1
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Moratti CF, Yang SNN, Scott C, Coleman NV. Development of a whole-cell biosensor for ethylene oxide and ethylene. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14511. [PMID: 38925606 PMCID: PMC11197473 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethylene and ethylene oxide are widely used in the chemical industry, and ethylene is also important for its role in fruit ripening. Better sensing systems would assist risk management of these chemicals. Here, we characterise the ethylene regulatory system in Mycobacterium strain NBB4 and use these genetic parts to create a biosensor. The regulatory genes etnR1 and etnR2 and cognate promoter Petn were combined with a fluorescent reporter gene (fuGFP) in a Mycobacterium shuttle vector to create plasmid pUS301-EtnR12P. Cultures of M. smegmatis mc2-155(pUS301-EtnR12P) gave a fluorescent signal in response to ethylene oxide with a detection limit of 0.2 μM (9 ppb). By combining the epoxide biosensor cells with another culture expressing the ethylene monooxygenase, the system was converted into an ethylene biosensor. The co-culture was capable of detecting ethylene emission from banana fruit. These are the first examples of whole-cell biosensors for epoxides or aliphatic alkenes. This work also resolves long-standing questions concerning the regulation of ethylene catabolism in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia F. Moratti
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sui Nin Nicholas Yang
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Advanced Engineering Biology Future Science Platform, Black Mountain Research & Innovation ParkCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Nicholas V. Coleman
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
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2
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Yang SNN, Haritos V, Kertesz MA, Coleman NV. A novel soluble di-iron monooxygenase from the soil bacterium Solimonas soli. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16567. [PMID: 38233213 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO) enzymes enable insertion of oxygen into diverse substrates and play significant roles in biogeochemistry, bioremediation and biocatalysis. An unusual SDIMO was detected in an earlier study in the genome of the soil organism Solimonas soli, but was not characterized. Here, we show that the S. soli SDIMO is part of a new clade, which we define as 'Group 7'; these share a conserved gene organization with alkene monooxygenases but have only low amino acid identity. The S. soli genes (named zmoABCD) could be functionally expressed in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 but not in Escherichia coli TOP10. The recombinants made epoxides from C2 C8 alkenes, preferring small linear alkenes (e.g. propene), but also epoxidating branched, carboxylated and chlorinated substrates. Enzymatic epoxidation of acrylic acid was observed for the first time. ZmoABCD oxidised the organochlorine pollutants vinyl chloride (VC) and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), with the release of inorganic chloride from VC but not cDCE. The original host bacterium S. soli could not grow on any alkenes tested but grew well on phenol and n-octane. Further work is needed to link ZmoABCD and the other Group 7 SDIMOs to specific physiological and ecological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Nin Nicholas Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Victoria Haritos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Kertesz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas V Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Bertelmann C, Mock M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficiency aspects of regioselective testosterone hydroxylation with highly active CYP450-based whole-cell biocatalysts. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14378. [PMID: 38018939 PMCID: PMC10832557 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hydroxylations belong to the industrially most relevant reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) due to the pharmacological relevance of hydroxylated derivatives. The implementation of respective bioprocesses at an industrial scale still suffers from several limitations commonly found in CYP450 catalysis, that is low turnover rates, enzyme instability, inhibition and toxicity related to the substrate(s) and/or product(s). Recently, we achieved a new level of steroid hydroxylation rates by introducing highly active testosterone-hydroxylating CYP450 BM3 variants together with the hydrophobic outer membrane protein AlkL into Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. However, the activity tended to decrease, which possibly impedes overall productivities and final product titres. In this study, a considerable instability was confirmed and subject to a systematic investigation regarding possible causes. In-depth evaluation of whole-cell biocatalyst kinetics and stability revealed a limitation in substrate availability due to poor testosterone solubility as well as inhibition by the main product 15β-hydroxytestosterone. Instability of CYP450 BM3 variants was disclosed as another critical factor, which is of general significance for CYP450-based biocatalysis. Presented results reveal biocatalyst, reaction and process engineering strategies auguring well for industrial implementation of the developed steroid hydroxylation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mock
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencesGeorg Agricola University of Applied SciencesBochumGermany
| | | | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH–UFZLeipzigGermany
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4
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Robinson WXQ, Mielke T, Melling B, Cuetos A, Parkin A, Unsworth WP, Cartwright J, Grogan G. Comparing the Catalytic and Structural Characteristics of a 'Short' Unspecific Peroxygenase (UPO) Expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200558. [PMID: 36374006 PMCID: PMC10098773 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) have emerged as valuable tools for the oxygenation of non-activated carbon atoms, as they exhibit high turnovers, good stability and depend only on hydrogen peroxide as the external oxidant for activity. However, the isolation of UPOs from their natural fungal sources remains a barrier to wider application. We have cloned the gene encoding an 'artificial' peroxygenase (artUPO), close in sequence to the 'short' UPO from Marasmius rotula (MroUPO), and expressed it in both the yeast Pichia pastoris and E. coli to compare the catalytic and structural characteristics of the enzymes produced in each system. Catalytic efficiency for the UPO substrate 5-nitro-1,3-benzodioxole (NBD) was largely the same for both enzymes, and the structures also revealed few differences apart from the expected glycosylation of the yeast enzyme. However, the glycosylated enzyme displayed greater stability, as determined by nano differential scanning fluorimetry (nano-DSF) measurements. Interestingly, while artUPO hydroxylated ethylbenzene derivatives to give the (R)-alcohols, also given by a variant of the 'long' UPO from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO), it gave the opposite (S)-series of sulfoxide products from a range of sulfide substrates, broadening the scope for application of the enzymes. The structures of artUPO reveal substantial differences to that of AaeUPO, and provide a platform for investigating the distinctive activity of this and related'short' UPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy X Q Robinson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tamara Mielke
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Benjamin Melling
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anibal Cuetos
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alison Parkin
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - William P Unsworth
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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5
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Bretschneider L, Wegner M, Bühler K, Bühler B, Karande R. One-pot synthesis of 6-aminohexanoic acid from cyclohexane using mixed-species cultures. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1011-1025. [PMID: 33369139 PMCID: PMC8085927 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Aminohexanoic acid (6AHA) is a vital polymer building block for Nylon 6 production and an FDA-approved orphan drug. However, its production from cyclohexane is associated with several challenges, including low conversion and yield, and severe environmental issues. We aimed at overcoming these challenges by developing a bioprocess for 6AHA synthesis. A mixed-species approach turned out to be most promising. Thereby, Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 strains harbouring an upstream cascade converting cyclohexane to either є-caprolactone (є-CL) or 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6HA) were combined with Escherichia coli JM101 strains containing the corresponding downstream cascade for the further conversion to 6AHA. ε-CL was found to be a better 'shuttle molecule' than 6HA enabling higher 6AHA formation rates and yields. Mixed-species reaction performance with 4 g l-1 biomass, 10 mM cyclohexane, and an air-to-aqueous phase ratio of 23 combined with a repetitive oxygen feeding strategy led to complete substrate conversion with 86% 6AHA yield and an initial specific 6AHA formation rate of 7.7 ± 0.1 U gCDW -1 . The same cascade enabled 49% 7-aminoheptanoic acid yield from cycloheptane. This combination of rationally engineered strains allowed direct 6AHA production from cyclohexane in one pot with high conversion and yield under environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bretschneider
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Martin Wegner
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
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6
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Schäfer L, Karande R, Bühler B. Maximizing Biocatalytic Cyclohexane Hydroxylation by Modulating Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Expression in P. taiwanensis VLB120. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:140. [PMID: 32175317 PMCID: PMC7056670 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyps) effectively catalyze the regiospecific oxyfunctionalization of inert C-H bonds under mild conditions. Due to their cofactor dependency and instability in isolated form, oxygenases are preferably applied in living microbial cells with Pseudomonas strains constituting potent host organisms for Cyps. This study presents a holistic genetic engineering approach, considering gene dosage, transcriptional, and translational levels, to engineer an effective Cyp-based whole-cell biocatalyst, building on recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 for cyclohexane hydroxylation. A lac-based regulation system turned out to be favorable in terms of orthogonality to the host regulatory network and enabled a remarkable specific whole-cell activity of 34 U gCDW -1. The evaluation of different ribosomal binding sites (RBSs) revealed that a moderate translation rate was favorable in terms of the specific activity. An increase in gene dosage did only slightly elevate the hydroxylation activity, but severely impaired growth and resulted in a large fraction of inactive Cyp. Finally, the introduction of a terminator reduced leakiness. The optimized strain P. taiwanensis VLB120 pSEVA_Cyp allowed for a hydroxylation activity of 55 U gCDW -1. Applying 5 mM cyclohexane, molar conversion and biomass-specific yields of 82.5% and 2.46 mmolcyclohexanol gbiomass -1 were achieved, respectively. The strain now serves as a platform to design in vivo cascades and bioprocesses for the production of polymer building blocks such as ε-caprolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schäfer
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Willrodt C, Gröning JAD, Nerke P, Koch R, Scholtissek A, Heine T, Schmid A, Bühler B, Tischler D. Highly Efficient Access to (
S
)‐Sulfoxides Utilizing a Promiscuous Flavoprotein Monooxygenase in a Whole‐Cell Biocatalyst Format. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Willrodt
- Department Solar Materials Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Permoser Str. 15 Leipzig 04138 Germany
- Present address: BASF SE Carl-Bosch-Straße 38 Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67063 Germany
| | - Janosch A. D. Gröning
- Environmental Microbiology Group Institute of Biosciences TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Str. 29 Freiberg 09599 Germany
- Present address: Institut für Mikrobiologie Universität Stuttgart Allmandring 31 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Philipp Nerke
- Department Solar Materials Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Permoser Str. 15 Leipzig 04138 Germany
| | - Rainhard Koch
- Engineering and Technology Bayer AG Kaiser-Wilhelm Allee 3 Leverkusen 51373 Germany
| | - Anika Scholtissek
- Environmental Microbiology Group Institute of Biosciences TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Str. 29 Freiberg 09599 Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Environmental Microbiology Group Institute of Biosciences TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Str. 29 Freiberg 09599 Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Permoser Str. 15 Leipzig 04138 Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solar Materials Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Permoser Str. 15 Leipzig 04138 Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology Group Institute of Biosciences TU Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Str. 29 Freiberg 09599 Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 Bochum 44801 Germany
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8
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Tomás‐Gamasa M, Mascareñas JL. TiO
2
‐Based Photocatalysis at the Interface with Biology and Biomedicine. Chembiochem 2019; 21:294-309. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Tomás‐Gamasa
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica, e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Luis Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica, e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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9
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Ütkür FÖ, Schmid A, Bühler B. Anaerobic C-H Oxyfunctionalization: Coupling of Nitrate Reduction and Quinoline Hydroxylation in Recombinant Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800615. [PMID: 31144783 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell biocatalysis for C-H oxyfunctionalization depends on and is often limited by O2 mass transfer. In contrast to oxygenases, molybdenum hydroxylases use water instead of O2 as an oxygen donor and thus have the potential to relieve O2 mass transfer limitations. Molybdenum hydroxylases may even allow anaerobic oxyfunctionalization when coupled to anaerobic respiration. To evaluate this option, the coupling of quinoline hydroxylation to denitrification is tested under anaerobic conditions employing Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) 86, capable of aerobic growth on quinoline. P. putida 86 reduces both nitrate and nitrite, but at low rates, which does not enable significant growth and quinoline hydroxylation. Introduction of the nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa enables considerable specific quinoline hydroxylation activity (6.9 U gCDW -1 ) under anaerobic conditions with nitrate as an electron acceptor and 2-hydroxyquinoline as the sole product (further metabolization depends on O2 ). Hydroxylation-derived electrons are efficiently directed to nitrate, accounting for 38% of the respiratory activity. This study shows that molybdenum hydroxylase-based whole-cell biocatalysts enable completely anaerobic carbon oxyfunctionalization when coupled to alternative respiration schemes such as nitrate respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özde Ütkür
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, Dortmund, 44227, Germany.,Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, Dortmund, 44227, Germany.,Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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McCarl V, Somerville MV, Ly MA, Henry R, Liew EF, Wilson NL, Holmes AJ, Coleman NV. Heterologous Expression of Mycobacterium Alkene Monooxygenases in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00397-18. [PMID: 29802186 PMCID: PMC6052275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00397-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkene monooxygenases (MOs) are soluble di-iron-containing enzymes found in bacteria that grow on alkenes. Here, we report improved heterologous expression systems for the propene MO (PmoABCD) and ethene MO (EtnABCD) from Mycobacterium chubuense strain NBB4. Strong functional expression of PmoABCD and EtnABCD was achieved in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, yielding epoxidation activities (62 and 27 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively) higher than any reported to date for heterologous expression of a di-iron MO system. Both PmoABCD and EtnABCD were specialized for the oxidation of gaseous alkenes (C2 to C4), and their activity was much lower on liquid alkenes (C5 to C8). Despite intensive efforts to express the complete EtnABCD enzyme in Escherichia coli, this was not achieved, although recombinant EtnB and EtnD proteins could be purified individually in soluble form. The biochemical function of EtnD as an oxidoreductase was confirmed (1.36 μmol cytochrome c reduced/min/mg protein). Cloning the EtnABCD gene cluster into Pseudomonas putida KT2440 yielded detectable epoxidation of ethene (0.5 nmol/min/mg protein), and this could be stimulated (up to 1.1 nmol/min/mg protein) by the coexpression of cpn60 chaperonins from either Mycobacterium spp. or E. coli Successful expression of the ethene MO in a Gram-negative host was validated by both whole-cell activity assays and peptide mass spectrometry of induced proteins seen on SDS-PAGE gels.IMPORTANCE Alkene MOs are of interest for their potential roles in industrial biocatalysis, most notably for the stereoselective synthesis of epoxides. Wild-type bacteria that grow on alkenes have high activities for alkene oxidation but are problematic for biocatalysis, since they tend to consume the epoxide products. Using recombinant biocatalysts is the obvious alternative, but a major bottleneck is the low activities of recombinant alkene MOs. Here, we provide new high-activity recombinant biocatalysts for alkene oxidation, and we provide insights into how to further improve these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria McCarl
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark V Somerville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mai-Anh Ly
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Henry
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elissa F Liew
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil L Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas V Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Seel CJ, Králík A, Hacker M, Frank A, König B, Gulder T. Atom-Economic Electron Donors for Photobiocatalytic Halogenations. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Julia Seel
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC); Technical University Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Antonín Králík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Melanie Hacker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Annika Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science; Technical University Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC); Technical University Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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12
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Woodley JM. Integrating protein engineering with process design for biocatalysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0062. [PMID: 29175837 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis uses enzymes for chemical synthesis and production, offering selective, safe and sustainable catalysis. While today the majority of applications are in the pharmaceutical sector, new opportunities are arising every day in other industry sectors, where production costs become a more important driver. In the early applications of the technology, it was necessary to design processes to match the properties of the biocatalyst. With the advent of protein engineering, organic chemists started to develop and improve enzymes to suit their needs. Likewise in industry, although not widespread, a new paradigm was already implemented several years ago to engineer enzymes to suit process needs. Today, a new era is entered, where the effectiveness with which such integrated protein and process engineering is achieved becomes critical to implementation. In this paper, the development of a tool to improve the effectiveness of this approach is discussed, namely the use of target-setting based on process requirements, to guide the necessary protein engineering.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Providing sustainable catalytic solutions for a rapidly changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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14
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Improved Biodegradation of Synthetic Azo Dye by Anionic Cross-Linking of Chloroperoxidase on ZnO/SiO 2 Nanocomposite Support. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1009-1023. [PMID: 28933034 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel ZnO nanowire/macroporous SiO2 composite was used as a support to immobilize chloroperoxidase (CPO) by in situ cross-linking method. An anionic bi-epoxy compound was synthesized and used as a long-chained anionic cross-linker, and it was adsorbed on the surface of ZnO nanowires through static interaction before reaction with CPO, creating a new approach to change the structure, property, and catalytic performance of the produced cross-linking enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of CPO. The immobilized CPO showed high activity in the decolorization of three azo dyes. The effect of various conditions such as the loading amount of CPO, solution pH, temperature, and dye concentration was optimized on the decolorization. Under optimized conditions, the decolorization percentage of Acid Blue 113, Direct Black 38, and Acid Black 10 BX reached as high as 95.4, 92.3, and 89.1%, respectively. The immobilized CPO exhibited much better thermostability and resistance to pH inactivation than free CPO. The storage stability and reusability were greatly improved through the immobilization. It was found from the decolorization of Acid Blue 113 that 83.6% of initial activity retained after incubation at 4 °C for 60 days and that 80.9% of decolorization efficiency retained after 12 cycles of reuses.
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15
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Kadisch M, Willrodt C, Hillen M, Bühler B, Schmid A. Maximizing the stability of metabolic engineering-derived whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kadisch
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Willrodt
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Hillen
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
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Schwizer F, Okamoto Y, Heinisch T, Gu Y, Pellizzoni MM, Lebrun V, Reuter R, Köhler V, Lewis JC, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzymes: Reaction Scope and Optimization Strategies. Chem Rev 2017; 118:142-231. [PMID: 28714313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a synthetic, catalytically competent metallocofactor into a protein scaffold to generate an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) has been explored since the late 1970's. Progress in the ensuing years was limited by the tools available for both organometallic synthesis and protein engineering. Advances in both of these areas, combined with increased appreciation of the potential benefits of combining attractive features of both homogeneous catalysis and enzymatic catalysis, led to a resurgence of interest in ArMs starting in the early 2000's. Perhaps the most intriguing of potential ArM properties is their ability to endow homogeneous catalysts with a genetic memory. Indeed, incorporating a homogeneous catalyst into a genetically encoded scaffold offers the opportunity to improve ArM performance by directed evolution. This capability could, in turn, lead to improvements in ArM efficiency similar to those obtained for natural enzymes, providing systems suitable for practical applications and greater insight into the role of second coordination sphere interactions in organometallic catalysis. Since its renaissance in the early 2000's, different aspects of artificial metalloenzymes have been extensively reviewed and highlighted. Our intent is to provide a comprehensive overview of all work in the field up to December 2016, organized according to reaction class. Because of the wide range of non-natural reactions catalyzed by ArMs, this was done using a functional-group transformation classification. The review begins with a summary of the proteins and the anchoring strategies used to date for the creation of ArMs, followed by a historical perspective. Then follows a summary of the reactions catalyzed by ArMs and a concluding critical outlook. This analysis allows for comparison of similar reactions catalyzed by ArMs constructed using different metallocofactor anchoring strategies, cofactors, protein scaffolds, and mutagenesis strategies. These data will be used to construct a searchable Web site on ArMs that will be updated regularly by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schwizer
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann Heinisch
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Gu
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michela M Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Lebrun
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three Actinobacteria Strains Presenting New Candidate Organisms with High Potentials for Specific P450 Cytochromes. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/28/e00532-17. [PMID: 28705965 PMCID: PMC5511904 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00532-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The three Actinobacteria strains Streptomyces platensis DSM 40041, Pseudonocardia autotrophica DSM 535, and Streptomyces fradiae DSM 40063 were described to selectively oxyfunctionalize several drugs. Here, we present their draft genomes to unravel their gene sets encoding promising cytochrome P450 monooxygenases associated with the generation of drug metabolites.
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Kadisch M, Julsing MK, Schrewe M, Jehmlich N, Scheer B, von Bergen M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Maximization of cell viability rather than biocatalyst activity improves whole-cell ω-oxyfunctionalization performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:874-884. [PMID: 27883174 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is a common misconception in whole-cell biocatalysis to refer to an enzyme as the biocatalyst, thereby neglecting the structural and metabolic framework provided by the cell. Here, the low whole-cell biocatalyst stability, that is, the stability of specific biocatalyst activity, in a process for the terminal oxyfunctionalization of renewable fatty acid methyl esters was investigated. This reaction, which is difficult to achieve by chemical means, is catalyzed by Escherichia coli featuring the monooxygenase system AlkBGT and the uptake facilitator AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. Corresponding products, that is, terminal alcohols, aldehydes, and acids, constitute versatile bifunctional building blocks, which are of special interest for polymer synthesis. It could clearly be shown that extensive dodecanoic acid methyl ester uptake mediated by high AlkL levels leads to whole-cell biocatalyst toxification. Thus, cell viability constitutes the primary factor limiting biocatalyst stability and, as a result, process durability. Hence, a compromise had to be found between low biocatalyst activity due to restricted substrate uptake and poor biocatalyst stability due to AlkL-mediated toxification. This was achieved by the fine-tuning of heterologous alkL expression, which, furthermore, enabled the identification of the alkBGT expression level as another critical factor determining biocatalyst stability. Controlled synthesis of AlkL and reduced alkBGT expression finally enabled an increase of product titers by a factor of 4.3 up to 229 g Lorg-1 in a two-liquid phase bioprocess setup. Clearly, ω-oxyfunctionalization process performance was determined by cell viability and thus biocatalyst stability rather than the maximally achievable specific biocatalyst activity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 874-884. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kadisch
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Manfred Schrewe
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Scheer
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Lindmeyer M, Jahn M, Vorpahl C, Müller S, Schmid A, Bühler B. Variability in subpopulation formation propagates into biocatalytic variability of engineered Pseudomonas putida strains. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1042. [PMID: 26483771 PMCID: PMC4589675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pivotal challenges in industrial biotechnology are the identification and overcoming of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in microbial processes. While the development of subpopulations of isogenic cells in bioprocesses is well described (intra-population variability), a possible variability between genetically identical cultures growing under macroscopically identical conditions (clonal variability) is not. A high such clonal variability has been found for the recombinant expression of the styrene monooxygenase genes styAB from Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 in solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E using the alk-regulatory system from P. putida GPo1. In this study, the oxygenase subunit StyA fused to eGFP was used as readout tool to characterize the population structure in P. putida DOT-T1E regarding recombinant protein content. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that in individual cultures, at least two subpopulations with highly differing recombinant StyA-eGFP protein contents appeared (intra-population variability). Interestingly, subpopulation sizes varied from culture-to-culture correlating with the specific styrene epoxidation activity of cells derived from respective cultures (clonal variability). In addition, flow cytometric cell sorting coupled to plasmid copy number (PCN) determination revealed that detected clonal variations cannot be correlated to the PCN, but depend on the combination of the regulatory system and the host strain employed. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first work reporting that intra-population variability (with differing protein contents in the presented case study) causes clonal variability of genetically identical cultures. Respective impacts on bioprocess reliability and performance and strategies to overcome respective reliability issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindmeyer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Jahn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department for Environmental Microbiology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Vorpahl
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department for Environmental Microbiology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department for Environmental Microbiology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University Dortmund, Germany ; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Solar Materials Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University Dortmund, Germany ; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Solar Materials Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Biocatalytic Performance of Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago Immobilized onto TiO2 Based Supports. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Holtmann D, Fraaije MW, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. The taming of oxygen: biocatalytic oxyfunctionalisations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13180-200. [PMID: 24902635 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and limitations of oxygenases as catalysts for preparative organic synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Volmer J, Schmid A, Bühler B. Guiding bioprocess design by microbial ecology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 25:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Enhancement of operational stability of chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago by immobilization onto mesoporous supports and the use of co-solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Lindmeyer M, Meyer D, Kuhn D, Bühler B, Schmid A. Making variability less variable: matching expression system and host for oxygenase-based biotransformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:851-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Variability in whole-cell biocatalyst performance represents a critical aspect for stable and productive bioprocessing. In order to investigate whether and how oxygenase-catalyzed reactions are affected by such variability issues in solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas, different inducers, expression systems, and host strains were tested for the reproducibility of xylene and styrene monooxygenase catalyzed hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions, respectively. Significantly higher activity variations were found for biocatalysts based on solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida DOT-TIE and S12 compared with solvent-sensitive P. putida KT2440, Escherichia coli JM101, and solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Specific styrene epoxidation rates corresponded to cellular styrene monooxygenase contents. Detected variations in activity strictly depended on the type of regulatory system employed, being high with the alk- and low with the lac-system. These results show that the occurrence of clonal variability in recombinant gene expression in Pseudomonas depends on the combination of regulatory system and host strain, does not correlate with a general phenotype such as solvent tolerance, and must be evaluated case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindmeyer
- grid.5675.1 0000000104169637 Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- grid.5675.1 0000000104169637 Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
- grid.5801.c 0000000121562780 Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zürich Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kuhn
- grid.5675.1 0000000104169637 Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
- grid.419481.1 0000 0001 1515 9979 ESBATech, a Novartis company Wagistrasse 12 8952 Zürich-Schlieren Switzerland
| | - Bruno Bühler
- grid.5675.1 0000000104169637 Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
- grid.7492.8 0000000404923830 Department Solar Materials Center for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH Permoser Strasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- grid.5675.1 0000000104169637 Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
- grid.7492.8 0000000404923830 Department Solar Materials Center for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH Permoser Strasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
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25
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Pereira PC, Arends IW, Sheldon RA. Optimizing the chloroperoxidase–glucose oxidase system: The effect of glucose oxidase on activity and enantioselectivity. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Coleman NV. Primers: Functional Genes for Aerobic Chlorinated Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microbes. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/8623_2015_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Minerdi D, Sadeghi SJ, Di Nardo G, Rua F, Castrignanò S, Allegra P, Gilardi G. CYP116B5: a new class VII catalytically self-sufficient cytochrome P450 from Acinetobacter radioresistens that enables growth on alkanes. Mol Microbiol 2014; 95:539-54. [PMID: 25425282 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A gene coding for a class VII cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP116B5) was identified from Acinetobacter radioresistens S13 growing on media with medium (C14, C16) and long (C24, C36) chain alkanes as the sole energy source. Phylogenetic analysis of its N- and C-terminal domains suggests an evolutionary model involving a plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer from the donor Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 to the receiving A. radioresistens S13. This event was followed by fusion and integration of the new gene in A. radioresistens chromosome. Heterologous expression of CYP116B5 in Escherichia coli BL21, together with the A. radioresistens Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, allowed the recombinant bacteria to grow on long- and medium-chain alkanes, showing that CYP116B5 is involved in the first step of terminal oxidation of medium-chain alkanes overlapping AlkB and in the first step of sub-terminal oxidation of long-chain alkanes. It was also demonstrated that CYP116B5 is a self-sufficient cytochrome P450 consisting of a heme domain (aa 1-392) involved in the oxidation step of n-alkanes degradation, and its reductase domain (aa 444-758) comprising the NADPH-, FMN- and [2Fe2S]-binding sites. To our knowledge, CYP116B5 is the first member of this class to have its natural substrate and function identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, 10123, Italy
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28
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Tataruch M, Heider J, Bryjak J, Nowak P, Knack D, Czerniak A, Liesiene J, Szaleniec M. Suitability of the hydrocarbon-hydroxylating molybdenum-enzyme ethylbenzene dehydrogenase for industrial chiral alcohol production. J Biotechnol 2014; 192 Pt B:400-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Lange K, Czarnotta E, Schmid A, Bühler B. Reaction and catalyst engineering to exploit kinetically controlled whole-cell multistep biocatalysis for terminal FAME oxyfunctionalization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1820-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Mattijs K. Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Kerstin Lange
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Eik Czarnotta
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; TU Dortmund University; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 Dortmund 44227 Germany
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Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Bühler B, Schmid A. Whole-cell biocatalysis for selective and productive C-O functional group introduction and modification. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:6346-77. [PMID: 23475180 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, biocatalysis became of increasing importance for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Regarding regio- and stereospecificity, enzymes have shown to be superior compared to traditional chemical synthesis approaches, especially in C-O functional group chemistry. Catalysts established on a process level are diverse and can be classified along a functional continuum starting with single-step biotransformations using isolated enzymes or microbial strains towards fermentative processes with recombinant microorganisms containing artificial synthetic pathways. The complex organization of respective enzymes combined with aspects such as cofactor dependency and low stability in isolated form often favors the use of whole cells over that of isolated enzymes. Based on an inventory of the large spectrum of biocatalytic C-O functional group chemistry, this review focuses on highlighting the potentials, limitations, and solutions offered by the application of self-regenerating microbial cells as biocatalysts. Different cellular functionalities are discussed in the light of their (possible) contribution to catalyst efficiency. The combined achievements in the areas of protein, genetic, metabolic, and reaction engineering enable the development of whole-cell biocatalysts as powerful tools in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Yara-Varón E, Eras J, Torres M, Villorbina G, Espart A, Canela-Garayoa R. Entrapment in polymeric material of resting cells of Aspergillus flavus with lipase activity. Application to the synthesis of ethyl laurate. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06318j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus flavus lipase activity was improved by entrapment in polymeric acrylates. Free and entrapped resting cells were used in both packed-bed and batch reactors to prepare natural ethyl laurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Yara-Varón
- Department of Chemistry
- ETSEA
- University of Lleida
- 25198-Lleida, Spain
| | - J. Eras
- Department of Chemistry
- ETSEA
- University of Lleida
- 25198-Lleida, Spain
| | - M. Torres
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- ETSEA
- University of Lleida
- 25198-Lleida, Spain
| | - G. Villorbina
- Department of Chemistry
- ETSEA
- University of Lleida
- 25198-Lleida, Spain
| | - A. Espart
- Department of Genetics
- University of Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Reconstitution of active mycobacterial binuclear iron monooxygenase complex in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6033-9. [PMID: 23892738 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01856-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial binuclear iron monooxygenases play numerous physiological roles in oxidative metabolism. Monooxygenases of this type found in actinomycetes also catalyze various useful reactions and have attracted much attention as oxidation biocatalysts. However, difficulties in expressing these multicomponent monooxygenases in heterologous hosts, particularly in Escherichia coli, have hampered the development of engineered oxidation biocatalysts. Here, we describe a strategy to functionally express the mycobacterial binuclear iron monooxygenase MimABCD in Escherichia coli. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the mimABCD gene expression in E. coli revealed that the oxygenase components MimA and MimC were insoluble. Furthermore, although the reductase MimB was expressed at a low level in the soluble fraction of E. coli cells, a band corresponding to the coupling protein MimD was not evident. This situation rendered the transformed E. coli cells inactive. We found that the following factors are important for functional expression of MimABCD in E. coli: coexpression of the specific chaperonin MimG, which caused MimA and MimC to be soluble in E. coli cells, and the optimization of the mimD nucleotide sequence, which led to efficient expression of this gene product. These two remedies enabled this multicomponent monooxygenase to be actively expressed in E. coli. The strategy described here should be generally applicable to the E. coli expression of other actinomycetous binuclear iron monooxygenases and related enzymes and will accelerate the development of engineered oxidation biocatalysts for industrial processes.
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Schrewe M, Ladkau N, Bühler B, Schmid A. Direct Terminal Alkylamino-FunctionalizationviaMultistep Biocatalysis in One Recombinant Whole-Cell Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cornelissen S, Julsing MK, Volmer J, Riechert O, Schmid A, Bühler B. Whole-cell-based CYP153A6-catalyzed (S)-limonene hydroxylation efficiency depends on host background and profits from monoterpene uptake via AlkL. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1282-92. [PMID: 23239244 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Living microbial cells are considered to be the catalyst of choice for selective terpene functionalization. However, such processes often suffer from side product formation and poor substrate mass transfer into cells. For the hydroxylation of (S)-limonene to (S)-perillyl alcohol by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (pGEc47ΔB)(pCom8-PFR1500), containing the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP153A6, the side products perillyl aldehyde and perillic acid constituted up to 26% of the total amount of oxidized terpenes. In this study, it is shown that the reaction rate is substrate-limited in the two-liquid phase system used and that host intrinsic dehydrogenases and not CYP153A6 are responsible for the formation of the undesired side products. In contrast to P. putida KT2440, E. coli W3110 was found to catalyze perillyl aldehyde reduction to the alcohol and no oxidation to the acid. Furthermore, E. coli W3110 harboring CYP153A6 showed high limonene hydroxylation activities (7.1 U g CDW-1). The outer membrane protein AlkL was found to enhance hydroxylation activities of E. coli twofold in aqueous single-phase and fivefold in two-liquid phase biotransformations. In the latter system, E. coli harboring CYP153A6 and AlkL produced up to 39.2 mmol (S)-perillyl alcohol L tot-1 within 26 h, whereas no perillic acid and minor amounts of perillyl aldehyde (8% of the total products) were formed. In conclusion, undesired perillyl alcohol oxidation was reduced by choosing E. coli's enzymatic background as a reaction environment and co-expression of the alkL gene in E. coli represents a promising strategy to enhance terpene bioconversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjef Cornelissen
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Rocha LC, de Souza AL, Rodrigues Filho UP, Campana Filho SP, Sette LD, Porto ALM. Immobilization of marine fungi on silica gel, silica xerogel and chitosan for biocatalytic reduction of ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Armstrong CT, Watkins DW, Anderson JLR. Constructing manmade enzymes for oxygen activation. Dalton Trans 2012; 42:3136-50. [PMID: 23076271 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural oxygenases catalyse the insertion of oxygen into an impressive array of organic substrates with exquisite efficiency, specificity and power unparalleled by current biomimetic catalysts. However, their true potential to provide tailor-made oxygenation catalysts remains largely untapped, perhaps a consequence of the evolutionary complexity imprinted into their three-dimensional structures through millennia of exposure to parallel selective pressures. In this perspective we describe how we may take inspiration from natural enzymes to design manmade oxygenase enzymes free from such complexity. We explore the differing chemistries accessed by natural oxygenases and outline a stepwise methodology whereby functional elements key to oxygenase catalysis are assembled within artificially designed protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Armstrong
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Production host selection for asymmetric styrene epoxidation: Escherichia coli vs. solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Selection of the ideal microbe is crucial for whole-cell biotransformations, especially if the target reaction intensively interacts with host cell functions. Asymmetric styrene epoxidation is an example of a reaction which is strongly dependent on the host cell owing to its requirement for efficient cofactor regeneration and stable expression of the styrene monooxygenase genes styAB. On the other hand, styrene epoxidation affects the whole-cell biocatalyst, because it involves toxic substrate and products besides the burden of additional (recombinant) enzyme synthesis. With the aim to compare two fundamentally different strain engineering strategies, asymmetric styrene epoxidation by StyAB was investigated using the engineered wild-type strain Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120ΔC, a styrene oxide isomerase (StyC) knockout strain able to accumulate (S)-styrene oxide, and recombinant E. coli JM101 carrying styAB on the plasmid pSPZ10. Their performance was analyzed during fed-batch cultivation in two-liquid phase biotransformations with respect to specific activity, volumetric productivity, product titer, tolerance of toxic substrate and products, by-product formation, and product yield on glucose. Thereby, Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120ΔC proved its great potential by tolerating high styrene oxide concentrations and by the absence of by-product formation. The E. coli-based catalyst, however, showed higher specific activities and better yields on glucose. The results not only show the importance but also the complexity of host cell selection and engineering. Finding the optimal strain engineering strategy requires profound understanding of bioprocess and biocatalyst operation. In this respect, a possible negative influence of solvent tolerance on yield and activity is discussed.
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Cheung S, McCarl V, Holmes AJ, Coleman NV, Rutledge PJ. Substrate range and enantioselectivity of epoxidation reactions mediated by the ethene-oxidising Mycobacterium strain NBB4. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1131-40. [PMID: 22410742 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium strain NBB4 is an ethene-oxidising micro-organism isolated from estuarine sediments. In pursuit of new systems for biocatalytic epoxidation, we report the capacity of strain NBB4 to convert a diverse range of alkene substrates to epoxides. A colorimetric assay based on 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine) has been developed to allow the rapid characterisation and quantification of biocatalytic epoxide synthesis. Using this assay, we have demonstrated that ethene-grown NBB4 cells epoxidise a wide range of alkenes, including terminal (propene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-decene), cyclic (cyclopentene, cyclohexene), aromatic (styrene, indene) and functionalised substrates (allyl alcohol, dihydropyran and isoprene). Apparent specific activities have been determined and range from 2.5 to 12.0 nmol min(-1) per milligram of cell protein. The enantioselectivity of epoxidation by Mycobacterium strain NBB4 has been established using styrene as a test substrate; (R)-styrene oxide is produced in enantiomeric excesses greater than 95%. Thus, the ethene monooxygenase of Mycobacterium NBB4 has a broad substrate range and promising enantioselectivity, confirming its potential as a biocatalyst for alkene epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cheung
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Julsing MK, Kuhn D, Schmid A, Bühler B. Resting cells of recombinant E. coli show high epoxidation yields on energy source and high sensitivity to product inhibition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1109-19. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kaki SS, Grey C, Adlercreutz P. Bioorganic synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of esters of natural phenolics and α-lipoic acid. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:344-9. [PMID: 22138637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of six esters of natural phenolics and α-lipoic acid was carried to produce novel compounds with potential bioactivity. The synthetic route was mild, simple, and efficient with satisfactory yields. The synthesized compounds were screened for antioxidant activities. The prepared derivatives exhibited very good antioxidant activities as determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and inhibition of lipid oxidation in fish oil emulsion system. Among the prepared derivatives, three compounds exhibited radical scavenging activity similar to the reference antioxidants, BHT and alpha-tocopherol in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, where as in fish oil emulsion system, two derivatives showed activity, which was similar to the reference antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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42
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Comparison of microbial hosts and expression systems for mammalian CYP1A1 catalysis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 39:275-87. [PMID: 21863302 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes are of special interest as biocatalysts for fine chemical and drug metabolite synthesis. In this study, the potential of different recombinant microorganisms expressing rat and human cyp1a1 genes is evaluated for such applications. The maximum specific activity for 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation and gene expression levels were used as parameters to judge biocatalyst performance. Under comparable conditions, E. coli is shown to be superior over the use of S. cerevisiae and P. putida as hosts for biocatalysis. Of all tested E. coli strains, E. coli DH5α and E. coli JM101 harboring rat CYP1A1 showed the highest activities (0.43 and 0.42 U g⁻¹(CDW), respectively). Detection of active CYP1A1 in cell-free E. coli extracts was found to be difficult and only for E. coli DH5α, expression levels could be determined (41 nmol g⁻¹(CDW)). The presented results show that efficient expression of mammalian cyp1a1 genes in recombinant microorganisms is troublesome and host-dependent and that enhancing expression levels is crucial in order to obtain more efficient biocatalysts. Specific activities currently obtained are not sufficient yet for fine chemical production, but are sufficient for preparative-scale drug metabolite synthesis.
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Coleman NV, Yau S, Wilson NL, Nolan LM, Migocki MD, Ly MA, Crossett B, Holmes AJ. Untangling the multiple monooxygenases of Mycobacterium chubuense strain NBB4, a versatile hydrocarbon degrader. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:297-307. [PMID: 23761275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium strain NBB4 was isolated on ethene as part of a bioprospecting study searching for novel monooxygenase (MO) enzymes of interest to biocatalysis and bioremediation. Previous work indicated that strain NBB4 contained an unprecedented diversity of MO genes, and we hypothesized that each MO type would support growth on a distinct hydrocarbon substrate. Here, we attempted to untangle the relationships between MO types and hydrocarbon substrates. Strain NBB4 was shown to grow on C2 -C4 alkenes and C2 -C16 alkanes. Complete gene clusters encoding six different monooxygenases were recovered from a fosmid library, including homologues of ethene MO (etnABCD), propene MO (pmoABCD), propane MO (smoABCD), butane MO (smoXYB1C1Z), cytochrome P450 (CYP153; fdx-cyp-fdr) and alkB (alkB-rubA1-rubA2). Catabolic enzymes involved in ethene assimilation (EtnA, EtnC, EtnD, EtnE) and alkane assimilation (alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases) were identified by proteomics, and we showed for the first time that stress response proteins (catalase/peroxidase, chaperonins) were induced by growth on C2 -C5 alkanes and ethene. Surprisingly, none of the identified MO genes could be specifically associated with oxidation of small alkanes, and thus the nature of the gaseous alkane MO in NBB4 remains mysterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Coleman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Building G08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Cell physiology rather than enzyme kinetics can determine the efficiency of cytochrome P450-catalyzed C–H-oxyfunctionalization. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:1359-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zilly FE, Acevedo JP, Augustyniak W, Deege A, Häusig UW, Reetz MT. Tuning a P450 Enzyme for Methane Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2720-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E. Zilly
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Juan P. Acevedo
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Wojciech Augustyniak
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Alfred Deege
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Ulrich W. Häusig
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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Zilly FE, Acevedo JP, Augustyniak W, Deege A, Häusig UW, Reetz MT. Tuning a P450 Enzyme for Methane Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E. Zilly
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Juan P. Acevedo
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Wojciech Augustyniak
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Alfred Deege
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Ulrich W. Häusig
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Sheldon
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and CLEA Technolgies, Delftechpark 134, 2628 XH Delft, The Netherlands
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Ütkür FÖ, Gaykawad S, Bühler B, Schmid A. Regioselective aromatic hydroxylation of quinaldine by water using quinaldine 4-oxidase in recombinant Pseudomonas putida. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:1067-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Whole-cell biocatalysis utilizes native or recombinant enzymes produced by cellular metabolism to perform synthetically interesting reactions. Besides hydrolases, oxidoreductases represent the most applied enzyme class in industry. Oxidoreductases are attributed a high future potential, especially for applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as they enable highly interesting chemistry (e.g., the selective oxyfunctionalization of unactivated C-H bonds). Redox reactions are characterized by electron transfer steps that often depend on redox cofactors as additional substrates. Their regeneration typically is accomplished via the metabolism of whole-cell catalysts. Traditionally, studies towards productive redox biocatalysis focused on the biocatalytic enzyme, its activity, selectivity, and specificity, and several successful examples of such processes are running commercially. However, redox cofactor regeneration by host metabolism was hardly considered for the optimization of biocatalytic rate, yield, and/or titer. This article reviews molecular mechanisms of oxidoreductases with synthetic potential and the host redox metabolism that fuels biocatalytic reactions with redox equivalents. The tools discussed in this review for investigating redox metabolism provide the basis for studies aiming at a deeper understanding of the interplay between synthetically active enzymes and metabolic networks. The ultimate goal of rational whole-cell biocatalyst engineering and use for fine chemical production is discussed.
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