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Okoro NO, Odiba AS, Han J, Osadebe PO, Omeje EO, Liao G, Liu Y, Jin C, Fang W, Liu H, Wang B. Ganoderma lucidum methyl ganoderate E extends lifespan and modulates aging-related indicators in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Funct 2024; 15:530-542. [PMID: 38108452 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Methyl Ganoderate E (MGE) is a triterpenoid derived from Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), an edible mushroom, commonly processed into food forms such as soups, drinks, culinary dishes, and supplements. MGE has been shown to inhibit 3T3-L1 murine adipocyte differentiation when combined with other G. lucidum triterpenes. However, the specific effect of MGE on biological processes remains unknown. In this study, we present the first evidence of MGE's anti-aging effect in Caenorhabditis elegans. Through our screening process using the UPRER regulation ability, we evaluated a library of 74 pure compounds isolated from G. lucidum, and MGE exhibited the most promising results. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that MGE extended the lifespan by 26% at 10 μg ml-1 through daf-16, hsf-1, and skn-1-dependent pathways. MGE also enhanced resistance to various molecular stressors, improved healthspan, increased fertility, and reduced the aggregation of alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta. Transcriptome data revealed that MGE promoted processes associated with proteolysis and neural activity, while not promoting cell death processes. Collectively, our findings suggest that G. lucidum MGE could be considered as a potential anti-aging intervention, adding to the growing list of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkwachukwu Oziamara Okoro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Arome Solomon Odiba
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | | | - Edwin Ogechukwu Omeje
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Guiyan Liao
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Yichen Liu
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wenxia Fang
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
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Liu C, Song X, Li Y, Ding C, Li X, Dan L, Xu H, Zhang D. A Comprehensive Review on the Chemical Composition, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Ganoderma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:1983-2040. [PMID: 37903715 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma is the dried fruiting bodiy of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. or Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang, belonging to the family Polyporaceae, which grows mainly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma has been used in China for more than 2000 years because of its medicinal properties, such as relieving cough and asthma, providing nourishment, and strengthening. Currently, more than 470 natural compounds have been obtained from the fungus, mainly including terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, and other types of compounds. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Ganoderma has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory effects. It is mainly used in clinical practice for the treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and malignant tumors, with few side effects and high safety. This paper reviews the progress of research on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications, with the goal of providing a basis for the better development and utilization of Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Linwei Dan
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, P. R. China
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A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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Ahmad R, Riaz M, Khan A, Aljamea A, Algheryafi M, Sewaket D, Alqathama A. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) an edible mushroom; a comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6030-6062. [PMID: 34411377 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reishi owes an exceptional value in nutritional, cosmeceutical, and medical treatments; however, none of the studies has provided its future-driven critical assessment. This study documents an up-to-date review (2015-2020, wherever applicable) and provide valuable insights (preclinical and clinical evidence-based) with comprehensive and critical assessments. Various databases 'Google scholar', 'Web of Science', 'ScienceDirect', 'PubMed', 'Springer Link', books, theses, and library resources were used. The taxonomic chaos of G. lucidum and its related species was discussed in detail with solution-oriented emphasis. Reishi contains polysaccharides (α/β-D-glucans), alkaloids, triterpenoids (ganoderic acids, ganoderenic acids, ganoderol, ganoderiol, lucidenic acids), sterols/ergosterol, proteins (LZ-8, LZ-9), nucleosides (adenosine, inosine, uridine), and nucleotides (guanine, adenine). Some active drugs are explored at an optimum level to make them potential drug candidates. The pharmacological potential was observed in diabetes, inflammation, epilepsy, neurodegeneration, cancer, anxiety, sedation, cardiac diseases, depression, hepatic diseases, and immune disorders; however, most of the studies are preclinical with a number of drawbacks. In particular, quality clinical data are intensely needed to support pharmacological activities for human use. The presence of numerous micro-, macro, and trace elements imparts an essential nutritional and cosmeceutical value to Reishi, and various marketed products are available already, but the clinical studies regarding safety and efficacy, interactions with foods/drinks, chronic use, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity are missing for Reishi. Reishi possesses many valuable pharmacological activities, and the number of patents and clinical trials is increasing for Reishi. Yet, a gap in research exists for Reishi, which is discussed in detail in the forthcoming sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir, Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir (U), Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Aljamea
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algheryafi
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deya Sewaket
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljawharah Alqathama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Teng X, Zhang W, Song Y, Wang H, Ge M, Zhang R. Protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens induced by cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23967-23980. [PMID: 31222655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that poses a huge potential threat to human and animal health. Therefore, it is necessary to study its damage mechanism. In the present study, we have examined the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens induced by Cd. One hundred and twenty healthy Hailan white chickens (7-day-old) were randomly divided into the following four groups: control group, Cd group, triterpenoid group, and Cd-triterpenoid group. The chickens were euthanized on the 20th, 40th, and 60th days, and the spleens were removed. Cd and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)) activities, and inflammatory factor (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6)) and apoptotic factor (caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl-2) expressions were detected. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids could reduce the content of Cd and MDA; increase the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GSH-Px); decrease the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6); increase the expression of apoptotic factor (Bcl-2); and decrease the expression of apoptotic factors (caspase-3 and Bax). It showed that the triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum had significant protective effects on oxidative stress and apoptosis of chicken spleen, which provided a theoretical basis for further prevention and treatment of cadmium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Teng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Weiqian Zhang
- Quality and Standard Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Yangyang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Gong T, Yan R, Kang J, Chen R. Chemical Components of Ganoderma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1181:59-106. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wang H, Zhang R, Song Y, Li T, Ge M. Protective Effect of Ganoderma Triterpenoids on Cadmium-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:281-290. [PMID: 29717433 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that cadmium can cause chicken testicular damage, but a protective effect of Ganoderma triterpenoids on cadmium-induced testicular damage in chickens has not yet been reported. The present study was designed to research the protective effect of Ganoderma triterpenoids on cadmium-induced testicular damage in chicken. Eighty healthy 7-day-old Hyline egg laying chickens were randomly divided into four groups with 20 in each group. The control group was fed with normal full-fodder, the model group was fed with normal full-fodder with 140 mg/kg of CdCl2, the Ganoderma triterpenoid treatment group was fed with a full-fodder diet containing 140 mg/kg of CdCl2 and 0.5 mL of Ganoderma triterpenoid solution (20 mg/mL), and the Ganoderma triterpenoid group was fed normal full-fodder and 0.5 mL of Ganoderma triterpenoid solution (20 mg/mL) gavage. The chickens were euthanized at 20, 40, and 60 days, respectively, and the testes were harvested. The changes of cadmium contents, the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)), peroxide (malondialdehyde (MDA)), inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3) were detected. The pathological sections of the testes were made at the same time. The results suggested that Ganoderma triterpenoids could reduce the accumulation of cadmium in testis tissue; reduce the content of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in cadmium poisoning testis; significantly increase the activity of SOD and GSH-Px; decrease the content of MDA; regulate the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2; and reduce the damage of testicular tissue. The results showed that Ganoderma triterpenoids have a protective effect on cadmium-induced testicular injury in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yangyang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Baby S, Johnson AJ, Govindan B. Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:66-101. [PMID: 25975187 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma is a genus of medicinal mushrooms. This review deals with secondary metabolites isolated from Ganoderma and their biological significance. Phytochemical studies over the last 40years led to the isolation of 431 secondary metabolites from various Ganoderma species. The major secondary compounds isolated are (a) C30 lanostanes (ganoderic acids), (b) C30 lanostanes (aldehydes, alcohols, esters, glycosides, lactones, ketones), (c) C27 lanostanes (lucidenic acids), (d) C27 lanostanes (alcohols, lactones, esters), (e) C24, C25 lanostanes (f) C30 pentacyclic triterpenes, (g) meroterpenoids, (h) farnesyl hydroquinones (meroterpenoids), (i) C15 sesquiterpenoids, (j) steroids, (k) alkaloids, (l) prenyl hydroquinone (m) benzofurans, (n) benzopyran-4-one derivatives and (o) benzenoid derivatives. Ganoderma lucidum is the species extensively studied for its secondary metabolites and biological activities. Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma colossum, Ganoderma sinense, Ganoderma cochlear, Ganoderma tsugae, Ganoderma amboinense, Ganoderma orbiforme, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma hainanense, Ganoderma concinna, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma neo-japonicum, Ganoderma tropicum, Ganoderma australe, Ganoderma carnosum, Ganoderma fornicatum, Ganoderma lipsiense (synonym G. applanatum), Ganoderma mastoporum, Ganoderma theaecolum, Ganoderma boninense, Ganoderma capense and Ganoderma annulare are the other Ganoderma species subjected to phytochemical studies. Further phytochemical studies on Ganoderma could lead to the discovery of hitherto unknown biologically active secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India.
| | - Anil John Johnson
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India
| | - Balaji Govindan
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India
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Xia Q, Zhang H, Sun X, Zhao H, Wu L, Zhu D, Yang G, Shao Y, Zhang X, Mao X, Zhang L, She G. A comprehensive review of the structure elucidation and biological activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma spp. Molecules 2014; 19:17478-535. [PMID: 25361420 PMCID: PMC6271249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional Chinese medicine, popularly used for complementary cancer therapy. GTs are lanostane-tetracyclic triterpenes. They have been reported to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antimicrobial and blood fat reducing effects. To date, 316 GTs have been found and their similar chemical structures have proved difficult to elucidate. This paper compiles 316 naturally occurring triterpenes from Ganoderma based on the literature published through January 2013 along with their structures, physiological activities and 13C-NMR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Huazheng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xuefei Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Haijuan Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lingfang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Guanghui Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanyan Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lanzhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Wang JL, Li YB, Liu RM, Zhong JJ. A new ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2010; 12:727-730. [PMID: 20706913 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2010.493506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new ganoderic acid (GA), 7-O-ethyl ganoderic acid O (GA-O) (1), together with two known compounds, GA-T (2) and GA-Me (3), was isolated and purified from fermented mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. The structure of the new triterpenoid was elucidated on the basis of the interpretation of extensive spectroscopic data (HR-MS, IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR) as 3 alpha,15 alpha,22-triacetoxy-7 alpha-ethoxy-5 alpha-lanost-8,24E-dien-26-oic acid. The new compound was found to contain a rare ethoxyl group at C-7. In addition, its cytotoxicity against 95D and HeLa human cancer cell lines was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Harhaji Trajković LM, Mijatović SA, Maksimović-Ivanić DD, Stojanović ID, Momcilović MB, Tufegdzić SJ, Maksimović VM, Marjanović ZS, Stosić-Grujicić SD. Anticancer properties of Ganoderma lucidum methanol extracts in vitro and in vivo. Nutr Cancer 2010; 61:696-707. [PMID: 19838944 DOI: 10.1080/01635580902898743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer activities of various extracts of the medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, have been widely demonstrated and are mainly associated with the presence of different bioactive polysaccharides and triterpenoids. We have evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo the antitumor effects of two preparations from Ganoderma lucidum: a methanol extract containing total terpenoids (GLme) and a purified methanol extract containing mainly acidic terpenoids (GLpme). Both extracts inhibited tumor growth of B16 mouse melanoma cells inoculated subcutaneously into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and reduced viability of B16 cells in vitro, whereby GLme exhibited stronger effect. Furthermore, anticancer activity of GLme was demonstrated for the first time against two other rodent tumor cell lines, L929-mouse fibrosarcoma and C6-rat astrocytoma. The mechanism of antitumor activity of GLme comprised inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death mediated by upregulated p53 and inhibited Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the antitumor effect of the GLme was associated with intensified production of reactive oxygen species, whereas their neutralization by the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, resulted in partial recovery of cell viability. Thus, our results suggest that GLme might be a good candidate for treatment of diverse forms of cancers.
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Guan SH, Xia JM, Yang M, Wang XM, Liu X, Guo DA. Cytotoxic lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2008; 10:705-710. [PMID: 18696320 DOI: 10.1080/10286020802016297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new lanostanoid triterpenes, 23S-hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetraoxo-lanost-8,24E-diene-26-oic acid (1), and 12beta-acetoxy-3beta-hydroxy-7,11,15,23-tetraoxo-lanost-8,20E-diene-26-oic acid (16), together with 17 known compounds, were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D-NMR and MS analyses and by comparison with literature data. The cytotoxic assay of the above compounds against p388, Hela, BEL-7402, and SGC-7901 human cancer cell lines showed their cytotoxicity with the IC50 values in the range of 8-25 microm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hong Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Siow YL, Gong Y, Au-Yeung KKW, Woo CWH, Choy PC, O K. Emerging issues in traditional Chinese medicine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 83:321-34. [PMID: 15877107 DOI: 10.1139/y05-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has many beneficial effects and has been practiced for several thousand years. It is known to treat the cause of a disease rather than to alleviate its symptoms. Based on a belief that TCM is natural, safe, and of lower cost, consumers worldwide are spending more out-of-pocket money on this form of therapy. This increased spending, and reports of adverse reactions, has drawn the attention of many regulatory agencies. Scientists have called for more evidence-based and scientific research on the risks and benefits of TCM. In Canada, the Natural Health Product Regulations came into effect January 2004. TCM herbal product manufacturers will need to provide products of reputable quality to the market. Many will apply modern technology and good science to support their products. The issues facing producers, scientists, and consumers alike are quality control and assessment, standardization of bioactive components, mechanisms of actions, and integration of the evolved modern Chinese medicine into the healthcare system. Solid science, better regulation of the final product, and better education of consumers are necessary to extract the best of TCM to complement existing conventional medicine to deliver the best healthcare.Key words: bioactive components, chromatographic fingerprinting, integration, mechanisms, Natural Health Product (NHP) Regulations, standardization, traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw L Siow
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Centre for Agri-Food Research in Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleannes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins. The literature from January to December 2002 is reviewed and 221 references are used.
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15
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Berger A, Rein D, Kratky E, Monnard I, Hajjaj H, Meirim I, Piguet-Welsch C, Hauser J, Mace K, Niederberger P. Cholesterol-lowering properties of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro, ex vivo, and in hamsters and minipigs. Lipids Health Dis 2004; 3:2. [PMID: 14969592 PMCID: PMC385249 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been renewed interest in mushroom medicinal properties. We studied cholesterol lowering properties of Ganoderma lucidum (Gl), a renowned medicinal species. RESULTS Organic fractions containing oxygenated lanosterol derivatives inhibited cholesterol synthesis in T9A4 hepatocytes. In hamsters, 5% Gl did not effect LDL; but decreased total cholesterol (TC) 9.8%, and HDL 11.2%. Gl (2.5 and 5%) had effects on several fecal neutral sterols and bile acids. Both Gl doses reduced hepatic microsomal ex-vivo HMG-CoA reductase activity. In minipigs, 2.5 Gl decreased TC, LDL- and HDL cholesterol 20, 27, and 18%, respectively (P < 0.05); increased fecal cholestanol and coprostanol; and decreased cholate. CONCLUSIONS Overall, Gl has potential to reduce LDL cholesterol in vivo through various mechanisms. Next steps are to: fully characterize bioactive components in lipid soluble/insoluble fractions; evaluate bioactivity of isolated fractions; and examine human cholesterol lowering properties. Innovative new cholesterol-lowering foods and medicines containing Gl are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berger
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
- Paradigm Genetics, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-4528, USA
| | - D Rein
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
- BASF Plant Science Holding GmbH, Agricultural Center, BPH-Li 555, Limburgerhof, 67114, Germany
| | - E Kratky
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
| | - I Monnard
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
| | - H Hajjaj
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
- Univerity des Sciences et de Technologie de Lille, B.P. 179, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, 59653, France
| | - I Meirim
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
| | | | - J Hauser
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Mace
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
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