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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Containing Composites for Biomedical Applications: Formulations, Properties, and Applications. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2024; 8:218. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs8060218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a wide range of hybrid formulations and composites containing calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) that are suitable for use in biomedical applications and currently on the market. The bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive properties of various CaPO4-based formulations make them valuable in the rapidly developing field of biomedical research, both in vitro and in vivo. Due to the brittleness of CaPO4, it is essential to combine the desired osteologic properties of ceramic CaPO4 with those of other compounds to create novel, multifunctional bone graft biomaterials. Consequently, this analysis offers a thorough overview of the hybrid formulations and CaPO4-based composites that are currently known. To do this, a comprehensive search of the literature on the subject was carried out in all significant databases to extract pertinent papers. There have been many formulations found with different material compositions, production methods, structural and bioactive features, and in vitro and in vivo properties. When these formulations contain additional biofunctional ingredients, such as drugs, proteins, enzymes, or antibacterial agents, they offer improved biomedical applications. Moreover, a lot of these formulations allow cell loading and promote the development of smart formulations based on CaPO4. This evaluation also discusses basic problems and scientific difficulties that call for more investigation and advancements. It also indicates perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Dorozhkin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Abdulaziz D, Anastasiou AD, Panagiotopoulou V, Raif EM, Giannoudis PV, Jha A. Physiologically engineered porous titanium/brushite scaffolds for critical-size bone defects: A design and manufacturing study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 148:106223. [PMID: 37976684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Repairing critical-size bone defects still represents a critical clinical challenge in the field of trauma surgery. This study focuses on a physiological design and manufacturing of porous composite scaffold (titanium Ti with 10 % mole iron doped brushite DCPD-Fe3+) which can mimic the biomechanical properties of natural cortical bone, specifically for the purpose of repairing critical-size defects. To achieve this, the principle of design of experiments (DOE) was applied for investigating the impact of sintering temperature, mineral ratio, and volume fraction of porosity on the mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds. The fabricated scaffolds had open porosity up to 60 %, with pore size approximately between 100 μm and 850 μm. The stiffness of the porous composite scaffolds varied between 3.30 GPa and 20.50 GPa, while the compressive strength ranged from approximately 130 MPa-165 MPa at sintering temperatures equal to or exceeding 1000 °C. Scaffolds with higher porosity and mineral content demonstrated lower stiffness values, resembling natural bone. Numerical simulation was employed by Ansys Workbench to investigate the stress and strain distribution of a critical size defect in mid-shaft femur which was designed to be replaced with the fabricated scaffold. The fabricated scaffolds showed flexible biomechanical behaviour at the bone/scaffold interface, generating lower stress levels and indicating a better match with the femoral shaft stiffness. The experimental and numerical findings demonstrated promising applications for manufacturing a patient-specific bone scaffold for critical and potentially large defects for reducing stress shielding and minimizing non-union risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Abdulaziz
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Antonios D Anastasiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 3AL, UK
| | | | - El Mostafa Raif
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Animesh Jha
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Height-to-Diameter Ratio and Porosity Strongly Influence Bulk Compressive Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polymer Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225017. [PMID: 36433144 PMCID: PMC9693008 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the architectural design parameters of 3D-printed polymer-based scaffolds-porosity, height-to-diameter (H/D) ratio and pore size-are significant determinants of their mechanical integrity, their impact has not been explicitly discussed when reporting bulk mechanical properties. Controlled architectures were designed by systematically varying porosity (30-75%, H/D ratio (0.5-2.0) and pore size (0.25-1.0 mm) and fabricated using fused filament fabrication technique. The influence of the three parameters on compressive mechanical properties-apparent elastic modulus Eapp, bulk yield stress σy and yield strain εy-were investigated through a multiple linear regression analysis. H/D ratio and porosity exhibited strong influence on the mechanical behavior, resulting in variations in mean Eapp of 60% and 95%, respectively. σy was comparatively less sensitive to H/D ratio over the range investigated in this study, with 15% variation in mean values. In contrast, porosity resulted in almost 100% variation in mean σy values. Pore size was not a significant factor for mechanical behavior, although it is a critical factor in the biological behavior of the scaffolds. Quantifying the influence of porosity, H/D ratio and pore size on bench-top tested bulk mechanical properties can help optimize the development of bone scaffolds from a biomechanical perspective.
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Shape fidelity, mechanical and biological performance of 3D printed polycaprolactone-bioactive glass composite scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 134:112540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lee H, Liao JD, Guo YS, Juang YD. Biomimetic Design for a Dual Concentric Porous Titanium Scaffold with Appropriate Compressive Strength and Cells Affinity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3316. [PMID: 32722410 PMCID: PMC7435892 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In repairing or replacing damaged bones, a dual concentric porous titanium scaffold (P-Tix-y) has emerged as a promising bio-mimic design. Herein, various P-Tix-y were made and sintered with relatively dense (x = 10, 20, or 30% porosity) and loose (y = 45, 55, or 65 porosity) structures. Firstly, NaCl was used as the pore-forming additive and followed by a hydrothermal removal method. The compressive strength of the as-formed P-Tix_y and surface morphology, nanomechanical property, and cells' affinity on the cross-sectioned surface of P-Tix_y (CP-Tix_y) were then characterized. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength of P-Ti10_45, P-Ti20_45, or P-Ti20_55 exhibits a relatively mild decline (e.g., in the range of 181 and 97 MPa, higher than the required value of 70 MPa) and suitable porosities for the intended structure. Nano-hardness on the solid surface of CP-Tix_y shows roughly consistent with that of CP-Ti (i.e., ~8.78 GPa), thus, the porous structure of CP-Tix_y remains mostly unaffected by the addition of NaCl and subsequent sintering process. Most of the surfaces of CP-Tix_y exhibit high fibroblast (L929) cell affinity with low cell mortality. Notably, in the hFOB 1.19 cell adhesion and proliferation test, CP-Ti20_55 and CP-Ti20_65 reveal high cell viability, most probably relating with the assembly of dual porosities with interconnected pores. Overall, the sample P-Ti20_55 provides a relatively load-bearable design with high cell affinity and is thus promising as a three-dimensional bio-scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.L.); (Y.-S.G.)
| | - Jiunn-Der Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.L.); (Y.-S.G.)
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Sheng Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (H.L.); (Y.-S.G.)
| | - Yung-Der Juang
- Department of Materials Science, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
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Rahman M, Dutta NK, Roy Choudhury N. Magnesium Alloys With Tunable Interfaces as Bone Implant Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:564. [PMID: 32587850 PMCID: PMC7297987 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) based biodegradable materials are a new generation orthopedic implant materials that are intended to possess same mechanical properties as that of bone. Mg alloys are considered as promising substitutes to permanent implants due to their biodegradability in the physiological environment. However, rapid corrosion rate is one of the major constraints of using Mg alloys in clinical applications in spite of their excellent biocompatibility. Approaches to overcome the limitations include the selection of adequate alloying elements, proper surface treatment, surface modification with coating to control the degradation rate. This review focuses on current advances on surface engineering of Mg based biomaterials for biomedical applications. The review begins with a description of corrosion mechanism of Mg alloy, the requirement for appropriate surface functionalization/coatings, their structure-property-performance relationship, and suitability for biomedical applications. The control of physico-chemical properties such as wettability, surface morphology, surface chemistry, and surface functional groups of the coating tailored by various approaches forms the pivotal part of the review. Chemical surface treatment offers initial protection from corrosion and inorganic coating like hydroxyapatite (HA) improves the biocompatibility of the substrate. Considering the demand of ideal implant materials, multilayer hybrid coatings on Mg alloy in combination with chemical pretreatment or inorganic HA coating, and protein-based polymer coating could be a promising technique to improve corrosion resistance and promote biocompatibility of Mg-based alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Markides H, McLaren JS, Telling ND, Alom N, Al-Mutheffer EA, Oreffo ROC, Zannettino A, Scammell BE, White LJ, El Haj AJ. Translation of remote control regenerative technologies for bone repair. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:9. [PMID: 29675269 PMCID: PMC5904134 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of biomechanical stimuli, or mechanotransduction, in normal bone homeostasis and repair is understood to facilitate effective osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. Mechanotransduction has been integrated into a multitude of in vitro bone tissue engineering strategies and provides an effective means of controlling cell behaviour towards therapeutic outcomes. However, the delivery of mechanical stimuli to exogenous MSC populations, post implantation, poses a significant translational hurdle. Here, we describe an innovative bio-magnetic strategy, MICA, where magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used to remotely deliver mechanical stimuli to the mechano-receptor, TREK-1, resulting in activation and downstream signalling via an external magnetic array. In these studies, we have translated MICA to a pre-clinical ovine model of bone injury to evaluate functional bone repair. We describe the development of a magnetic array capable of in vivo MNP manipulation and subsequent osteogenesis at equivalent field strengths in vitro. We further demonstrate that the viability of MICA-activated MSCs in vivo is unaffected 48 h post implantation. We present evidence to support early accelerated repair and preliminary enhanced bone growth in MICA-activated defects within individuals compared to internal controls. The variability in donor responses to MICA-activation was evaluated in vitro revealing that donors with poor osteogenic potential were most improved by MICA-activation. Our results demonstrate a clear relationship between responders to MICA in vitro and in vivo. These unique experiments offer exciting clinical applications for cell-based therapies as a practical in vivo source of dynamic loading, in real-time, in the absence of pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareklea Markides
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB UK
| | - Jane S. McLaren
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Neil D. Telling
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB UK
| | - Noura Alom
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Andrew Zannettino
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Brigitte E. Scammell
- Academic Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Lisa J. White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB UK
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Gao C, Li C, Wang C, Qin Y, Wang Z, Yang F, Liu H, Chang F, Wang J. Advances in the induction of osteogenesis by zinc surface modification based on titanium alloy substrates for medical implants. JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS 2017; 726:1072-1084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
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Ramos-Infante SJ, Pérez MA. In vitro and in silico characterization of open-cell structures of trabecular bone. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:1562-1570. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1390086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Ramos-Infante
- M2BE-Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. A. Pérez
- M2BE-Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
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Heljak MK, Kurzydlowski KJ, Swieszkowski W. Computer aided design of architecture of degradable tissue engineering scaffolds. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:1623-1632. [PMID: 29106807 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1399263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One important factor affecting the process of tissue regeneration is scaffold stiffness loss, which should be properly balanced with the rate of tissue regeneration. The aim of the research reported here was to develop a computer tool for designing the architecture of biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by melt-dissolution deposition systems (e.g. Fused Deposition Modeling) to provide the required scaffold stiffness at each stage of degradation/regeneration. The original idea presented in the paper is that the stiffness of a tissue engineering scaffold can be controlled during degradation by means of a proper selection of the diameter of the constituent fibers and the distances between them. This idea is based on the size-effect on degradation of aliphatic polyesters. The presented computer tool combines a genetic algorithm and a diffusion-reaction model of polymer hydrolytic degradation. In particular, we show how to design the architecture of scaffolds made of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) with the required Young's modulus change during hydrolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Heljak
- a Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - K J Kurzydlowski
- a Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - W Swieszkowski
- a Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
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Kuznetsova DS, Timashev PS, Dudenkova VV, Meleshina AV, Antonov EA, Krotova LI, Popov VK, Bagratashvili VN, Zagaynova EV. Comparative Analysis of Proliferation and Viability of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in 3D Scaffolds with Different Architectonics. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:535-41. [PMID: 26899843 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3D biodegradable materials (scaffolds) containing bioactive hydroxyapatite molecules fabricated by foaming in supercritical carbon dioxide and by selective laser sintering were used for culturing of mesenchymal stromal cells from the human adipose tissue. Experiments showed that stromal cells from the human adipose tissue adhered and proliferated on all studied types of structures. Addition of hyproxyapatite to the scaffold stimulated proliferation of stromal adipose tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kuznetsova
- N. I. Lobachevskii Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. .,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - P S Timashev
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Dudenkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A V Meleshina
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E A Antonov
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L I Krotova
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V K Popov
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Bagratashvili
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Zagaynova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Damaraju S, Matyas JR, Rancourt DE, Duncan NA. The effect of mechanical stimulation on mineralization in differentiating osteoblasts in collagen-I scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:3142-53. [PMID: 24851936 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a viable and functional bone scaffold in vitro that is capable of surviving and bearing mechanical load in vivo requires an understanding of the cell biology of osteoprogenitor cells, particularly how they are influenced by mechanical stimulation during cell differentiation and maturation. In this study, mechanical load was applied using a modified FlexCell plate to impart confined compression to collagen-I scaffolds seeded with undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells. The activity, presence, and expression of osteoblast-cadherin (OB-Cad) and connexin-43, as well as various pluripotent and osteogenic markers were examined at 5-30 days of differentiation as cells were stimulated to differentiate to osteoblasts with and without applied mechanical load. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, immunofluorescence, viability, von Kossa, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments revealed that mechanical prestimulation of this cell-seeded scaffold altered the expression of OB-Cad and connexin-43 and resulted in significant differences in the structure and organization of mineralization present in the collagen matrix. Specifically, cells in gels that were loaded for 40 h after 5 days of differentiation and then left to fully differentiate for 30 days produced a highly structured honeycomb-shaped mineralization in the matrix; an outcome that was previously shown to be indicative of late osteoblast/early osteocyte activity. This study highlights the potential of mechanical load to accelerate differentiation and enhance osteoblast communication and function during the differentiation process, and highlights a time point of cell differentiation within this scaffold to apply load in order to most effectively transduce a mechanical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Damaraju
- 1 Biomedical Engineering Program, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium Orthophosphate-Containing Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:708-832. [PMID: 26262645 PMCID: PMC4598679 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The state-of-the-art on calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-containing biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials suitable for biomedical applications is presented. Since these types of biomaterials offer many significant and exciting possibilities for hard tissue regeneration, this subject belongs to a rapidly expanding area of biomedical research. Through the successful combinations of the desired properties of matrix materials with those of fillers (in such systems, CaPO4 might play either role), innovative bone graft biomaterials can be designed. Various types of CaPO4-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials those are either already in use or being investigated for biomedical applications are extensively discussed. Many different formulations in terms of the material constituents, fabrication technologies, structural and bioactive properties, as well as both in vitro and in vivo characteristics have been already proposed. Among the others, the nano-structurally controlled biocomposites, those containing nanodimensional compounds, biomimetically fabricated formulations with collagen, chitin and/or gelatin, as well as various functionally graded structures seem to be the most promising candidates for clinical applications. The specific advantages of using CaPO4-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials in the selected applications are highlighted. As the way from a laboratory to a hospital is a long one and the prospective biomedical candidates have to meet many different necessities, the critical issues and scientific challenges that require further research and development are also examined.
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Pioletti DP. Integration of mechanotransduction concepts in bone tissue engineering. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 16:1050-5. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.780602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP. Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 40:363-408. [PMID: 23339648 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v40.i5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1334] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current state of this field. Further, we review the recent advances of biomaterial and cell-based research, as well as approaches used to enhance bone regeneration. Specifically, we discuss widely investigated biomaterial scaffolds, micro- and nano-structural properties of these scaffolds, and the incorporation of biomimetic properties and/or growth factors. In addition, we examine various cellular approaches, including the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and their clinical application strengths and limitations. We conclude by overviewing the challenges that face the bone tissue engineering field, such as the lack of sufficient vascularization at the defect site, and the research aimed at functional bone tissue engineering. These challenges will drive future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami R Amini
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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16
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Roshan-Ghias A, Terrier A, Jolles B, Pioletti D. Translation of biomechanical concepts in bone tissue engineering: from animal study to revision knee arthroplasty. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012; 17:845-52. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2012.719607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Roshan-Ghias A, Lambers FM, Gholam-Rezaee M, Müller R, Pioletti DP. In vivo loading increases mechanical properties of scaffold by affecting bone formation and bone resorption rates. Bone 2011; 49:1357-64. [PMID: 21958844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A successful bone tissue engineering strategy entails producing bone-scaffold constructs with adequate mechanical properties. Apart from the mechanical properties of the scaffold itself, the forming bone inside the scaffold also adds to the strength of the construct. In this study, we investigated the role of in vivo cyclic loading on mechanical properties of a bone scaffold. We implanted PLA/β-TCP scaffolds in the distal femur of six rats, applied external cyclic loading on the right leg, and kept the left leg as a control. We monitored bone formation at 7 time points over 35 weeks using time-lapsed micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging. The images were then used to construct micro-finite element models of bone-scaffold constructs, with which we estimated the stiffness for each sample at all time points. We found that loading increased the stiffness by 60% at 35 weeks. The increase of stiffness was correlated to an increase in bone volume fraction of 18% in the loaded scaffold compared to control scaffold. These changes in volume fraction and related stiffness in the bone scaffold are regulated by two independent processes, bone formation and bone resorption. Using time-lapsed micro-CT imaging and a newly-developed longitudinal image registration technique, we observed that mechanical stimulation increases the bone formation rate during 4-10 weeks, and decreases the bone resorption rate during 9-18 weeks post-operatively. For the first time, we report that in vivo cyclic loading increases mechanical properties of the scaffold by increasing the bone formation rate and decreasing the bone resorption rate.
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van der Pol U, Mathieu L, Zeiter S, Bourban PE, Zambelli PY, Pearce S, Bouré L, Pioletti D. Augmentation of bone defect healing using a new biocomposite scaffold: an in vivo study in sheep. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3755-62. [PMID: 20346421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies support resorbable biocomposites made of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) produced by supercritical gas foaming as a suitable scaffold for tissue engineering. The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties of such a scaffold in a large animal cancellous bone model. The biocomposite (PLA/TCP) was compared with a currently used beta-TCP bone substitute (ChronOS, Dr. Robert Mathys Foundation), representing a positive control, and empty defects, representing a negative control. Ten defects were created in sheep cancellous bone, three in the distal femur and two in the proximal tibia of each hind limb, with diameters of 5 mm and depths of 15 mm. New bone in-growth (osteoconductivity) and biocompatibility were evaluated using microcomputed tomography and histology at 2, 4 and 12 months after surgery. The in vivo study was validated by the positive control (good bone formation with ChronOS) and the negative control (no healing with the empty defect). A major finding of this study was incorporation of the biocomposite in bone after 12 months. Bone in-growth was observed in the biocomposite scaffold, including its central part. Despite initial fibrous tissue formation observed at 2 and 4 months, but not at 12 months, this initial fibrous tissue does not preclude long-term application of the biocomposite, as demonstrated by its osteointegration after 12 months, as well as the absence of chronic or long-term inflammation at this time point.
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