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Bazzano MV, Köninger A, Solano ME. Beyond defence: Immune architects of ovarian health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:11. [PMID: 39134914 PMCID: PMC11319434 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the individual's reproductive period of life the ovary undergoes continues changes, including cyclic processes of cell death, tissue regeneration, proliferation, and vascularization. Tissue-resident leucocytes particularly macrophages, play a crucial role in shaping ovarian function and maintaining homeostasis. Macrophages crucially promote angiogenesis in the follicles and corpora lutea, thereby supporting steroidogenesis. Recent research on macrophage origins and early tissue seeding has unveiled significant insights into their role in early organogenesis, e.g. in the testis. Here, we review evidence about the prenatal ovarian seeding of leucocytes, primarily macrophages with angiogenic profiles, and its connection to gametogenesis. In the prenatal ovary, germ cells proliferate, form cysts, and undergo changes that, following waves of apoptosis, give rice to the oocytes contained in primordial follicles. These follicles constitute the ovarian reserve that lasts throughout the female's reproductive life. Simultaneously, yolk-sac-derived primitive macrophages colonizing the early ovary are gradually replaced or outnumbered by monocyte-derived fetal macrophages. However, the cues indicating how macrophage colonization and follicle assembly are related are elusive. Macrophages may contribute to organogenesis by promoting early vasculogenesis. Whether macrophages contribute to ovarian lymphangiogenesis or innervation is still unknown. Ovarian organogenesis and gametogenesis are vulnerable to prenatal insults, potentially programming dysfunction in later life, as observed in polycystic ovary syndrome. Experimental and, more sparsely, epidemiological evidence suggest that adverse stimuli during pregnancy can program defective folliculogenesis or a diminished follicle reserve in the offspring. While the ovary is highly sensitive to inflammation, the involvement of local immune responses in programming ovarian health and disease remains to be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Bazzano
- Laboratory of Translational Perinatology, University of Regensburg, Biopark 1-3, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angela Köninger
- University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinic St. Hedwig of The Order of St. John, University of Regensburg, Steinmetzstr. 1-3, D-93049, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Emilia Solano
- Laboratory of Translational Perinatology, University of Regensburg, Biopark 1-3, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Rodriguez-Zas SL, Nowak RA, Antonson AM, Rund L, Bhamidi S, Gomez AN, Southey BR, Johnson RW. Immune and metabolic challenges induce changes in pain sensation and related pathways in the hypothalamus. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:343-359. [PMID: 38189117 PMCID: PMC11283907 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic molecular processes participate in the regulation of the neuro-immune-endocrine system, including hormone, metabolite, chemokine circulation, and corresponding physiological and behavioral responses. RNA-sequencing profiles were analyzed to understand the effect of juvenile immune and metabolic distress 100 days after virally elicited maternal immune activation during gestation in pigs. Over 1,300 genes exhibited significant additive or interacting effects of gestational immune activation, juvenile distress, and sex. One-third of these genes presented multiple effects, emphasizing the complex interplay of these factors. Key functional categories enriched among affected genes included sensory perception of pain, steroidogenesis, prolactin, neuropeptide, and inflammatory signaling. These categories underscore the intricate relationship between gestational immune activation during gestation, distress, and the response of hypothalamic pathways to insults. These effects were sex-dependent for many genes, such as Prdm12, Oprd1, Isg20, Prl, Oxt, and Vip. The prevalence of differentially expressed genes annotated to proinflammatory and cell cycle processes suggests potential implications for synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. The gene profiles affected by immune activation, distress, and sex pointed to the action of transcription factors SHOX2, STAT1, and REST. These findings underscore the importance of considering sex and postnatal challenges when studying causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and highlight the complexity of the "two-hit" hypothesis in understanding their etiology. Our study furthers the understanding of the intricate molecular responses in the hypothalamus to gestational immune activation and subsequent distress, shedding light on the sex-specific effects and the potential long-lasting consequences on pain perception, neuroendocrine regulation, and inflammatory processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The interaction of infection during gestation and insults later in life influences the molecular mechanisms in the hypothalamus that participate in pain sensation. The response of the hypothalamic transcriptome varies between sexes and can also affect synapses and immune signals. The findings from this study assist in the identification of agonists or antagonists that can guide pretranslational studies to ameliorate the effects of gestational insults interacting with postnatal challenges on physiological or behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Adrienne M Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Laurie Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Sreelaya Bhamidi
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrea N Gomez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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Sharova V, Ignatiuk V, Izvolskaia M, Zakharova L. Disruption of Intranasal GnRH Neuronal Migration Route into the Brain Induced by Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-6: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15983. [PMID: 37958965 PMCID: PMC10648422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation results in altered levels of cytokines in the maternal-fetal system, which has a negative impact on fetal development, including the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system, which is crucial for the reproduction. Suppression of GnRH-neuron migration may be associated with cytokine imbalances, and primarily with proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6. This study aimed to determine the effects of IL-6 and monoclonal antibody to IL-6 or IL-6R or polyclonal IgG on the formation of migration route of GnRH-neurons in ex vivo and in vivo rodent models on day 11.5 of embryonic development. The increased level of IL-6 in mouse nasal explants suppressed peripherin-positive fiber outgrowth, while this led to an increase in the number of GnRH-neurons in the nose and olfactory bulbs and a decrease in their number in the fetal brain. This effect is likely to be realized via IL-6 receptors along the olfactory nerves. The suppressive effect of IL-6 was diminished by monoclonal antibodies to IL-6 or its receptors and by IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Sharova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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De Laurentiis A, Correa F, Fernández-Solari J. Endocannabinoid system in the neuroendocrine response to LPS-induced immune challenge. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac120. [PMID: 36042978 PMCID: PMC9419496 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in the intersection of the nervous, endocrine, and immune system, regulating not only their functions but also how they interplay with each other. Endogenous ligands, named endocannabinoids, are produced “on demand” to finely regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as to regulate the production of cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators.
It is well known that immune challenges, such as exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the Gram-negative bacteria cell wall, disrupts not only the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but also affects other endocrine systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. Here we explore which actors and molecular mechanisms are involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Laurentiis
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA/CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA/CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Argentina
| | - Javier Fernández-Solari
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Argentina
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Bao M, Hofsink N, Plösch T. LPS vs. Poly I:C Model: Comparison of Long-Term Effects of Bacterial and Viral Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) on the Offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 322:R99-R111. [PMID: 34874190 PMCID: PMC8782664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00087.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A prominent health issue nowadays is the COVID-19 pandemic, which poses acute risks to human health. However, the long-term health consequences are largely unknown and cannot be neglected. An especially vulnerable period for infection is pregnancy, when infections could have long-term health effect on the child. Evidence suggests that maternal immune activation (MIA) induced by either bacteria or viruses presents various effects on the offspring, leading to adverse phenotypes in many organ systems. This review compares the mechanisms of bacterial and viral MIA and the possible long-term outcomes for the offspring by summarizing the outcome in animal LPS and Poly I:C models. Both models are activated immune responses mediated by Toll-like receptors. The outcomes for MIA offspring include neurodevelopment, immune response, circulation, metabolism, and reproduction. Some of these changes continue to exist until later life. Besides different doses and batches of LPS and Poly I:C, the injection day, administration route, and also different animal species influence the outcomes. Here, we specifically aim to support colleagues when choosing their animal models for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Hofsink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Perinatal Neurobiology, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Izvolskaia M, Sharova V, Zakharova L. Perinatal Inflammation Reprograms Neuroendocrine, Immune, and Reproductive Functions: Profile of Cytokine Biomarkers. Inflammation 2021; 43:1175-1183. [PMID: 32279161 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral and bacterial infections causing systemic inflammation are significant risk factors for developing body. Inflammatory processes can alter physiological levels of regulatory factors and interfere with developmental mechanisms. The brain is the main target for the negative impact of inflammatory products during critical ontogenetic periods. Subsequently, the risks of various neuropsychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, schizophrenia, and depression are increased in the offspring. Inflammation-induced physiological disturbances can cause immune and behavioral disorders, reproductive deficiencies, and infertility. The influence of maternal immune stress is mediated by the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, leukemia-inhibiting factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in the maternal-fetal system. The increasing number of patients with neuronal and reproductive disorders substantiates the identification of biomarkers for these disorders targeted at their therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Izvolskaia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Viktoriya Sharova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Zakharova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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Zakharova L, Sharova V, Izvolskaia M. Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010114. [PMID: 33374337 PMCID: PMC7795970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different aspects of the reciprocal regulatory influence on the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing- and immune systems in the perinatal ontogenesis and their functioning in adults in normal and pathological conditions are discussed. The influence of GnRH on the development of the immune system, on the one hand, and the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, on the other hand, and their functioning in adult offspring are analyzed. We have focused on the effects of GnRH on the formation and functional activity of the thymus, as the central organ of the immune system, in the perinatal period. The main mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of these systems are discussed. The reproductive health of an individual is programmed by the establishment and development of physiological systems during critical periods. Regulatory epigenetic mechanisms of development are not strictly genetically controlled. These processes are characterized by a high sensitivity to various regulatory factors, which provides possible corrections for disorders.
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Peripubertal stress following maternal immune activation sex-dependently alters depression-like behaviors in offspring. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gupta P, Mohanty B. Atypical antipsychotic drug modulates early life infection induced impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: An age related study in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 872:172978. [PMID: 32014487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidences from human and animal studies indicate that exposure to infection during early life act as a stressor to impair the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and may be one of the contributing factors of mental illness of later life. Several atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) proved to be effective in alleviating psychiatric illness through normalization of HPA axis. However, AAPD are least tried to evaluate their efficacy in modulation of HPA axis impaired under infection. The present study elucidated that the treatment with AAPD paliperidone (PAL: 0.025 mg/kg/bw and 0.05 mg/kg/bw) during periadolescence period (postnatal day 35- postnatal day 56) dose-dependently normalized the HPA axis of the female mice who were gestationally (gestational day 15 and 17) exposed to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 800 μg/kg/bw; intraperitoneally). The effectiveness of PAL treatment in counteracting the LPS induced hyperactivity of HPA axis was age-related, better observed at postnatal day 120 than at postnatal day 200. The PAL modulation of HPA axis reflected at different levels: inhibition of hypothalamic CRF expression and reduction in plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone. Histopathological alterations such as hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia in cortical zona fasciculata as well as medullary chromaffin cells of adrenal also normalized on PAL treatment. The comparatively long wash out period after drug treatment (postnatal day 57- postnatal day 200) along with age related hormonal imbalance could be correlated to less effectiveness of PAL on HPA axis at postnatal day 200. PAL modulation of HPA axis might be through maintenance of cytokines and reproductive axis homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Banalata Mohanty
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India.
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Izvolskaia M, Sharova V, Zakharova L. Prenatal Programming of Neuroendocrine System Development by Lipopolysaccharide: Long-Term Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113695. [PMID: 30469423 PMCID: PMC6274672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stress factors during critical periods of fetal development modulate the epigenetic mechanisms controlling specific genes, which can affect the structure and function of physiological systems. Maternal immune stress by bacterial infection simulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an experiment is considered to be a powerful programming factor of fetal development. Studies of the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation and functioning of physiological systems are in the pilot stage. LPSs are the most potent natural inflammation factors. LPS-induced increases in fetal levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can affect brain development and have long-term effects on behavior and neuroendocrine functions. The degradation of serotonergic neurons induced by LPS in the fetus is attributed to the increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) as well as to anxiety and depression in children. Dopamine deficiency causes dysthymia, learning disability, and Parkinson’s disease. According to our data, an LPS-induced increase in the levels of IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in maternal and fetal rats during early pregnancy disturbs the development and functioning of gonadotropin-releasing hormone production and reproductive systems. It is important to note the high responsiveness of epigenetic developmental mechanisms to many regulatory factors, which offers opportunities to correct the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Izvolskaia
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Viktoria Sharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Zakharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
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