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Yang H, An W, Wang F, Gu Y, Guo H, Jiang Y, Peng J, Liu M, Chen L, Zhang F, Zhu P, Huang X, Wan X. Integrated Transcriptomic, Metabolomic, and Physiological Analyses Reveal New Insights into Fragrance Formation in the Heartwood of Phoebe hui. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214044. [PMID: 36430522 PMCID: PMC9698381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoebe hui is an extremely valuable tree that is the main source of the fragrant golden-thread nanmu wood. Although the fragrance of wood has been investigated in several trees, the potential substances and gene regulation mechanisms that are involved in fragrance formation are poorly understood. Here, three radial tissues, sapwood (SW), heartwood (HW), and the transition zone (TZ) in between them, were compared via integrative physiological, volatile-metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses to identify the key metabolites and regulatory mechanisms involved in fragrance formation. During heartwood formation, gradual starch grain loss was accompanied by the deposition of lipids and extractives in the cell lumen. Extracts of terpenoids were synthesized and accumulated in the heartwood, including monoterpenoids (limonene and p-cymene) and sesquiterpenes (cubebene and guaiadiene); these were identified as being closely related to the special fragrance of the wood. Additionally, the expression of transcripts showed that the genes related to primary metabolism were specifically upregulated in the SW, whereas genes annotated in terpenoid biosynthesis were specifically upregulated in the HW. Therefore, we speculated that terpenoid biosynthesis occurs in situ in the HW via the HW formation model of Type-III (Santalum) using the precursors that were produced by primary metabolism in the SW. The expression levels of transcription factors (e.g., MYB, WRKY, and C2H2) acted as the major regulatory factors in the synthesis of terpenoids. Our results explain the special fragrance in P. hui and broaden the current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of fragrance formation. This work provides a framework for future research that is focused on improving wood quality and value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Yang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenna An
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunjie Gu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Conservation for Forest and Wetland, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongying Guo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yongze Jiang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Conservation for Forest and Wetland, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Conservation for Forest and Wetland, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Lianghua Chen
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueqin Wan
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.W.)
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Zhang Y, Cui J, Hu H, Xue J, Yang J, Xu J. Integrated Four Comparative-Omics Reveals the Mechanism of the Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Two Different Overwintering Cryptomeria fortunei Phenotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:740755. [PMID: 34659308 PMCID: PMC8513690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.740755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cedar (Cryptomeria fortunei) is a tree species with important ornamental, medicinal, and economic value. Terpenoids extracted from the essential oil of C. fortunei needles have been considered valuable ingredients in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, the possible gene regulation mechanisms that limit terpenoid biosynthesis in this genus are poorly understood. Here, we adopted integrated metabolome analysis, transcriptome, small-RNA (sRNA), and degradome sequencing to analyze the differences in terpenoid regulatory mechanisms in two different overwintering C. fortunei phenotypes (wild-type and an evergreen mutant). A total of 1447/6219 differentially synthesized metabolites (DSMs)/unigenes (DEGs) were detected through metabolome/transcriptome analyses, and these DSMs/DEGs were significantly enriched in flavonoid and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways. In C. fortunei needles, 587 microRNAs (miRNAs), including 67 differentially expressed miRNAs (DERs), were detected. Among them, 8346 targets of 571 miRNAs were predicted using degradome data, and a 72-miRNA-target regulatory network involved in the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides was constructed. Forty-one targets were further confirmed to be involved in terpenoid backbone and diterpenoid biosynthesis, and target analyses revealed that two miRNAs (i.e., aly-miR168a-5p and aof-miR396a) may be related to the different phenotypes and to differential regulation of diterpenoid biosynthesis. Overall, these results reveal that C. fortunei plants with the evergreen mutation maintain high terpenoid levels in winter through miRNA-target regulation, which provides a valuable resource for essential oil-related bioengineering research.
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Simoneit BRT, Otto A, Oros DR, Kusumoto N. Terpenoids of the Swamp Cypress Subfamily (Taxodioideae), Cupressaceae, an Overview by GC-MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173036. [PMID: 31438610 PMCID: PMC6751496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The resins bled from stems and in seed cones and leaves of Cryptomeria japonica, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Taxodium distichum, and T. mucronatum were characterized to provide an overview of their major natural product compositions. The total solvent extract solutions were analyzed as the free and derivatized products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the compounds, which comprised minor mono- and sesquiterpenoids, and dominant di- and triterpenoids, plus aliphatic lipids (e.g., n-nonacosan-10-ol). Ferruginol, 7α-p-cymenylferruginol, and chamaecydin were the major characteristic markers for the Taxodioideae conifer subfamily. The mass spectrometric data can aid polar compound elucidation in environmental, geological, archeological, forensic and pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Angelika Otto
- Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Sektion Paläobotanik, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel R Oros
- Consultant, 72 Marina Lakes Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Norihisa Kusumoto
- Wood Extractive Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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Feng L, Mándi A, Tang C, Kurtán T, Tang S, Ke CQ, Shen N, Lin G, Yao S, Ye Y. A Pair of Enantiomeric Bis- seco-abietane Diterpenoids from Cryptomeria fortunei. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2667-2672. [PMID: 30485090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
(±)-Cryptomeriolide, a pair of racemic bis- seco-abietane diterpenoids, were isolated from the bark of Cryptomeria fortunei. The separation of enantiomers was achieved by using chiral stationary phase HPLC. Their structures including the absolute configuration and conformations in solution and solid state were determined by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and comparison of calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism data. A bioinspired one-pot enantiomeric synthesis of 1a and 1b was accomplished via a readily made intermediate orthoquinone from sugiol. All compounds including the synthetic intermediates were assayed for their cytotoxic activities on human cancer cell lines HL-60, A549, and SGC7901.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Debrecen , P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Chunping Tang
- SIMM-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Debrecen , P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen , Hungary
| | | | - Chang-Qiang Ke
- SIMM-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Ge Lin
- SIMM-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yao
- SIMM-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Ye
- SIMM-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
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Jiang HL, Ha W, Shi YP. New eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids from the root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2015; 17:1180-1187. [PMID: 26666458 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1117455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of the root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi yielded eight eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, including three new ones, 1α-hydroxyl-4(14)-en-β-dihydroagarafuran (1), 1α, 2α-diacetoxy-8β-isobutanoyloxy-9α-benzoyl oxy-15-β-(β-furancarbonyloxy)-4β, 6β-dihydroxy-β-dihydroagarofuran (7), and 1α-acetoxy-2 α-furancarbonyloxy-8β-isobutanoyloxy-9α-benzoyloxy-15β-(β-acetoxy)-4β, 6β-dihydroxy-β-dihydroagarofuran (8). Herein the new compounds 7 and 8 were reported as a mixture. The molecular structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including UV, IR, NMR, and MS, and comparison with the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wei Ha
- a Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- a Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , China
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Li S, Wang P, Deng G, Yuan W, Su Z. Cytotoxic compounds from invasive giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) against human tumor cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6682-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu TW, Wu FH, Wang WH, Chen J, Li ZJ, Dong XJ, Patton J, Pei ZM, Zheng HL. Effects of calcium on seed germination, seedling growth and photosynthesis of six forest tree species under simulated acid rain. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:402-13. [PMID: 21470980 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We selected six tree species, Pinus massoniana Lamb., Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibr. ex Otto et Dietr., Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., Liquidambar formosana Hance, Pinus armandii Franch. and Castanopsis chinensis Hance, which are widely distributed as dominant species in the forest of southern China where acid deposition is becoming more and more serious in recent years. We investigated the effects and potential interactions between simulated acid rain (SiAR) and three calcium (Ca) levels on seed germination, radicle length, seedling growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and Ca content in leaves of these six species. We found that the six species showed different responses to SiAR and different Ca levels. Pinus armandii and C. chinensis were very tolerant to SiAR, whereas the others were more sensitive. The results of significant SiAR × Ca interactions on different physiological parameters of the six species demonstrate that additional Ca had a dramatic rescue effect on the seed germination and seedling growth for the sensitive species under SiAR. Altogether, we conclude that the negative effects of SiAR on seed germination, seedling growth and photosynthesis of the four sensitive species could be ameliorated by Ca addition. In contrast, the physiological processes of the two tolerant species were much less affected by both SiAR and Ca treatments. This conclusion implies that the degree of forest decline caused by long-term acid deposition may be attributed not only to the sensitivity of tree species to acid deposition, but also to the Ca level in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
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