the core promoter and 5′ UTR and one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the 3′UTR of the DLG4 gene in this sample. Genetic analysis showed an association of a haplotype (C–D) derived from 2 polymorphic markers at the core promoter (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.06–1.51, p = 0.01), and a borderline association of the T allele of the rs13331 at 3′UTR with schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval = 0.99–1.43, p = 0.06). Further reporter gene assay showed that the C-D-C-C and the T allele of the rs13331 had significant lower activity than their counter parts. Our data indicate that the expression of the DLG4 gene is subject to regulation by the polymorphic markers at the core promoter region, 5′ and 3′UTR of the gene, and is associated with the susceptibility of schizophrenia.
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Dynamic and specific interaction between synaptic NR2-NMDA receptor and PDZ proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19561-6. [PMID: 20974938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002690107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative content of NR2 subunits in the NMDA receptor confers specific signaling properties and plasticity to synapses. However, the mechanisms that dynamically govern the retention of synaptic NMDARs, in particular 2A-NMDARs, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the dynamic interaction between NR2 C termini and proteins containing PSD-95/Discs-large/ZO-1 homology (PDZ) scaffold proteins at the single molecule level by using high-resolution imaging. We report that a biomimetic divalent competing ligand, mimicking the last 15 amino acids of NR2A C terminus, specifically and efficiently disrupts the interaction between 2A-NMDARs, but not 2B-NMDARs, and PDZ proteins on the time scale of minutes. Furthermore, displacing 2A-NMDARs out of synapses lead to a compensatory increase in synaptic NR2B-NMDARs, providing functional evidence that the anchoring mechanism of 2A- or 2B-NMDARs is different. These data reveal an unexpected role of the NR2 subunit divalent arrangement in providing specific anchoring within synapses, highlighting the need to study such dynamic interactions in native conditions.
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Zhou X, Nie Z, Roberts A, Zhang D, Sebat J, Malhotra D, Kelsoe JR, Geyer MA. Reduced NMDAR1 expression in the Sp4 hypomorphic mouse may contribute to endophenotypes of human psychiatric disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3797-805. [PMID: 20634195 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced expression of the Sp4 gene in Sp4 hypomorphic mice resulted in subtle vacuolization in the hippocampus as well as deficits in sensorimotor gating and contextual memory, putative endophenotypes for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined both spatial learning/memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) of Sp4 hypomorphic mice. Impaired spatial learning/memory and markedly reduced LTP were found. To corroborate the functional studies, the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors was investigated with both western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. The reduced expression of the Sp4 gene decreased the level of the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors in Sp4 hypomorphic mice. In human, SP4 gene was found to be deleted sporadically in schizophrenia patients, corroborating evidence that polymorphisms of human SP4 gene are associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Impaired NMDA neurotransmission has been implicated in several human psychiatric disorders. As yet, it remains unclear how mutations of candidate susceptibility genes for these disorders may contribute to the disruption of NMDA neurotransmission. Sp4 hypomorphic mice could therefore serve as a genetic model to investigate impaired NMDA functions resulting from loss-of-function mutations of human SP4 gene in schizophrenia and/or other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, aberrant expression of additional genes, besides NMDAR1, likely also contributes to the behavioral abnormalities in Sp4 hypomorphic mice. Thus, further investigation of the Sp4 pathway may provide novel insights in our understanding of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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41
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Suárez F, Zhao Q, Monaghan DT, Jane DE, Jones S, Gibb AJ. Functional heterogeneity of NMDA receptors in rat substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulata neurones. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:359-67. [PMID: 20618827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nigra substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and substantia pars reticulata (SNr) form two major basal ganglia components with different functional roles. SNc dopaminergic (DA) neurones are vulnerable to cell death in Parkinson's disease, and NMDA receptor activation is a potential contributing mechanism. We have investigated the sensitivity of whole-cell and synaptic NMDA responses to intracellular ATP and GTP application in the SNc and SNr from rats on postnatal day (P) 7 and P28. Both NMDA current density (pA/pF) and desensitization to prolonged or repeated NMDA application were greater in the SNr than in the SNc. When ATP levels were not supplemented, responses to prolonged NMDA administration desensitized in P7 SNc DA neurones but not at P28. At P28, SNr neurones desensitized more than SNc neurones, with or without added ATP. Responses to brief NMDA applications and synaptic NMDA currents were not sensitive to inclusion of ATP in the pipette solution. To investigate these differences between the SNc and SNr, NR2 subunit-selective antagonists were tested. NMDA currents were inhibited by ifenprodil (10 microM) and UBP141 (4 microM), but not by Zn(2+) (100 nm), in both the SNr and SNc, suggesting that SNc and SNr neurones express similar receptor subunits; NR2B and NR2D, but not NR2A. The different NMDA response properties in the SNc and SNr may be caused by differences in receptor modulation and/or trafficking. The vulnerability of SNc DA neurones to cell death is not correlated with NMDA current density or receptor subtypes, but could in part be related to inadequate NMDA receptor desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Suárez
- Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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42
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Vacotto M, Rapacioli M, Flores V, Fiszer de Plazas S. Acute Hypoxia Differentially Affects the NMDA Receptor NR1, NR2A and NR2B Subunit mRNA Levels in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum: Stage-Dependent Plasticity in the 2B–2A Ratio. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1609-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Xu XH, Zhang J, Wang YM, Ye YP, Luo QQ. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol-A impairs learning-memory by concomitant down-regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors of hippocampus in male offspring mice. Horm Behav 2010; 58:326-33. [PMID: 20206181 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been shown to influence development of the brain and behaviors. The purpose of the present report was to investigate the effects of perinatal exposure to BPA on learning/memory and its mechanism of action, especially focusing on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Perinatal maternal exposure to BPA at 0.5, 5, and 50mg/kg/d significantly extended the escape length to find the hidden platform in Morris water maze, and BPA at 0.5 or 5mg/kg/d markedly decreased the percentage of time spent in the quadrant where the platform had been during training both in postnatal day (PND) 21 and PND 56 mice. The results of passive avoidance test showed that the error frequency to step down from a platform after received footshock was significantly increased, and the latency of the step-down response onto the grid floor 24h after received footshock was obviously reduced by exposure to BPA at 5 and 50mg/kg/d (P<0.01) in the PND 21 offspring or at 50mg/kg/d in the PND 56 offspring (P<0.01). Furthermore, perinatal exposure to BPA significantly inhibited the expressions of NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2A, and 2B in the hippocampus during the development stage, especially in PND 56 mice. The expressions of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in both PND 21 and PND 56 mice were markedly down-regulated by BPA at 0.5, 5, and 50mg/kg/d. These results indicate that perinatal exposure to BPA affects normal behavioral development in both spatial memory and avoidance memory, and also permanently influences the behavior of offspring in adulthood. The inhibition of expressions of NMDAR subunits and ERbeta in hippocampus during postnatal development stage may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hong Xu
- Chemistry and Life Sciences College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
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44
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Dale RP, Jones AK, Tamborindeguy C, Davies TGE, Amey JS, Williamson S, Wolstenholme A, Field LM, Williamson MS, Walsh TK, Sattelle DB. Identification of ion channel genes in the Acyrthosiphon pisum genome. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19 Suppl 2:141-53. [PMID: 20482646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are major pests of crops, causing hundreds of millions of dollars worth of damage annually. Ion channel proteins are often the targets of modern insecticides and mutations in ion channel genes can lead to resistance to many leading classes of insecticides. The sequencing of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, genome has now allowed detailed in silico analysis of the aphid ion channels. The study has revealed significant differences in the composition of the ion channel families between the aphid and other insects. For example A. pisum does not appear to contain a homologue of the nACh receptor alpha 5 gene whilst the calcium channel beta subunit has been duplicated. These variations could result in differences in function or sensitivity to insecticides. The genome sequence will allow the study of aphid ion channels to be accelerated, leading to a better understanding of the function of these economically important channels. The potential for identifying novel insecticide targets within the aphid is now a step closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Dale
- Syngenta, Jealotts Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
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Xu XH, Wang YM, Zhang J, Luo QQ, Ye YP, Ruan Q. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol-A changes N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression in the hippocampus of male rat offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:176-181. [PMID: 20821433 DOI: 10.1002/etc.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most common environmental endocrine disrupters with mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist properties. The toxicity of BPA has been extensively evaluated in a variety of tests in rodents, including developmental and reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity. The objective of the present study is to evaluate whether or not perinatal maternal exposure to BPA at 0.05, 0.5, 5, 50, and 200 mg/kg/d affects N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) subunits NR1, NR2A, 2B, estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) protein expressions of hippocampus in male rat offspring during postnatal development. Western-blotting analyses showed that perinatal exposure to BPA significantly affected the expression of NMDAR subunits. At the lower doses of 0.05 to 50 mg/kg/d, BPA concentration dependently inhibited the expression of NMDAR subunits. However, at the higher dose (200 mg/kg/d), the effects of BPA on these subunits were different, with a stronger inhibition of NR1 expression and a slighter inhibition of NR2A, 2B expression when compared with those at the lower dosage of BPA. In addition, perinatal exposure to BPA inhibited the expression of ERbeta protein, but increased P450arom protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner, especially during the early postnatal period (the first 1-3 postnatal weeks). No significant influence of BPA on P450arom was observed at postnatal week 8. These data suggest that environmental BPA exposure may affect the development of the brain, enhancing the local biosynthesis of estrogen in the brain, inhibiting ERbeta and NMDAR expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Xu
- Chemistry and Life Science College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China.
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Xu B, Xu ZF, Deng Y. Manganese exposure alters the expression ofN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit mRNAs and proteins in rat striatum. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10:895-926. [PMID: 19712899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2280] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in nociceptive pathways caused by increases in membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy as well as to reduced inhibition and is a manifestation of the remarkable plasticity of the somatosensory nervous system in response to activity, inflammation, and neural injury. The net effect of central sensitization is to recruit previously subthreshold synaptic inputs to nociceptive neurons, generating an increased or augmented action potential output: a state of facilitation, potentiation, augmentation, or amplification. Central sensitization is responsible for many of the temporal, spatial, and threshold changes in pain sensibility in acute and chronic clinical pain settings and exemplifies the fundamental contribution of the central nervous system to the generation of pain hypersensitivity. Because central sensitization results from changes in the properties of neurons in the central nervous system, the pain is no longer coupled, as acute nociceptive pain is, to the presence, intensity, or duration of noxious peripheral stimuli. Instead, central sensitization produces pain hypersensitivity by changing the sensory response elicited by normal inputs, including those that usually evoke innocuous sensations. PERSPECTIVE In this article, we review the major triggers that initiate and maintain central sensitization in healthy individuals in response to nociceptor input and in patients with inflammatory and neuropathic pain, emphasizing the fundamental contribution and multiple mechanisms of synaptic plasticity caused by changes in the density, nature, and properties of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Xu B, Xu ZF, Deng Y. Effect of manganese exposure on intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and expression of NMDA receptor subunits in primary cultured neurons. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:941-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qiu S, Zhang XM, Cao JY, Yang W, Yan YG, Shan L, Zheng J, Luo JH. An endoplasmic reticulum retention signal located in the extracellular amino-terminal domain of the NR2A subunit of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20285-98. [PMID: 19487695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.004960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play critical roles in complex brain functions as well as pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. There are many NMDA isoforms and subunit types that, together with subtype-specific assembly, give rise to significant functional heterogeneity of NMDA receptors. Conventional NMDA receptors are obligatory heterotetramers composed of two glycine-binding NR1 subunits and two glutamate-binding NR2 subunits. When individually expressed in heterogeneous cells, most of the NR1 splice variants and the NR2 subunits remain in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and do not form homomeric channels. The mechanisms underlying NMDA receptor trafficking and functional expression remain uncertain. Using truncated and chimeric NMDA receptor subunits expressed in heterogeneous cells and hippocampal neurons, together with immunostaining, biochemical, and functional analyses, we found that the NR2A amino-terminal domain (ATD) contains an ER retention signal, which can be specifically masked by the NR1a ATD. Interestingly, no such signal was found in the ATD of the NR2B subunit. We further identified the A2 segment of the NR2A ATD to be the primary determinant of ER retention. These findings indicate that NR2A-containing NMDA receptors may undergo a different ER quality control process from NR2B-containing NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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50
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Ferraro L, Tomasini MC, Tanganelli S, Mazza R, Coluccia A, Carratù MR, Gaetani S, Cuomo V, Antonelli T. Developmental exposure to methylmercury elicits early cell death in the cerebral cortex and long-term memory deficits in the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:165-74. [PMID: 19084587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to assess the neurotoxic effects induced by prenatal acute treatment with methylmercury on cortical neurons. To this purpose, primary neuronal cultures were obtained from cerebral cortex of neonatal rats born to dams treated with methylmercury (4 and 8 mg/kg by gavage) on gestational day 15, the developmental stage critical for cortical neuron proliferation. Prenatal exposure to methylmercury 8 mg/kg significantly reduced cell viability and caused either apoptotic or necrotic neuronal death. Moreover, this exposure level resulted in abnormal neurite outgrowth and retraction or collapse of some neurites, caused by a dissolution of microtubules. The severe and early cortical neuron damage induced by methylmercury 8 mg/kg treatment correlated with long term memory impairment, since adult rats (90 days of age) born to dams treated with this dose level showed a significant deficit in the retention performance when subjected to a passive avoidance task. Prenatal exposure to methylmercury 4 mg/kg significantly increased the neuronal vulnerability to a neurotoxic insult. This was determined by measuring the increment of chromatin condensation induced by glutamate, at a concentration (30 microM) able to induce an excitotoxic damage. This exposure level eliciting apoptotic death did not result in cognitive dysfunctions. In conclusion, the methylmercury-induced disruption of glutamate pathway during critical windows of brain development may interfere with cell fate and proliferation resulting in a more or less severe cortical lesions associated or not with loss of function later in life, depending on the exposure levels. Therefore, the early biochemical effects and long-term behavioral changes elicited by high methylmercury levels suggest that the developing brain is impaired in its ability to recover following toxic insult, and the initial effects on cortical neurons may lead to permanent cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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