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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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2
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Bharmoria P, Tietze AA, Mondal D, Kang TS, Kumar A, Freire MG. Do Ionic Liquids Exhibit the Required Characteristics to Dissolve, Extract, Stabilize, and Purify Proteins? Past-Present-Future Assessment. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3037-3084. [PMID: 38437627 PMCID: PMC10979405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are highly labile molecules, thus requiring the presence of appropriate solvents and excipients in their liquid milieu to keep their stability and biological activity. In this field, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained momentum in the past years, with a relevant number of works reporting their successful use to dissolve, stabilize, extract, and purify proteins. Different approaches in protein-IL systems have been reported, namely, proteins dissolved in (i) neat ILs, (ii) ILs as co-solvents, (iii) ILs as adjuvants, (iv) ILs as surfactants, (v) ILs as phase-forming components of aqueous biphasic systems, and (vi) IL-polymer-protein/peptide conjugates. Herein, we critically analyze the works published to date and provide a comprehensive understanding of the IL-protein interactions affecting the stability, conformational alteration, unfolding, misfolding, and refolding of proteins while providing directions for future studies in view of imminent applications. Overall, it has been found that the stability or purification of proteins by ILs is bispecific and depends on the structure of both the IL and the protein. The most promising IL-protein systems are identified, which is valuable when foreseeing market applications of ILs, e.g., in "protein packaging" and "detergent applications". Future directions and other possibilities of IL-protein systems in light-harvesting and biotechnology/biomedical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department
of Smart Molecular, Inorganic and Hybrid Materials, Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular
and Translational Medicine, University of
Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alesia A. Tietze
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular
and Translational Medicine, University of
Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute
of Plant Genetics (IPG), Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Centre
for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be
University), Jain Global
Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Tejwant Singh Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, UGC Center for Advance Studies-II,
Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Salt
and Marine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Central
Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Green Dynamic Kinetic Resolution—Stereoselective Acylation of Secondary Alcohols by Enzyme-Assisted Ruthenium Complexes. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic kinetic resolution allows for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure asymmetric alcohols. Cyclopentadienyl-derived ruthenium catalysts were immobilized with an ionic liquid, [BMIM][NTf2], on multiwall carbon nanotubes and used for the racemization of chiral secondary alcohols. This successful approach was combined with the enantioselective enzymatic acylation of secondary alcohols (1-phenylethanol and 1-(1-naphthyl)ethanol) using Novozyme® 435. The resulting catalytic system of the ruthenium racemization catalysts and enzymatic acylation led to chiral esters being obtained by dynamic kinetic resolution. The immobilized catalytic system in the ionic liquid gave the same activity of >96% yield within 6 h and a selectivity of 99% enantiomeric excess as the homogeneous system, while allowing for the convenient separation of the desired products from the catalyst. Additionally, the process can be regarded as green, since the efficient reuse of the catalytic system was demonstrated.
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Molecular “wiring” of plasma amine oxidase: Green and enzyme friendly approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2071-2078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jafari M, Mojtabavi S, Faramarzi MA, Mehrnejad F, Soleimani M, Mirjani R. Molecular level insight into stability, activity, and structure of Laccase in aqueous ionic liquid and organic solvents: An experimental and computational research. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhao H. What do we learn from enzyme behaviors in organic solvents? - Structural functionalization of ionic liquids for enzyme activation and stabilization. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107638. [PMID: 33002582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme activity in nonaqueous media (e.g. conventional organic solvents) is typically lower than in water by several orders of magnitude. There is a rising interest of developing new nonaqueous solvent systems that are more "water-like" and more biocompatible. Therefore, we need to learn from the current state of nonaqueous biocatalysis to overcome its bottleneck and provide guidance for new solvent design. This review firstly focuses on the discussion of how organic solvent properties (such as polarity and hydrophobicity) influence the enzyme activity and stability, and how these properties impact the enzyme's conformation and dynamics. While hydrophobic organic solvents usually lead to the maintenance of enzyme activity, solvents carrying functional groups like hydroxys and ethers (including crown ethers and cyclodextrins) can lead to enzyme activation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are designable solvents that can conveniently incorporate these functional groups. Therefore, we systematically survey these ether- and/or hydroxy-functionalized ILs, and find most of them are highly compatible with enzymes leading to high activity and stability. In particular, ILs carrying both ether and tert-alcohol groups are among the most enzyme-activating solvents. Future direction is to learn from enzyme behaviors in both water and nonaqueous media to design biocompatible "water-like" solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, United States.
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Pabbathi A, Samanta A. On the Stability and Conformational Dynamics of Cytochrome c in Ammonium Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8132-8140. [PMID: 32830967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their potential applications in the extraction, purification, and preservation of biomolecules and biocatalysis, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained great attention in biotechnology. Although it is known that the structure and dynamics of proteins in ILs depend on the nature of both proteins and ILs, the biophysical mechanism governing the protein-IL interaction, which determines the stability of proteins or the activity of an enzyme in these nonconventional media, is yet to be understood clearly. Herein, we study the effect of two ammonium ILs, triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TEAP) and tributylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TBAP), on the stability and conformational dynamics of cytochrome c (Cyt c) in its native and unfolded states, employing primarily the single molecule-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) technique. The results show that the native structure of Cyt c is not significantly altered by TEAP, but the tertiary structure is perturbed to a great extent by TBAP, which comprises a longer alkyl chain. Fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity of Alexa488 dye-labeled Cyt c in FCS measurements reveal conformational dynamics (67 ± 10 μs) in the native state of Cyt c that is accelerated in the presence of both ILs but not affected when Cyt c is in its unfolded state. The present findings demonstrate how the stability of this protein can be modulated by using ammonium ILs of different alkyl chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Pabbathi
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Anunay Samanta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Kaur M, Singh G, Kaur A, Sharma PK, Kang TS. Thermally Stable Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions for High-Temperature Stabilization of Lysozyme at Nanointerfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4085-4093. [PMID: 30810316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of new strategies for thermal stability and storage of enzymes is very important, considering the nonretention of catalytic activity by enzymes under harsh conditions of temperature. Following this, herein, a new approach based on the interfacial adsorption of lysozyme (LYZ) at nanointerfaces of ionic liquid (IL)-based microemulsions, for enhanced thermal stability of LYZ, is reported. Microemulsions (MEs) composed of dialkyl imidazolium-based surface active ILs (SAILs) as surfactants, ILs as the nonpolar phase, and ethylene glycol (EG) as the polar phase, without any cosurfactants, have been prepared and characterized in detail. Various regions corresponding to polar-in-IL, bicontinuous, and IL-in-polar phases have been characterized using conductivity measurements. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements have provided insights into the size distribution of microdroplets, whereas temperature-dependent DLS measurements established the thermal stability of the MEs. Nanointerfaces formed by SAILs with EG in thermally stable reverse MEs act as fluid scaffolds to adsorb and provide thermal stability, up to 120 °C, to LYZ. Thermally treated LYZ upon extraction into a buffer shows enzyme activity owing to negligible change in the active site of LYZ, as marked by retention of microenvironment of Trp residues present in the active site of LYZ. The present work is expected to establish a new platform for the development of novel nanointerfaces utilizing biobased components for other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvir Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
| | - Gurbir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
| | - Anupreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology , Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University , Fatehgarh Sahib 140406 , India
| | - Tejwant Singh Kang
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
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10
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Bilal T, Malik B, Hakeem KR. Metagenomic analysis of uncultured microorganisms and their enzymatic attributes. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 155:65-69. [PMID: 30452938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although second generation biofuel technology is a sustainable route for bioethanol production it is not currently a robust technology because of certain hindrances viz., unavailability of potential enzyme resources, low efficiency of enzymes and restricted availability of potent enzymes that work under harsh conditions in industrial processes. Therefore, bioprospecting of extremophilic microorganisms using metagenomics is a promising alternative to discover novel microbes and enzymes with efficient tolerance to unfavourable conditions and thus could revolutionize the energy sector. Metagenomics a recent field in "omics" technology enables the genomic study of uncultured microorganisms with the goal of better understanding microbial dynamics. Metagenomics in conjunction with NextGen Sequencing technology facilitates the sequencing of microbial DNA directly from environmental samples and has expanded, and transformed our knowledge of the microbial world. However, filtering the meaningful information from the millions of genomic sequences offers a serious challenge to bioinformaticians. The current review holds the opinion tool 'know- how' to unravel the secrets of nature while expediting the bio-industrial world. We also discuss the novel biocatalytic agents discovered through metagenomics and how bioengineering plays a pivotal role to enhance their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Bilal
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; Department of Bioresources, Amar Singh College, Cluster University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190001, India
| | - Bisma Malik
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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da Silva VG, de Castro RJS. Biocatalytic action of proteases in ionic liquids: Improvements on their enzymatic activity, thermal stability and kinetic parameters. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:124-129. [PMID: 29567497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the addition of the following ionic liquids (IL): choline chloride (CC), tetramethylammonium bromide (TB) and 1‑ethyl‑3‑methylimidazolium bromide (EM), on some biochemical properties including enzymatic activity and different kinetic parameters of commercial proteases. The enzyme-IL combinations that showed the highest increases in enzyme activities were as follows: CC (0.5mM) and Neutrase® 0.8L; CC (5mM) and Flavourzyme® 500L; TB (2000mM) and Alcalase® 2.4L, with relative increases of 20, 15 and 150% in protease activities, respectively, compared to the control assays. The combination TB and Alcalase® 2.4L showed a reduction of 50% of the activation energy (Ea), an increase of the relation Vmax/Km of 35% and a 16-fold rise in the values of t1/2, and D. Neutrase® 0.8L combined with CC showed an increase of 20% in the relation Vmax/Km. The combination Flavourzyme® 500L and CC presented a 20% higher value of the relation Vmax/Km and a 2-fold increase in the values of t1/2 and D compared to the control assay. In summary, the most positive effects observed in this study included proteases with improved activity and stability properties and a greater affinity for the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Geniselli da Silva
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruann Janser Soares de Castro
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Azov VA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Kashin AS, Ananikov VP. "Solvent-in-salt" systems for design of new materials in chemistry, biology and energy research. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1250-1284. [PMID: 29410995 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic and organic "solvent-in-salt" (SIS) systems have been known for decades but have attracted significant attention only recently. Molten salt hydrates/solvates have been successfully employed as non-flammable, benign electrolytes in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries leading to a revolution in battery development and design. SIS with organic components (for example, ionic liquids containing small amounts of water) demonstrate remarkable thermal stability and tunability, and present a class of admittedly safer electrolytes, in comparison with traditional organic solvents. Water molecules tend to form nano- and microstructures (droplets and channel networks) in ionic media impacting their heterogeneity. Such microscale domains can be employed as microreactors for chemical and enzymatic synthesis. In this review, we address known SIS systems and discuss their composition, structure, properties and dynamics. Special attention is paid to the current and potential applications of inorganic and organic SIS systems in energy research, chemistry and biochemistry. A separate section of this review is dedicated to experimental methods of SIS investigation, which is crucial for the development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Azov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ksenia S Egorova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Marina M Seitkalieva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexey S Kashin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia. and Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Stary Petergof, 198504, Russia
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Kumar A, Bisht M, Venkatesu P. Biocompatibility of ionic liquids towards protein stability: A comprehensive overview on the current understanding and their implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:611-651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Han Q, Wang X, Byrne N. Understanding the Influence of Key Ionic Liquid Properties on the Hydrolytic Activity of
Thermomyces lanuginosus
Lipase. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Xungai Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Nolene Byrne
- Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3217 Australia
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Zhao H. Protein Stabilization and Enzyme Activation in Ionic Liquids: Specific Ion Effects. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2016; 91:25-50. [PMID: 26949281 PMCID: PMC4777319 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There are still debates on whether the hydration of ions perturbs the water structure, and what is the degree of such disturbance; therefore, the origin of Hofmeister effect on protein stabilization continues being questioned. For this reason, it is suggested to use the 'specific ion effect' instead of other misleading terms such as Hofmeister effect, Hofmeister series, lyotropic effect, and lyotropic series. In this review, we firstly discuss the controversial aspect of inorganic ion effects on water structures, and several possible contributors to the specific ion effect of protein stability. Due to recent overwhelming attraction of ionic liquids (ILs) as benign solvents in many enzymatic reactions, we further evaluate the structural properties and molecular-level interactions in neat ILs and their aqueous solutions. Next, we systematically compare the specific ion effects of ILs on enzyme stability and activity, and conclude that (a) the specificity of many enzymatic systems in diluted aqueous IL solutions is roughly in line with the traditional Hofmeister series albeit some exceptions; (b) however, the specificity follows a different track in concentrated or neat ILs because other factors (such as hydrogen-bond basicity, nucelophilicity, and hydrophobicity, etc) are playing leading roles. In addition, we demonstrate some examples of biocatalytic reactions in IL systems that are guided by the empirical specificity rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
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16
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Kumar A, Rani A, Venkatesu P. A comparative study of the effects of the Hofmeister series anions of the ionic salts and ionic liquids on the stability of α-chymotrypsin. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01596g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct interactions between the anion and the catalytic amino acid residues lead to denaturation of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi – 110 007
- India
| | - Anjeeta Rani
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi – 110 007
- India
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Lozano P, Bernal JM, Nieto S, Gomez C, Garcia-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Active biopolymers in green non-conventional media: a sustainable tool for developing clean chemical processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17361-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07600e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By understanding structure–function relationships of active biopolymers (e.g. enzymes and nucleic acids) in green non-conventional media, sustainable chemical processes may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Juana M. Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Susana Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | - Celia Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular “B” e Inmunología
- Facultad de Química
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum
- Universidad de Murcia
- Murcia
| | | | - Santiago V. Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universidad Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
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Liu Y, Guo C, Liu CZ. Efficient Kinetic Resolution of (R,S)-2-Octanol Catalyzed by Magnetite-Immobilized Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase in Mixed Ionic Liquids. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Recent Advances in the Applications of Ionic Liquids in Protein Stability and Activity: A Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3701-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Kim HS, Ha SH, Sethaphong L, Koo YM, Yingling YG. The relationship between enhanced enzyme activity and structural dynamics in ionic liquids: a combined computational and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2944-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kumar A, Venkatesu P. Does the stability of proteins in ionic liquids obey the Hofmeister series? Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 63:244-53. [PMID: 24211268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of Hofmeister anions of ionic liquids (ILs) on protein stability helps to shed light on how the anions interact with proteins in aqueous solution and is a long standing object for chemistry and biochemistry. Ions effects play a major role in understanding the physicochemical and biological phenomenon that undertakes the protein folding/unfolding and refolding process. Despite the generality of these effects, our understanding of ions at the molecular-level is still limited. This review offers a tour through past successful investigations and presents a challenge in current research in the field to reassess the possibilities of ions and to apply new strategies. This review highlights on the stability behavior of the proteins and also comparisons of our past research work in the Hofmeister series of ILs. Furthermore, we specifically focus on the critical discussion on the recent findings with existing results and their implications, along with our understanding of the Hofmeister series of anions of ILs on biomolecular stability. A detailed examination of the difference between selective proteins can provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of protein folding/unfolding in the presence of the Hofmeister series of ions of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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22
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Protein structure preservation by MWCNTs/RTIL nano-composite. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 56:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Izquierdo DF, Bernal JM, Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Lozano P, Luis SV. An efficient microwave-assisted enzymatic resolution of alcohols using a lipase immobilised on supported ionic liquid-like phases (SILLPs). RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Tavares APM, Rodriguez O, Macedo EA. Peroxidase biocatalysis in water-soluble ionic liquids: activity, kinetic and thermal stability. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.715636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Liszka MJ, Clark ME, Schneider E, Clark DS. Nature Versus Nurture: Developing Enzymes That Function Under Extreme Conditions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 3:77-102. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
- UC Berkeley and UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; , , ,
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26
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Tavares APM, Pereira JAN, Xavier AMRB. Effect of ionic liquids activation on laccase fromTrametes versicolor: Enzymatic stability and activity. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. M. Tavares
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering; Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Porto; Portugal
| | - Juliana A. N. Pereira
- Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO); Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro; Portugal
| | - Ana M. R. B. Xavier
- Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials (CICECO); Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro; Portugal
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Kumar A, Venkatesu P. Overview of the stability of α-chymotrypsin in different solvent media. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4283-307. [PMID: 22506806 DOI: 10.1021/cr2003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao H, Baker GA, Holmes S. New eutectic ionic liquids for lipase activation and enzymatic preparation of biodiesel. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1908-16. [PMID: 21283901 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic preparation of biodiesel has been hampered by the lack of suitable solvents with desirable properties such as high lipase compatibility, low cost, low viscosity, high biodegradability, and ease of product separation. Recent interest in using ionic liquids (ILs) as advanced reaction media has led to fast reaction rates and high yields in the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel. However, conventional (i.e., cation-anion paired) ILs based on imidazolium and other quaternary ammonium salts remain too expensive for wide application at industrial scales. In this study, we report on newly-synthesized eutectic ILs derived from choline acetate or choline chloride coupled with biocompatible hydrogen-bond donors, such as glycerol. These eutectic solvents have favorable properties including low viscosity, high biodegradability, and excellent compatibility with Novozym(®) 435, a commercial immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. Furthermore, in a model biodiesel synthesis system, we demonstrate high reaction rates for the enzymatic transesterification of Miglyol(®) oil 812 with methanol, catalyzed by Novozym(®) 435 in choline acetate/glycerol (1:1.5 molar ratio). The high conversion (97%) of the triglyceride obtained within 3 h, under optimal conditions, suggests that these novel eutectic solvents warrant further exploration as potential media in the enzymatic production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Chemistry Program, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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29
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Silva WS, Lapis AA, Suarez PA, Neto BA. Enzyme-mediated epoxidation of methyl oleate supported by imidazolium-based ionic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Lozano P, Bernal JM, Piamtongkam R, Fetzer D, Vaultier M. One-phase ionic liquid reaction medium for biocatalytic production of biodiesel. CHEMSUSCHEM 2010; 3:1359-1363. [PMID: 20941787 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular "B" e Inmunología, Universidad de Murcia, Spain.
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31
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Vidya P, Chadha A. Pseudomonas cepacia lipase catalyzed esterification and transesterification of 3-(furan-2-yl) propanoic acid/ethyl ester: A comparison in ionic liquids vs hexane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Moniruzzaman M, Kamiya N, Goto M. Activation and stabilization of enzymes in ionic liquids. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2887-99. [PMID: 20445940 DOI: 10.1039/b926130c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As environmentally benign "green" solvents, room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been used as solvents or (co)solvents in biocatalytic reactions and processes for a decade. The technological utility of enzymes can be enhanced greatly by their use in ionic liquids (ILs) rather than in conventional organic solvents or in their natural aqueous reaction media. In fact, the combination of green properties and unique tailor-made physicochemical properties make ILs excellent non-aqueous solvents for enzymatic catalysis with numerous advantages over other solvents, including high conversion rates, high selectivity, better enzyme stability, as well as better recoverability and recyclability. However, in many cases, particularly in hydrophilic ILs, enzymes show relative instability and/or lower activity compared with conventional solvents. To improve the enzyme activity as well as stability in ILs, various attempts have been made by modifying the form of the enzymes. Examples are enzyme immobilization onto support materials via adsorption or multipoint attachment, lyophilization in the presence of stabilizing agents, chemical modification with stabilizing agents, formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates, pretreatment with polar organic solvents or enzymes combined with suitable surfactants to form microemulsions. The use of these enzyme preparations in ILs can dramatically increase the solvent tolerance, enhance activity as well as stability, and improve enantioselectivity. This perspective highlights a number of pronounced strategies being used successfully for activation and stabilization of enzymes in non-aqueous ILs media. This review is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to present a general overview of the potential approaches to activate enzymes for diverse enzymatic processes and biotransformations in ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Moniruzzaman M, Nakashima K, Kamiya N, Goto M. Recent advances of enzymatic reactions in ionic liquids. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Vidya P, Chadha A. The role of different anions in ionic liquids on Pseudomonas cepacia lipase catalyzed transesterification and hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Singh M, Singh RS, Banerjee UC. Stereoselective synthesis of (R)-1-chloro-3(3,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-propanol using lipases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ionic liquid-containing system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Enzymatic acylation of polar dipeptides: Influence of reaction media and molecular environment of functional groups. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Husson E, Humeau C, Blanchard F, Framboisier X, Marc I, Chevalot I. Chemo-selectivity of the N,O-enzymatic acylation in organic media and in ionic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Domínguez de María P. "Nonsolvent" applications of ionic liquids in biotransformations and organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6960-8. [PMID: 18651677 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as (co)solvents and/or reagents is well documented. However, RTILS also have "nonsolvent" applications in biotransformations and organocatalysis. Examples are the anchoring of substrates to RTILs; ionic-liquid-coated enzymes (ILCE) and enzyme-IL colyophilization; the construction of biocatalytic ternary reaction systems; the combination of enzymes, RTILs, membranes, and (bio)electrochemistry; and ionic-liquid-supported organocatalysts. These strategies provide more robust, more efficient, and more enantioselective bio- and organocatalysts with many practical applications. As shown herein, RTILs offer a wide range of promising alternatives to conventional chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Domínguez de María
- AkzoNobel BV, Chemicals Process and Product Technology Department, Velperweg 76, P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands.
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39
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Domínguez de María P. “Nonsolvens”-Anwendungen von ionischen Flüssigkeiten bei Biotransformationen und in der Organokatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Fehér E, Illeová V, Kelemen-Horváth I, Bélafi-Bakó K, Polakovič M, Gubicza L. Enzymatic production of isoamyl acetate in an ionic liquid–alcohol biphasic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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On the background of enhanced stability and reusability of enzymes in ionic liquids. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:1624-7. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0351624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of ILs (ionic liquids) to provide an environment of increased stability and, in this way, improve the recyclability of enzymes has been studied. The description of this phenomenon is not easy; there are several approaches for explanation. In this mini-review, the results from different research groups are summarized, with the aim of explaining the strong stability effect of ILs on several enzymes. Spectroscopic methods (e.g. fluorescence and CD, IR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and NMR) and investigations of polarity and kosmotropicity of ions are promising methods. Since higher stability means that we may be able to reuse enzymes more times, the recyclability of enzymes was also in the focus. From this point of view, the advantages and disadvantages of applying monophasic or biphasic systems are discussed too, presenting the coupled techniques as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred van Rantwijk
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
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43
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Zhao H, Jackson L, Song Z, Olubajo O. Using ionic liquid [EMIM][CH3COO] as an enzyme-‘friendly’ co-solvent for resolution of amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Zhao H, Campbell SM, Jackson L, Song Z, Olubajo O. Hofmeister series of ionic liquids: kosmotropic effect of ionic liquids on the enzymatic hydrolysis of enantiomeric phenylalanine methyl ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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