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Sal-Sarria S, López-Taboada I, González-Pardo H, Conejo NM. A shift to a standard diet after exposure to a high-fat, high-sucrose diet from gestation to weaning restores brain metabolism and behavioral flexibility in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 467:115020. [PMID: 38679144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged consumption of diets high in saturated fat and sugar has been related to obesity and overweight, which in turn are linked to cognitive impairment in both humans and rodents. This has become a current issue, especially in children and adolescents, because these stages are crucial to neurodevelopmental processes and programming of adult behavior. To evaluate the effects of gestational and early exposure to an obesogenic diet, three groups with different dietary patterns were established: high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFS), standard diet (SD), and a dietary shift from a high-fat, high-sucrose diet to a standard diet after weaning (R). Spatial learning and behavioral flexibility in adult male and female Wistar rats were evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) at PND 60. Furthermore, regional brain oxidative metabolism was assessed in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Contrary to our hypothesis, the HFS diet groups showed similar performance on the spatial learning task as the other groups, although they showed impaired cognitive flexibility. The HFS group had increased brain metabolic capacity compared to that of animals fed the standard diet. Shifting from the HFS diet to the SD diet after weaning restored the brain metabolic capacity in both sexes to levels similar to those observed in animals fed the SD diet. In addition, animals in the R group performed similarly to those fed the SD diet in the Morris water maze in both tasks. However, dietary shift from HFS diet to standard diet after weaning had only moderate sex-dependent effects on body weight and fat distribution. In conclusion, switching from an HFS diet to a balanced diet after weaning would have beneficial effects on behavioral flexibility and brain metabolism, without significant sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Sal-Sarria
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Taboada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nélida M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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2
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Averina OV, Poluektova EU, Zorkina YA, Kovtun AS, Danilenko VN. Human Gut Microbiota for Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5782. [PMID: 38891970 PMCID: PMC11171505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, depressive disorder is spreading rapidly all over the world. Therefore, attention to the studies of the pathogenesis of the disease in order to find novel ways of early diagnosis and treatment is increasing among the scientific and medical communities. Special attention is drawn to a biomarker and therapeutic strategy through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It is known that the symbiotic interactions between the gut microbes and the host can affect mental health. The review analyzes the mechanisms and ways of action of the gut microbiota on the pathophysiology of depression. The possibility of using knowledge about the taxonomic composition and metabolic profile of the microbiota of patients with depression to select gene compositions (metagenomic signature) as biomarkers of the disease is evaluated. The use of in silico technologies (machine learning) for the diagnosis of depression based on the biomarkers of the gut microbiota is given. Alternative approaches to the treatment of depression are being considered by balancing the microbial composition through dietary modifications and the use of additives, namely probiotics, postbiotics (including vesicles) and prebiotics as psychobiotics, and fecal transplantation. The bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is under consideration as a promising new-generation probiotic and auxiliary diagnostic biomarker of depression. The analysis conducted in this review may be useful for clinical practice and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Averina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 119333 Moscow, Russia; (E.U.P.); (Y.A.Z.); (A.S.K.); (V.N.D.)
| | - Elena U. Poluektova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 119333 Moscow, Russia; (E.U.P.); (Y.A.Z.); (A.S.K.); (V.N.D.)
| | - Yana A. Zorkina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 119333 Moscow, Russia; (E.U.P.); (Y.A.Z.); (A.S.K.); (V.N.D.)
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kovtun
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 119333 Moscow, Russia; (E.U.P.); (Y.A.Z.); (A.S.K.); (V.N.D.)
| | - Valery N. Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 119333 Moscow, Russia; (E.U.P.); (Y.A.Z.); (A.S.K.); (V.N.D.)
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3
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Barakat GM, Ramadan W, Assi G, Khoury NBE. Satiety: a gut-brain-relationship. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:11. [PMID: 38368346 PMCID: PMC10874559 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Many hormones act on the hypothalamus to control hunger and satiety through various pathways closely associated with several factors. When food is present in the gastro intestinal (GI) tract, enteroendocrine cells (EECs) emit satiety signals such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), which can then communicate with the vagus nerve to control food intake. More specifically, satiety has been shown to be particularly affected by the GLP-1 hormone and its receptor agonists that have lately been acknowledged as a promising way to reduce weight. In addition, there is increasing evidence that normal flora is also involved in the peripheral, central, and reward system that impact satiety. Moreover, neurologic pathways control satiety through neurotransmitters. In this review, we discuss the different roles of each of the GLP-1 hormone and its agonist, gut microbiomes, as well as neurotransmitters and their interconnected relation in the regulation of body's satiety homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghinwa M Barakat
- Biological and Chemical Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Wiam Ramadan
- Biological and Chemical Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghaith Assi
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noura B El Khoury
- Psychology department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Balamand, Lebanon
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4
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McVey Neufeld SF, Ahn M, Kunze WA, McVey Neufeld KA. Adolescence, the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, and the Emergence of Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:310-318. [PMID: 37839790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Second only to early life, adolescence is a period of dramatic change and growth. For the developing young adult, this occurs against a backdrop of distinct environmental challenges and stressors. A significant body of work has identified an important role for the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in the development and function of the brain. Given that the MGB axis is both highly plastic during the teenage years and vulnerable to environmental stressors, more attention needs to be drawn to its potential role in the emergence of psychiatric illnesses, many of which first manifest during adolescence. Here, we review the current literature surrounding the developing microbiome, enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and brain during the adolescent period. We also examine preclinical and clinical research involving the MGB axis during this dynamic developmental window and argue that more research is needed to further understand the role of the MGB in the pathogenesis of brain disorders. Greater understanding of the adolescent MGB axis will open up the exciting potential for new microbial-based therapeutics for the treatment of these often-refractory psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Ahn
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Shi J, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Liao X, Chen J, Xie H, Liu J, Sun J, Chen S. Association Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke in Basal Ganglia Region. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2667. [PMID: 38004679 PMCID: PMC10673176 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have implied the potential impact of gut microbiota on acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but the relationships of gut microbiota with basal ganglia region infarction (BGRI) and the predictive power of gut microbiota in BGRI prognosis is unclear. The aim of this study was to ascertain characteristic taxa of BGRI patients with different functional outcomes and identify their predictive value. Fecal samples of 65 BGRI patients were collected at admission and analyzed with 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Three-month functional outcomes of BGRI were evaluated using modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and patients with mRS score of 0-1 were assigned to good-BGRI group while others were assigned to poor-BGRI group. We further identified characteristic microbiota using linear discriminant analysis effect size, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the predictive value of differential bacteria. According to the mRS score assessed after 3 months of stroke onset, 22 patients were assigned to poor-BGRI group, while 43 patients were assigned to good-BGRI group. Short chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, Romboutsia and Fusicatenibacter, were characteristic microbiota of the good-BGRI group, while pro-inflammatory taxa, Acetanaerobacterium, were characteristic microbiota of the poor-BGRI group. Furthermore, the differential bacteria showed extensive associations with clinical indices. ROC curves, separately plotted based on Romboutsia and Fusicatenibacter, achieved area under the curve values of 0.7193 and 0.6839, respectively. This study identified the efficient discriminative power of characteristic microbiota in BGRI patients with different outcomes and provided novel insights into the associations of gut microbiota with related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Yiting Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Qionglei Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Xiaolan Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Huijia Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (H.X.)
| | - Songfang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Kendig MD, Leigh S, Hasebe K, Kaakoush NO, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ. Obesogenic Diet Cycling Produces Graded Effects on Cognition and Microbiota Composition in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200809. [PMID: 37083181 PMCID: PMC10909530 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The effects of diet cycling on cognition and fecal microbiota are not well understood. METHOD AND RESULTS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were cycled between a high-fat, high-sugar "cafeteria" diet (Caf) and regular chow. The impairment in place recognition memory produced by 16 days of Caf diet was reduced by switching to chow for 11 but not 4 days. Next, rats received 16 days of Caf diet in 2, 4, 8, or 16-day cycles, each separated by 4-day chow cycles. Place recognition memory declined from baseline in all groups and was impaired in the 16- versus 2-day group. Finally, rats received 24 days of Caf diet continuously or in 3-day cycles separated by 2- or 4-day chow cycles. Any Caf diet access impaired cognition and increased adiposity relative to controls, without altering hippocampal gene expression. Place recognition and adiposity were the strongest predictors of global microbiota composition. Overall, diets with higher Caf > chow ratios produced greater spatial memory impairments and larger shifts in gut microbiota species richness and beta diversity. CONCLUSION Results suggest that diet-induced cognitive deficits worsen in proportion to unhealthy diet exposure, and that shifting to a healthy chow for at least a week is required for recovery under the conditions tested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Kendig
- School of Medical SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of TechnologyUltimoNSW2007Australia
| | - Sarah‐Jane Leigh
- School of Medical SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
- APC MicrobiomeUniversity of CorkCorkT12 K8AFIreland
| | - Kyoko Hasebe
- School of Medical SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
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Neto J, Jantsch J, Rodrigues F, Squizani S, Eller S, Oliveira TF, Silveira AK, Moreira JCF, Giovenardi M, Porawski M, Guedes RP. Impact of cafeteria diet and n3 supplementation on the intestinal microbiota, fatty acids levels, neuroinflammatory markers and social memory in male rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114068. [PMID: 36567032 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of omega-3 (n3) supplementation on intestinal microbiota, fatty acids profile, neuroinflammation, and social memory of cafeteria diet (CAF)-fed rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed with CAF for 20 weeks. Omega-3 (500 mg/kg/day) was supplemented between the 16th and 20th week. Colon morphology, intestinal microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the plasma, fatty acids profile, TLR-4 and claudin-5 expressions in the brain, and social memory were investigated. RESULTS CAF reduced colon length, crypts' depth, and microbiota diversity, while n3 increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. CAF increased SCFA plasma levels, but n3 reduced butyrate and isobutyrate in obese rats. LPS was increased in CAF-fed rats, and n3 decreased its levels. In the cerebral cortex, n3 increased caprylic, palmitic, stearic, tricosanoic, lignoceric, myristoleic, and linoleic acids. CAF increased palmitic acid and TLR-4 expression in the cerebral cortex while decreasing claudin-5 in the hippocampus. In the social memory test, CAF-fed animals showed greater social interaction with no effect of n3. CONCLUSIONS The lack of n3 effect in some of the evaluated parameters may be due to the severity of the obesity caused by CAF. However, n3 reduced LPS levels, suggesting its ability to reverse endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samia Squizani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Marcia Giovenardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Hepatologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Nota MH, Nicolas S, O’Leary OF, Nolan YM. Outrunning a bad diet: interactions between exercise and a Western-style diet for adolescent mental health, metabolism and microbes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105147. [PMID: 36990371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of biological, psychological and social changes, and the peak time for the emergence of mental health problems. During this life stage, brain plasticity including hippocampal neurogenesis is increased, which is crucial for cognitive functions and regulation of emotional responses. The hippocampus is especially susceptible to environmental and lifestyle influences, mediated by changes in physiological systems, resulting in enhanced brain plasticity but also an elevated risk for developing mental health problems. Indeed, adolescence is accompanied by increased activation of the maturing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sensitivity to metabolic changes due to increased nutritional needs and hormonal changes, and gut microbiota maturation. Importantly, dietary habits and levels of physical activity significantly impact these systems. In this review, the interactions between exercise and Western-style diets, which are high in fat and sugar, on adolescent stress susceptibility, metabolism and the gut microbiota are explored. We provide an overview of current knowledge on implications of these interactions for hippocampal function and adolescent mental health, and speculate on potential mechanisms which require further investigation.
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Berding K, Bastiaanssen TFS, Moloney GM, Boscaini S, Strain CR, Anesi A, Long-Smith C, Mattivi F, Stanton C, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Feed your microbes to deal with stress: a psychobiotic diet impacts microbial stability and perceived stress in a healthy adult population. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:601-610. [PMID: 36289300 PMCID: PMC9908549 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The impact of diet on the microbiota composition and the role of diet in supporting optimal mental health have received much attention in the last decade. However, whether whole dietary approaches can exert psychobiotic effects is largely understudied. Thus, we investigated the influence of a psychobiotic diet (high in prebiotic and fermented foods) on the microbial profile and function as well as on mental health outcomes in a healthy human population. Forty-five adults were randomized into either a psychobiotic (n = 24) or control (n = 21) diet for 4 weeks. Fecal microbiota composition and function was characterized using shotgun sequencing. Stress, overall health and diet were assessed using validated questionnaires. Metabolic profiling of plasma, urine and fecal samples was performed. Intervention with a psychobiotic diet resulted in reductions of perceived stress (32% in diet vs. 17% in control group), but not between groups. Similarly, biological marker of stress were not affected. Additionally, higher adherence to the diet resulted in stronger decreases in perceived stress. While the dietary intervention elicited only subtle changes in microbial composition and function, significant changes in the level of 40 specific fecal lipids and urinary tryptophan metabolites were observed. Lastly, microbial volatility was linked to greater changes in perceived stress scores in those on the psychobiotic diet. These results highlight that dietary approaches can be used to reduce perceived stress in a human cohort. Using microbiota-targeted diets to positively modulate gut-brain communication holds possibilities for the reduction of stress and stress-associated disorders, but additional research is warranted to investigate underlying mechanisms, including the role of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Conall R Strain
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Teagsac Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Unit of Metabolomics, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Unit of Metabolomics, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Teagsac Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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10
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López-Taboada I, Sal-Sarria S, Vallejo G, Coto-Montes A, Conejo NM, González-Pardo H. Sexual dimorphism in spatial learning and brain metabolism after exposure to a western diet and early life stress in rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113969. [PMID: 36181786 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged daily intake of Western-type diet rich in saturated fats and sugars, and exposure to early life stress have been independently linked to impaired neurodevelopment and behaviour in animal models. However, sex-specific effects of both environmental factors combined on spatial learning and memory, behavioural flexibility, and brain oxidative capacity have still not been addressed. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal and postnatal exposure to a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFS), and exposure to early life stress by maternal separation in adult male and female Wistar rats. For this purpose, spatial learning and memory and behavioural flexibility were evaluated in the Morris water maze, and regional brain oxidative capacity and oxidative stress levels were measured in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Spatial memory, regional brain oxidative metabolism, and levels of oxidative stress differed between females and males, suggesting sexual dimorphism in the effects of a HFS diet and early life stress. Males fed the HFS diet performed better than all other experimental groups independently of early life stress exposure. However, behavioural flexibility evaluated in the spatial reversal leaning task was impaired in males fed the HFS diet. In addition, exposure to maternal separation or the HFS diet increased the metabolic capacity of the prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus in males and females. Levels of oxidative stress measured in the latter brain regions were also increased in groups fed the HFS diet, but maternal separation seemed to dampen regional brain oxidative stress levels. Therefore, these results suggest a compensatory effect resulting from the interaction between prolonged exposure to a HFS diet and early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel López-Taboada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Saúl Sal-Sarria
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Vallejo
- Methodology area, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Coto-Montes
- Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nélida M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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11
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Anwer H, O'Dea RE, Mason D, Zajitschek S, Klinke A, Reid M, Hesselson D, Noble DWA, Morris MJ, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. The effects of an obesogenic diet on behavior and cognition in zebrafish (
Danio rerio
): Trait average, variability, repeatability, and behavioral syndromes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9511. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Anwer
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Rose E. O'Dea
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Dominic Mason
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Susanne Zajitschek
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Liverpool John Moores University School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool UK
| | - Annabell Klinke
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Madeleine Reid
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Daniel W. A. Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Margaret J. Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
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12
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Koblinsky ND, Power KA, Middleton L, Ferland G, Anderson ND. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Diet and Exercise Effects on Cognition: A Review of the Intervention Literature. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 78:195-205. [PMID: 35977540 PMCID: PMC9951060 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the gut-brain axis and its implications for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, is growing. Microbial imbalances in the gastrointestinal tract, which are associated with impaired cognition, may represent a therapeutic target for lowering dementia risk. Multicomponent lifestyle interventions are a promising dementia risk reduction strategy and most often include diet and exercise, behaviors that are also known to modulate the gut microbiome. A better understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in diet and exercise effects on cognition may help to optimize these lifestyle interventions. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings from diet and exercise interventions that have investigated cognitive changes via effects on the microbiome. We aim to discuss the underlying mechanisms, highlight current gaps in the field, and provide new research directions. There is evidence mainly from rodent studies supporting the notion that microbiota changes mediate the effects of diet and exercise on cognition, with potential mechanisms including end-product metabolites and regulation of local and systemic inflammation. The field lacks whole diet and exercise interventions, especially those involving human participants. It is further limited by heterogeneous rodent models, outcome assessments, and the absence of proper mediation analyses. Trials including older adults with dementia risk factors, factorial designs of diet and exercise, and pre and post measures of microbiota, end-product metabolites, and inflammation would help to elucidate and potentially leverage the role of the microbiome in lowering dementia risk through lifestyle modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D Koblinsky
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista A Power
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Middleton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole D Anderson
- Address correspondence to: Nicole D. Anderson, PhD, CPsych, Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst St., M6A 2E1 Toronto, ON, Canada. E-mail:
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13
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Ródenas-González F, Blanco-Gandía MC, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Cognitive profile of male mice exposed to a Ketogenic Diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113883. [PMID: 35716801 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nutritional interventions for different psychiatric diseases have gained increasing attention, such as the ketogenic diet (KD). This has led to positive effects in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, addiction, autism or epilepsy. The neurobiological mechanisms through which these effects are induced and the effects in cognition still warrant investigation, and considering that other high-fat diets (HFD) can lead to cognitive disturbances that may affect the results achieved, the main aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of a KD to determine whether it can induce such cognitive effects. A total of 30 OF1 male mice were employed to establish the behavioral profile of mice fed a KD by testing anxiety behavior (Elevated Plus Maze), locomotor activity (Open Field), learning (Hebb Williams Maze), and memory (Passive Avoidance Test). The results revealed that the KD did not affect locomotor activity, memory or hippocampal-dependent learning, as similar results were obtained with mice on a standard diet, albeit with increased anxiety behavior. We conclude that a KD is a promising nutritional approach to apply in research studies, given that it does not cause cognitive alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ródenas-González
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia, 46010 Spain
| | - M Carmen Blanco-Gandía
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia, 46010 Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia, 46010 Spain.
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14
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Ratiner K, Shapiro H, Goldenberg K, Elinav E. Time-limited diets and the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic disease. J Diabetes 2022; 14:377-393. [PMID: 35698246 PMCID: PMC9366560 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, intermittent fasting (IF), including periodic fasting and time-restricted feeding (TRF), has been increasingly suggested to constitute a promising treatment for cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). A deliberate daily pause in food consumption influences the gut microbiome and the host circadian clock, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which circadian host-microbiome interactions affect host metabolism and immunity may add a potentially important dimension to effective implementation of IF diets. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence potentially linking compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiome with IF impacts on mammalian metabolism and risk of development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and their long-term micro- and macrovascular complications. We highlight the challenges and unknowns in causally linking diurnal bacterial signals with dietary cues and downstream metabolic consequences and means of harnessing these signals toward future microbiome integration into precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ratiner
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Kim Goldenberg
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZHeidelbergGermany
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15
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Zizza M, Fazzari G, Di Lorenzo M, Alò R, Bruno R, Laforgia V, Canonaco M, Facciolo RM. Cerebral pCREB-dependent social behavioral adversities following a short-term exposure to obesogenic diets in young hamsters. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 92:107094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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High Fructose and High Fat Diet Impair Different Types of Memory through Oxidative Stress in a Sex- and Hormone-Dependent Manner. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040341. [PMID: 35448528 PMCID: PMC9024673 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) contributes to the spread of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and neurodegenerative diseases. Evaluation of sex- and hormone-dependent changes in body weight, blood pressure, blood lipids, oxidative stress markers, and alterations in different types of memory in Sprague–Dawley rats fed with a high fat and high fructose (HFHF) diet were evaluated. After 12 weeks of feeding the male and female rats with HFHF, body weight gain, increase in blood pressure, and generation of dyslipidemia compared to the animals fed with chow diet were observed. Regarding memory, it was noted that gonadectomy reverted the effects of HFHF in the 24 h novel object recognition task and in spatial learning/memory analyzed through Morris water maze, males being more affected than females. Nevertheless, gonadectomy did not revert long-term memory impairment in the passive avoidance task induced by HFHF nor in male or female rats. On the other hand, sex-hormone–diet interaction was observed in the plasma concentration of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. These results suggest that the changes observed in the memory and learning of MetS animals are sex- and hormone-dependent and correlate to an increase in oxidative stress.
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17
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Effects of Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 on Intestinal Microbiota Structure and Body Weight Gain in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 15:706-715. [PMID: 35029788 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we identified a metabolite of Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 (a strain with probiotic characteristics) that could improve immunity in mice. In the present study, we examined the effects of B. subtilis BS-Z15 and its metabolites on body weight gain and the intestinal microbiota of mice. Sixty 25-day-old male Kunming white mice were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control group (A), daily saline gavage; B. subtilis-treated group (B), single gavage (1 × 109 CFU/time/animal/day); group D, 14 consecutive gavages (1 × 109 CFU/time/animal/day); and B. subtilis metabolite-treated group (E), 30 consecutive gavages (90 mg kg-1/time/animal/day). High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze intergroup differences in the mouse intestinal microbiota. The results showed that the three treated groups had significantly slower body weight gain compared with the control group, which lasted until the 45 days (P < 0.05), and the daily food intake of the treated mice was higher (P < 0.05). The intestinal microbiota structure of the mice in the treated groups was significantly altered compared with that in the control group, suggesting that B. subtilis BS-Z15 may regulate the weight gain of animals by affecting their intestinal bacterial composition. After stopping the gavage of B. subtilis BS-Z15, the abundance of this strain in the small intestine of the mice gradually decreased and its presence was undetectable at 45 days, indicating that B. subtilis BS-Z15 could not colonize the intestine of these mice. These findings suggest that B. subtilis BS-Z15 may regulate intestinal microbiota through its metabolites to reduce weight gain.
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18
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Rautmann AW, de La Serre CB. Microbiota's Role in Diet-Driven Alterations in Food Intake: Satiety, Energy Balance, and Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093067. [PMID: 34578945 PMCID: PMC8470213 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in modulating host physiology and behavior, particularly feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating a role for gut microbiota in the etiology of obesity. In human and rodent studies, obesity and high-energy feeding are most consistently found to be associated with decreased bacterial diversity, changes in main phyla relative abundances and increased presence of pro-inflammatory products. Diet-associated alterations in microbiome composition are linked with weight gain, adiposity, and changes in ingestive behavior. There are multiple pathways through which the microbiome influences food intake. This review discusses these pathways, including peripheral mechanisms such as the regulation of gut satiety peptide release and alterations in leptin and cholecystokinin signaling along the vagus nerve, as well as central mechanisms, such as the modulation of hypothalamic neuroinflammation and alterations in reward signaling. Most research currently focuses on determining the role of the microbiome in the development of obesity and using microbiome manipulation to prevent diet-induced increase in food intake. More studies are necessary to determine whether microbiome manipulation after prolonged energy-dense diet exposure and obesity can reduce intake and promote meaningful weight loss.
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19
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Berding K, Vlckova K, Marx W, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Clarke G, Jacka F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1239-1285. [PMID: 33693453 PMCID: PMC8321864 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key component in regulating brain processes and behavior. Diet is one of the major factors involved in shaping the gut microbiota composition across the lifespan. However, whether and how diet can affect the brain via its effects on the microbiota is only now beginning to receive attention. Several mechanisms for gut-to-brain communication have been identified, including microbial metabolites, immune, neuronal, and metabolic pathways, some of which could be prone to dietary modulation. Animal studies investigating the potential of nutritional interventions on the microbiota-gut-brain axis have led to advancements in our understanding of the role of diet in this bidirectional communication. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature triangulating diet, microbiota, and host behavior/brain processes and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. Additionally, determinants of the responsiveness to a dietary intervention and evidence for the microbiota as an underlying modulator of the effect of diet on brain health are outlined. In particular, we emphasize the understudied use of whole-dietary approaches in this endeavor and the need for greater evidence from clinical populations. While promising results are reported, additional data, specifically from clinical cohorts, are required to provide evidence-based recommendations for the development of microbiota-targeted, whole-dietary strategies to improve brain and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, iMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC,Australia
| | - Harriet Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Felice Jacka
- Deakin University, iMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC,Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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20
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Cusick JA, Wellman CL, Demas GE. The call of the wild: using non-model systems to investigate microbiome-behaviour relationships. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb224485. [PMID: 33988717 PMCID: PMC8180253 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On and within most sites across an animal's body live complex communities of microorganisms. These microorganisms perform a variety of important functions for their hosts, including communicating with the brain, immune system and endocrine axes to mediate physiological processes and affect individual behaviour. Microbiome research has primarily focused on the functions of the microbiome within the gastrointestinal tract (gut microbiome) using biomedically relevant laboratory species (i.e. model organisms). These studies have identified important connections between the gut microbiome and host immune, neuroendocrine and nervous systems, as well as how these connections, in turn, influence host behaviour and health. Recently, the field has expanded beyond traditional model systems as it has become apparent that the microbiome can drive differences in behaviour and diet, play a fundamental role in host fitness and influence community-scale dynamics in wild populations. In this Review, we highlight the value of conducting hypothesis-driven research in non-model organisms and the benefits of a comparative approach that assesses patterns across different species or taxa. Using social behaviour as an intellectual framework, we review the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and host behaviour, and identify understudied mechanisms by which these effects may be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Cusick
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Biology Building 142, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Animal Behavior Program, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cara L. Wellman
- Animal Behavior Program, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Psychology Building, 1101 E 10th Street Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
| | - Gregory E. Demas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Biology Building 142, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Animal Behavior Program, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Psychology Building, 1101 E 10th Street Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
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21
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Agranyoni O, Meninger-Mordechay S, Uzan A, Ziv O, Salmon-Divon M, Rodin D, Raz O, Koman I, Koren O, Pinhasov A, Navon-Venezia S. Gut microbiota determines the social behavior of mice and induces metabolic and inflammatory changes in their adipose tissue. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 33741982 PMCID: PMC7979825 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between the gut microbiota and social behavior has been demonstrated, however the translational impact of a certain microbiota composition on stable behavioral patterns is yet to be elucidated. Here we employed an established social behavior mouse model of dominance (Dom) or submissiveness (Sub). A comprehensive 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of Dom and Sub mice revealed a significantly different gut microbiota composition that clearly distinguishes between the two behavioral modes. Sub mice gut microbiota is significantly less diverse than that of Dom mice, and their taxa composition uniquely comprised the genera Mycoplasma and Anaeroplasma of the Tenericutes phylum, in addition to the Rikenellaceae and Clostridiaceae families. Conversely, the gut microbiota of Dom mice includes the genus Prevotella of the Bacteriodetes phylum, significantly less abundant in Sub mice. In addition, Sub mice show lower body weight from the age of 2 weeks and throughout their life span, accompanied with lower epididymis white adipose tissue (eWAT) mass and smaller adipocytes together with substantially elevated expression of inflammation and metabolic-related eWAT adipokines. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation into germ-free mice show that Sub-transplanted mice acquired Sub microbiota and adopted their behavioral and physiological features, including depressive-like and anti-social behaviors alongside reduced eWAT mass, smaller adipocytes, and a Sub-like eWAT adipokine profile. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of the gut microbiome in determining dominance vs. submissiveness and suggest an association between gut microbiota, the eWAT metabolic and inflammatory profile, and the social behavior mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oryan Agranyoni
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Atara Uzan
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Oren Ziv
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Dmitry Rodin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Olga Raz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Igor Koman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Shiri Navon-Venezia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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22
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Lunardi P, Mansk LMZ, Jaimes LF, Pereira GS. On the novel mechanisms for social memory and the emerging role of neurogenesis. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:56-66. [PMID: 33753208 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Social memory (SM) is a key element in social cognition and it encompasses the neural representation of conspecifics, an essential information to guide behavior in a social context. Here we evaluate classical and cutting-edge studies on neurobiology of SM, using as a guiding principle behavioral tasks performed in adult rodents. Our review highlights the relevance of the hippocampus, especially the CA2 region, as a neural substrate for SM and suggest that neural ensembles in the olfactory bulb may also encode SM traces. Compared to other hippocampus-dependent memories, much remains to be done to describe the neurobiological foundations of SM. Nonetheless, we argue that special attention should be paid to neurogenesis. Finally, we pinpoint the remaining open question on whether the hippocampal adult neurogenesis acts through pattern separation to permit the discrimination of highly similar stimuli during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lunardi
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lara M Z Mansk
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laura F Jaimes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Grace S Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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23
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Tsan L, Décarie-Spain L, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Western Diet Consumption During Development: Setting the Stage for Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632312. [PMID: 33642988 PMCID: PMC7902933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary pattern in industrialized countries has changed substantially over the past century due to technological advances in agriculture, food processing, storage, marketing, and distribution practices. The availability of highly palatable, calorically dense foods that are shelf-stable has facilitated a food environment where overconsumption of foods that have a high percentage of calories derived from fat (particularly saturated fat) and sugar is extremely common in modern Westernized societies. In addition to being a predictor of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, consumption of a Western diet (WD) is related to poorer cognitive performance across the lifespan. In particular, WD consumption during critical early life stages of development has negative consequences on various cognitive abilities later in adulthood. This review highlights rodent model research identifying dietary, metabolic, and neurobiological mechanisms linking consumption of a WD during early life periods of development (gestation, lactation, juvenile and adolescence) with behavioral impairments in multiple cognitive domains, including anxiety-like behavior, learning and memory function, reward-motivated behavior, and social behavior. The literature supports a model in which early life WD consumption leads to long-lasting neurocognitive impairments that are largely dissociable from WD effects on obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tsan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Subba R, Sandhir R, Singh SP, Mallick BN, Mondal AC. Pathophysiology linking depression and type 2 diabetes: Psychotherapy, physical exercise, and fecal microbiome transplantation as damage control. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2870-2900. [PMID: 33529409 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the likelihood of developing depression and vice versa. Research on this bidirectional association has somewhat managed to delineate the interplay among implicated physiological processes. Still, further exploration is required in this context. This review addresses the comorbidity by investigating suspected common pathophysiological mechanisms. One such factor is psychological stress which disturbs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis causing hormonal imbalance. This includes elevated cortisol levels, a common biomarker of both depression and diabetes. Disrupted insulin signaling drives the hampered neurotransmission of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Also, adipokine hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, and resistin and the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, are involved in both depression and T2DM. This disarray further interferes with physiological processes encompassing sleep, the gut-brain axis, metabolism, and mood stability. Behavioral coping mechanisms, such as unhealthy eating, mediate disturbed glucose homeostasis, and neuroinflammation. This is intricately linked to oxidative stress, redox imbalance, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, interventions such as psychotherapy, physical exercise, fecal microbiota transplantation, and insulin-sensitizing agents can help to manage the distressing condition. The possibility of glucagon-like peptide 1 possessing a therapeutic role has also been discussed. Nonetheless, there stands an urgent need for unraveling new correlating targets and biological markers for efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Subba
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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25
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García-Cabrerizo R, Carbia C, O Riordan KJ, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota-gut-brain axis as a regulator of reward processes. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1495-1524. [PMID: 33368280 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our gut harbours trillions of microorganisms essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and host physiology in health and disease. In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in understanding the bidirectional pathway of communication between our microbiota and the central nervous system. With regard to reward processes there is accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies that this axis may be a key factor in gating reward valence. Focusing on the mesocorticolimbic pathway, we will discuss how the intestinal microbiota is involved in regulating brain reward functions, both in natural (i.e. eating, social or sexual behaviours) and non-natural reinforcers (drug addiction behaviours including those relevant to alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids and cannabinoids). We will integrate preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that the microbiota-gut-brain axis could be implicated in the development of disorders associated with alterations in the reward system and how it may be targeted as a promising therapeutic strategy. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15065.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Harriet Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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26
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Marx W, Lane M, Hockey M, Aslam H, Berk M, Walder K, Borsini A, Firth J, Pariante CM, Berding K, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Craig JM, Su KP, Mischoulon D, Gomez-Pinilla F, Foster JA, Cani PD, Thuret S, Staudacher HM, Sánchez-Villegas A, Arshad H, Akbaraly T, O'Neil A, Segasby T, Jacka FN. Diet and depression: exploring the biological mechanisms of action. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:134-150. [PMID: 33144709 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The field of nutritional psychiatry has generated observational and efficacy data supporting a role for healthy dietary patterns in depression onset and symptom management. To guide future clinical trials and targeted dietary therapies, this review provides an overview of what is currently known regarding underlying mechanisms of action by which diet may influence mental and brain health. The mechanisms of action associating diet with health outcomes are complex, multifaceted, interacting, and not restricted to any one biological pathway. Numerous pathways were identified through which diet could plausibly affect mental health. These include modulation of pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, epigenetics, mitochondrial dysfunction, the gut microbiota, tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism, the HPA axis, neurogenesis and BDNF, epigenetics, and obesity. However, the nascent nature of the nutritional psychiatry field to date means that the existing literature identified in this review is largely comprised of preclinical animal studies. To fully identify and elucidate complex mechanisms of action, intervention studies that assess markers related to these pathways within clinically diagnosed human populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Melissa Lane
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Meghan Hockey
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Hajara Aslam
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Metabolic Research Unit, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Departments of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - David Mischoulon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patrice D Cani
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Heidi M Staudacher
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Almudena Sánchez-Villegas
- Nutrition Research Group, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Husnain Arshad
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, "DevPsy", 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Tasnime Akbaraly
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, "DevPsy", 94807, Villejuif, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Toby Segasby
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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27
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Fish Oil, but Not Olive Oil, Ameliorates Depressive-Like Behavior and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Rats under Chronic Mild Stress. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100516. [PMID: 31546592 PMCID: PMC6843453 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the effects of fish oil and olive oil in improving dysbiosis and depressive-like symptoms. Methods and results: Male rats were fed normal, fish oil-rich or olive oil-rich diets for 14 weeks. Chronic mild stress (CMS) was administered from week 2. The sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST) were used to determine depressive-like behavior. The SPT results revealed that the CMS, CMS with imipramine (CMS+P) treatment, and CMS with olive oil diet (CMS+O) groups exhibited significantly reduced sucrose intake from week 8, whereas the fish oil diet (CMS+F) group exhibited significantly reduced sucrose intake from week 10. The FST results showed that the immobile time of the CMS+F group was significantly less than that of the CMS-only group. Next generation sequencing (NGS) results showed CMS significantly reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus and increased that of Marvinbryantia and Ruminiclostridium_6. However, the CMS+F group showed an increase in the abundance of Eisenbergiella, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_009, and Holdemania, whereas the CMS+O group showed an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia. Conclusions: CMS stimuli altered the gut microbiome in depressed rats. Fish oil and olive oil exerted part of a prebiotic-like effect to ameliorate dysbiosis induced by CMS. However, only fish oil ameliorated depressive-like symptoms.
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29
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Reichelt AC, Gibson GD, Abbott KN, Hare DJ. A high-fat high-sugar diet in adolescent rats impairs social memory and alters chemical markers characteristic of atypical neuroplasticity and parvalbumin interneuron depletion in the medial prefrontal cortex. Food Funct 2019; 10:1985-1998. [PMID: 30900711 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity is a multifaceted process that is dependent on both neurons and extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, including perineuronal nets (PNNs). In the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) PNNs primarily surround fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV)-containing GABAergic interneurons and are central to regulation of neuroplasticity. In addition to the development of obesity, high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diets are also associated with alterations in brain plasticity and emotional behaviours in humans. To examine the underlying involvement of PNNs and cortical plasticity in the mPFC in diet-evoked social behaviour deficits (in this case social recognition), we exposed adolescent (postnatal days P28-P56) rats to a HFHS-supplemented diet. At P56 HFHS-fed animals and age-matched controls fed standard chow were euthanized and co-localization of PNNs with PV neurons in the prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) and anterior cingulate (ACC) sub regions of the PFC were examined by dual fluorescence immunohistochemistry. ΔFosB expression was also assessed as a measure of chronic activity and behavioural addiction marker. Consumption of the HFHS diet reduced the number of PV+ neurons and PNNs in the infralimbic (IL) region of the mPFC by -21.9% and -16.5%, respectively. While PV+ neurons and PNNs were not significantly decreased in the ACC or PrL, the percentage of PV+ and PNN co-expressing neurons was increased in all assessed regions of the mPFC in HFHS-fed rats (+33.7% to +41.3%). This shows that the population of PV neurons remaining are those surrounded by PNNs, which may afford some protection against HFHS diet-induced mPFC-dysregulation. ΔFosB expression showed a 5-10-fold increase (p < 0.001) in each mPFC region, supporting the hypothesis that a HFHS diet induces mPFC dysfunction and subsequent behavioural deficits. The data presented shows a potential neurophysiological mechanism and response to specific diet-evoked social recognition deficits as a result of hypercaloric intake in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- BrainsCAN and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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30
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Moreton E, Baron P, Tiplady S, McCall S, Clifford B, Langley-Evans S, Fone K, Voigt J. Impact of early exposure to a cafeteria diet on prefrontal cortex monoamines and novel object recognition in adolescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Behavioral profile of intermittent vs continuous access to a high fat diet during adolescence. Behav Brain Res 2019; 368:111891. [PMID: 31009646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on cognitive functions have been broadly studied as a model of obesity, although no studies have evaluated whether these effects are maintained after the cessation of this diet. In addition, the behavioral effects of having a limited access to an HFD (binge-eating pattern) are mostly unknown, although they dramatically increase the vulnerability to drug use in contrast to having continuous access. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of an intermittent versus a continuous exposure to an HFD during adolescence on cognition and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as to study the changes observed after the interruption of this diet. Adolescent male mice received for 40 days a standard diet, an HFD with continuous access or an HFD with sporadic limited access (2 h, three days a week). Two additional groups were fed with intermittent or continuous access to the HFD and withdrawn from this diet 15 days before the behavioral tests. Only the animals with a continuous access to the HFD showed higher circulating leptin levels, increased bodyweight, marked memory and spatial learning deficits, symptoms that disappeared after 15 days of HFD abstinence. Mice that binged on fat only showed hyperlocomotion, which normalized after 15 days of HFD cessation. However, discontinuation of fat, either in a binge or a continuous pattern, led to an increase in anxiety-like behavior. These results highlight that exposure to a high-fat diet during adolescence induces alterations in brain functions, although the way in which this diet is ingested determines the extent of these behavioral changes.
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Lowe CJ, Reichelt AC, Hall PA. The Prefrontal Cortex and Obesity: A Health Neuroscience Perspective. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:349-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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