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Lin L, Xu J. Production of Fungal Pigments: Molecular Processes and Their Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010044. [PMID: 36675865 PMCID: PMC9866555 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the negative environmental and health effects of synthetic colorants, pigments of natural origins of plants and microbes constitute an abundant source for the food, cosmetic, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. The demands for natural alternatives, which involve natural colorants and natural biological processes for their production, have been growing rapidly in recent decades. Fungi contain some of the most prolific pigment producers, and they excel in bioavailability, yield, cost-effectiveness, and ease of large-scale cell culture as well as downstream processing. In contrast, pigments from plants are often limited by seasonal and geographic factors. Here, we delineate the taxonomy of pigmented fungi and fungal pigments, with a focus on the biosynthesis of four major categories of pigments: carotenoids, melanins, polyketides, and azaphilones. The molecular mechanisms and metabolic bases governing fungal pigment biosynthesis are discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the environmental factors that are known to impact the synthesis of different fungal pigments. Most of the environmental factors that enhance fungal pigment production are related to stresses. Finally, we highlight the challenges facing fungal pigment utilization and future trends of fungal pigment development. This integrated review will facilitate further exploitations of pigmented fungi and fungal pigments for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Medical School, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.X.)
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Fungal Naphthalenones; Promising Metabolites for Drug Discovery: Structures, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Pharmacological Potential. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020154. [PMID: 35202181 PMCID: PMC8879409 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are well-known for their abundant supply of metabolites with unrivaled structure and promising bioactivities. Naphthalenones are among these fungal metabolites, that are biosynthesized through the 1,8-dihydroxy-naphthalene polyketide pathway. They revealed a wide spectrum of bioactivities, including phytotoxic, neuro-protective, cytotoxic, antiviral, nematocidal, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. The current review emphasizes the reported naphthalenone derivatives produced by various fungal species, including their sources, structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities in the period from 1972 to 2021. Overall, more than 167 references with 159 metabolites are listed.
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Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM. Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:645. [PMID: 34822516 PMCID: PMC8622643 DOI: 10.3390/md19110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is an underexplored treasure that hosts huge biodiversity of microorganisms. Marine-derived fungi are a rich source of novel metabolites with unique structural features, bioactivities, and biotechnological applications. Marine-associated Cladosporium species have attracted considerable interest because of their ability to produce a wide array of metabolites, including alkaloids, macrolides, diketopiperazines, pyrones, tetralones, sterols, phenolics, terpenes, lactones, and tetramic acid derivatives that possess versatile bioactivities. Moreover, they produce diverse enzymes with biotechnological and industrial relevance. This review gives an overview on the Cladosporium species derived from marine habitats, including their metabolites and bioactivities, as well as the industrial and biotechnological potential of these species. In the current review, 286 compounds have been listed based on the reported data from 1998 until July 2021. Moreover, more than 175 references have been cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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The Genus Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133959. [PMID: 34203561 PMCID: PMC8271404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are renowned as one of the most fruitful sources of chemodiversity and for their ubiquitous occurrence. Among the many taxonomic groupings considered for the implications deriving from their biosynthetic aptitudes, the genus Cladosporium stands out as one of the most common in indoor environments. A better understanding of the impact of these fungi on human health and activities is clearly based on the improvement of our knowledge of the structural aspects and biological properties of their secondary metabolites, which are reviewed in the present paper.
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Leyte-Lugo M, Richomme P, Poupard P, Peña-Rodriguez LM. Identification and Quantification of a Phytotoxic Metabolite from Alternaria dauci. Molecules 2020; 25:E4003. [PMID: 32887350 PMCID: PMC7504779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria dauci is the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight (ALB) in carrot (Daucus carota) crops around the world. However, to date, A. dauci has received limited attention in its production of phytotoxic metabolites. In this investigation, the bioassay-guided isolation of the extract from liquid cultures of A. dauci resulted in the isolation of two metabolites identified as α-acetylorcinol (1) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), based on their spectroscopic data and results from chemical correlation reactions. Testing of both metabolites in different assays showed an important phytotoxic activity for p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2) when tested in the leaf-spot assay on parsley (Petroselinum crispum), in the leaf infiltration assay on tobacco (Nicotiana alata) and marigold (Tagetes erecta), and in the immersion assay on parsley and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) leaves. Quantification of the two metabolites in the crude extract of A. dauci kept at different times showed that p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2) is one of the first metabolites to be synthesized by the pathogen, suggesting that this salicylic acid derivative could play an important role in the pathogenicity of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Leyte-Lugo
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pascal Richomme
- UPRES EA921SONAS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France;
| | - Pascal Poupard
- UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université d’Angers, 49045 Angers, France;
| | - Luis M. Peña-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Venil CK, Velmurugan P, Dufossé L, Renuka Devi P, Veera Ravi A. Fungal Pigments: Potential Coloring Compounds for Wide Ranging Applications in Textile Dyeing. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E68. [PMID: 32443916 PMCID: PMC7344934 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic pigments/non-renewable coloring sources used normally in the textile industry release toxic substances into the environment, causing perilous ecological challenges. To be safer from such challenges of synthetic colorants, academia and industries have explored the use of natural colorants such as microbial pigments. Such explorations have created a fervent interest among textile stakeholders to undertake the dyeing of textile fabrics, especially with fungal pigments. The biodegradable and sustainable production of natural colorants from fungal sources stand as being comparatively advantageous to synthetic dyes. The prospective scope of fungal pigments has emerged in the opening of many new avenues in textile colorants for wide ranging applications. Applying the biotechnological processes, fungal pigments like carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, indigo, etc. could be extracted on an industrial scale. This review appraises the studies and applications of various fungal pigments in dyeing textile fabrics and is furthermore shedding light on the importance of toxicity testing, genetic manipulations of fungal pigments, and their future perspectives under biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanivel Velmurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University – Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.V.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- CHEMBIOPRO Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels, ESIROI Département agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, Indian Ocean, France
| | - Ponnuswamy Renuka Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Regional Campus – Coimbatore, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University – Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.V.); (A.V.R.)
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Yang XY, Zhang JX, Ding QY, He ZC, Zhu CY, Zhang KQ, Niu XM. Metabolites from Two Dominant Thermophilic Fungal Species Thermomyces lanuginosus and Scytalidium thermophilum. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000137. [PMID: 32207881 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thermomyces lanuginosus and Scytalidium thermophilum are among the most ubiquitous thermophilic fungi in compost and soil. Chemical study on these two prevalent strains collected from Yunnan led to isolation of 23 metabolites, including one new metabolite, therlanubutanolide, and 15 known compounds, isolated from the YGP culture broth of Thermomyces lanuginosus and 7 known compounds isolated from Scytalidium thermophilum, respectively. Therlanubutanolide shared the quite similar features of the same carbon skeleton and saturation as natural hexadecanoic acids. This was the first reported discovery of such a lactone as natural occurring metabolite. All the compounds were reported for the first time from thermophilic fungi. Among them, N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]acetamide was for the first time reported to be a naturally occurring metabolite and its NMR data was first provided in this study. A type of PKS-derived metabolites, three 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, which were widely found in plant pathogenic fungi as phytotoxins and reported to have antimicrobial activity, were obtained from both dominant thermophilic fungi. The frequent occurrence of such PKS phytotoxins in these two thermophilic fungi might suggest particular ecological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Cong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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Chen C, Tao H, Chen W, Yang B, Zhou X, Luo X, Liu Y. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of azaphilones. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10197-10220. [PMID: 35498578 PMCID: PMC9050426 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00894j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of structurally diverse azaphilones from 2012 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
| | - Huaming Tao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Weihao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
| | - Bin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
| | - Xiaowei Luo
- Institute of Marine Drugs
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanning 530200
- P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
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Abstract
Covering: 2016. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2017, 34, 235-294This review covers the literature published in 2016 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 757 citations (643 for the period January to December 2016) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1277 in 432 papers for 2016), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Xu J, Tan H, Chen Y, Li S, Huang Z, Guo H, Li H, Gao X, Liu H, Zhang W. Lithocarpins A–D: four tenellone-macrolide conjugated [4 + 2] hetero-adducts from the deep-sea derived fungus Phomopsis lithocarpus FS508. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithocarpins A–D, four novel tenellone-macrolide conjugated dimers containing a fascinating 9,14-epoxynaphtho[2,3-e]oxecin-3(2H)-one skeleton.
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