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Felix FS, Angnes L. Electrochemical immunosensors - A powerful tool for analytical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 102:470-478. [PMID: 29182930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosensors are biosensors based on interactions between an antibody and antigen on a transducer surface. Either antibody or antigen can be the species immobilized on the transducer to detect antigen or antibody, respectively. Because of the strong binding forces between these biomolecules, immunosensors present high selectivity and very high sensitivity, making them very attractive for many applications in different science fields. Electrochemical immunosensors explore measurements of an electrical signal produced on an electrochemical transductor. This signal can be voltammetric, potentiometric, conductometric or impedimetric. Immunosensors utilizing electrochemical detection have been explored in several analyses since they are specific, simple, portable, and generally disposable and can carry out in situ or automated detection. This review addresses the potential of immunosensors destined for application in food and environmental analysis, and cancer biomarker diagnosis. Emphasis is given to the approaches that have been used for construction of electrochemical immunosensors. Additionally, the fundamentals of immunosensors, technology of transducers and nanomaterials and a general overview of the possible applications of electrochemical immunosensors to the food, environmental and diseases analysis fields are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana S Felix
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), CP 3037, Lavras CEP 37200-000, MG, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Giri B, Peesara RR, Yanagisawa N, Dutta D. Undergraduate Laboratory Module for Implementing ELISA on the High Performance Microfluidic Platform. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2015; 92:728-732. [PMID: 26052160 PMCID: PMC4457339 DOI: 10.1021/ed4009107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Implementing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in microchannels offers several advantages over its traditional microtiter plate-based format, including a reduced sample volume requirement, shorter incubation period, and greater sensitivity. Moreover, microfluidic ELISA platforms are inexpensive to fabricate and allow integration of analytical procedures, such as sample preconcentration, that further enhance the performance of the immunoassay. In view of the scientific potential of microfluidic ELISAs, inclusion of this technique into an undergraduate curriculum is valuable in preparing the next generation of scientists and engineers. Here, an experimental module is presented for this immunoassay method that can be completed in an undergraduate laboratory setting within two 3-h periods (including all incubation and data analyses procedures) using only a microliter of sample and reagents per assay. In addition to acquainting students with the microfluidic technology, the reported module provides training in quantitating ELISAs using the kinetic format of the assay. Furthermore, it offers a useful educational tool for introducing undergraduates to basic image analysis techniques, as well as signal-to-noise ratio and limit of detection calculations that are valuable in characterizing any analytical method.
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Zhao Y, Wang F, Li W, Ha Y. Development of a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies for the detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in irradiated beef. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7749-7753. [PMID: 23875579 DOI: 10.1021/jf401976e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and specific competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) based on monoclonal antibodies was developed for the detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB), a chemical marker for irradiated lipid-containing foods. 2-Oxocyclobutane undecanoic acid was used as an alternative to 2-DCB and conjugated to BSA and OVA via a conventional carbodiimide condensation reaction to prepare the immunogen and the coating antigen for 2-DCB. The monoclonal antibody against 2-DCB was obtained using the hybridoma technique, with a high specificity and low cross-reactivity for 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-TCB; <8%) and other structurally related compounds (<0.1%). The ciELISA method was applicable at optimal experimental conditions of 0.001-100 μg/mL 2-DCB in a buffer solution, with an IC50 value of 0.25 μg/mL and a limit of detection (defined as the IC20) of approximately 0.004 μg/mL. The recovery efficiency of 2-DCB from ground beef patties ranged from 84.4 to 109.8%. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were <10.0 and <12.0%, respectively. The proposed method was validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with high correlation. The same method was used to detect 2-DCB in ground beef patties irradiated at 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 kGy; the 2-DCB concentration linearly increased with the radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Zhao
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Opening Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
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Zong S, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wang C, Xu S, Cui Y. A multiplex and straightforward aqueous phase immunoassay protocol through the combination of SERS-fluorescence dual mode nanoprobes and magnetic nanobeads. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:745-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Yu X, Hu Y, Liu S. Rapid monitoring of dicyclohexyl phthalate in foods using the direct competitive ELISA. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.768964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Tian W, Xie HQ, Fu H, Pei X, Zhao B. Immunoanalysis methods for the detection of dioxins and related chemicals. SENSORS 2012; 12:16710-31. [PMID: 23443395 PMCID: PMC3571807 DOI: 10.3390/s121216710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the development of biotechnology, approaches based on antibodies, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), active aryl hydrocarbon immunoassay (Ah-I) and other multi-analyte immunoassays, have been utilized as alternatives to the conventional techniques based on gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy for the analysis of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in environmental and biological samples. These screening methods have been verified as rapid, simple and cost-effective. This paper provides an overview on the development and application of antibody-based approaches, such as ELISA, Ah-I, and multi-analyte immunoassays, covering the sample extraction and cleanup, antigen design, antibody preparation and immunoanalysis. However, in order to meet the requirements for on-site fast detection and relative quantification of dioxins in the environment, further optimization is needed to make these immuno-analytical methods more sensitive and easy to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Nian H, Wang J, Wu H, Lo JG, Chiu KH, Pounds JG, Lin Y. Electrochemical immunoassay of cotinine in serum based on nanoparticle probe and immunochromatographic strip. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sathe M, Ghorpade R, Merwyn S, Agarwal GS, Kaushik MP. Direct hapten-linked competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CIELISA) for the detection of O-pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid. Analyst 2012; 137:406-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15773f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tang J, Han L, Yu Y, Kang J, Zhang Y. A label-free immunoassay using eggshell membrane as matrix and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as light-scattering enhancer. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:634-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Tang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun; 130012; People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun; 130012; People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Yu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun; 130012; People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Kang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun; 130012; People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun; 130012; People's Republic of China
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Bhadekar R, Pote S, Tale V, Nirichan B. Developments in Analytical Methods for Detection of Pesticides in Environmental Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.228118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hongsibsong S, Prapamontol T, Suphavilai C, Wipasa J, Pattarawarapan M, Kasinrerk W. Production of Monoclonal Antibody to Acaricide Dicofol and Its Derivatives. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:495-500. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surat Hongsibsong
- Health Sciences International Program, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Pollution and Environmental Health Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Center for Pollution and Environmental Health Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaisuree Suphavilai
- Center for Molecular and Cell Biology for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jiraprapa Wipasa
- Center for Molecular and Cell Biology for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kondo M, Yamashita H, Uchigashima M, Kono T, Takemoto T, Fujita M, Saka M, Iwasa S, Ito S, Miyake S. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for residue analysis of the insecticide emamectin benzoate in agricultural products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:359-364. [PMID: 19117397 DOI: 10.1021/jf802788n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) for the analysis of emamectin residues in agricultural products was developed using a prepared mouse monoclonal antibody. The working range was 0.3-3.0 ng/mL, and the 50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)) was 1.0 ng/mL. The assay was sufficiently sensitive for analysis of the maximum residue limits in agricultural products in Japan (>0.1 microg/g). Emamectin residues contain the following metabolites: the 4''-epi-amino analogue, the 4''-epi-(N-formyl)amino analogue, the 4''-epi-(N-formyl-N-methyl)amino analogue, and the 8,9-Z isomer. The dc-ELISA reacted with these compounds at ratios of 113, 55, 38, and 9.1% of the IC(50) value of emamectin benzoate. Seven kinds of vegetables were spiked with emamectin benzoate at concentrations of 15-300 ng/g, and the recoveries were 91-117% in the dc-ELISA. The dc-ELISA results agreed reasonably well with results obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using spiked samples and actual (incurred) samples. The results indicate that the dc-ELISA was useful for the analysis of emamectin benzoate residues in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kondo
- Research and Development Department, Medical Electronic Systems Division, Horiba, Miyanohigashi, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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A label-free visual immunoassay on solid support with silver nanoparticles as plasmon resonance scattering indicator. Anal Biochem 2008; 383:168-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Mahto SK, Yoon TH, Shin H, Rhee SW. Multicompartmented microfluidic device for characterization of dose-dependent cadmium cytotoxicity in BALB/3T3 fibroblast cells. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 11:401-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Pu C, Wu YF, Yang H, Deng AP. Trace analysis of contraceptive drug levonorgestrel in wastewater samples by a newly developed indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) coupled with solid phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Simon E, Knopp D, Carrasco PB, Niessner R. Development of an enzyme immunoassay for metsulfuron‐methyl. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109809354974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Liang C, Gui W, Zhao L, Qi Q, Zhu G. Optimization of a Direct Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for Carbofuran and Application to Water Samples. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802119129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Eremin SA, Samsonova ZV, Egorov AM. Immunochemical methods for the assays of herbicides of the 1,3,5-triazine group. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1994v063n07abeh000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liang C, Jin R, Gui W, Zhu G. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a monoclonal antibody for the detection of the insecticide triazophos: assay optimization and application to environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:6783-6788. [PMID: 17969695 DOI: 10.1021/es070828m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for triazophos was developed, which was based on the THHe monoclonal antibody (McAb) and a heterologous enzyme tracer (THBu-HRP). The influence of several physicochemical factors (temperature, time, pH, salt, detergent, and solvent) on the immunoassay was studied. For the standard curve, an I50 of 0.21 microg/L and a limit of detection (I20) of 0.02 microg/L was obtained in a high salt concentration buffer (0.05 M PBS, pH 6.0) with 0.05% BSA, which means an almost 3-fold improvement in the assay sensitivity in comparison with the nonoptimized conditions. The optimized ELISA has been used to quantify triazophos in water and soil samples spiked at different amounts. The excellent recoveries achieved confirmed the potential of the immunoassay for environmental monitoring of triazophos in waters and soils without purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizhou Liang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
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Moon JK, Keum YS, Hwang EC, Park BS, Chang HR, Li QX, Kim JH. Hapten syntheses and antibody generation for a new herbicide, metamifop. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:5416-22. [PMID: 17567028 DOI: 10.1021/jf070358f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To develop a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for metamifop, a new aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicide, three structurally related haptens were synthesized. Hapten conjugates to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and bovine serum albumin were used as immunogens and plate-coating antigens, respectively. Various sets of polyclonal antibodies from rabbits and the coating antigens were screened for the assay in simple homologous and heterologous ELISA formats. A selected heterologous ELISA was optimized to show an average IC50 value as low as 20.1 ng/mL, detection ranges of 1.0-350 ng/mL, and a lowest detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. The cross-reactivities of other aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides to the antibodies were less than 0.5% in the assays except fenoxaprop-P and fenoxaprop-P ethyl, having a diaryl ether group identical to that of metamifop. Molecular modeling studies revealed that the physicochemical properties of the diaryl ether group are the most important determinants of sensitivity and selectivity. The results strongly indicate that the selected set of ELISA is a highly sensitive and convenient tool for detecting metamifop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Kwan Moon
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Zhang H, Meyerhoff ME. Gold-coated magnetic particles for solid-phase immunoassays: enhancing immobilized antibody binding efficiency and analytical performance. Anal Chem 2007; 78:609-16. [PMID: 16408947 DOI: 10.1021/ac051720x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of gold-coated magnetic particles are described for use as more efficient solid-phase materials in immunoassay development. A thin gold coating on commercial tosylated magnetic polystyrene particles (4.5 microm) is achieved via an electroless plating method involving initial reaction of the particles with Sn(II), followed by redox deposition of Ag0, that serves as a catalytic site for the subsequent reduction of Na3Au(SO3)2 in the presence of formaldehyde to yield the adhered gold layer. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate the presence of the desired Au0 outer layer. To characterize the improved yield of antibody binding sites on such gold-coated phases, the modified particles are reacted with the free thiols of Fab' fragments of an anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) antibody to orient all the antigenic binding sites in a favorable direction. After equilibration with ALP, the amount of ALP bound to the surface of such particles is nearly 2.5-fold greater than on non-gold-coated particles possessing the same amount of immobilized anti-ALP Fab', but oriented randomly on the surface. The new gold-coated magnetic particles are further used as a solid phase for developing a sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) using horseradish peroxidase as the enzyme label. The gold-coated magnetic particles with anti-CRP monoclonal Fab' reagents provide assays with enhanced assay slope (1.8-fold), lower nonspecific adsorption, and a detection limit improvement of nearly 10-fold (0.14 vs 1.9 ng/mL) compared to the same Fab' anti-CRP immobilized on the initial tosylated polystyrene magnetic particles. The improved assay performance is attributed to the more favorable binding orientation of the self-assembled monolayer of Fab' fragments on the gold-coated particles compared to the random orientation on the non-gold-coated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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Krasnova AI, Eremin SA, Natangelo M, Tavazzi S, Benfenati E. A POLARIZATION FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY FOR THE HERBICIDE PROPANIL. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100107295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Campanella L, Martini E, Tomassetti M. Immunochemical Potentiometric Method for HIgG and Anti‐HIgG Determination, Using a NH3Probe and Immunoprecipitation as Preconcentration Procedure. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600952473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gui WJ, Jin RY, Chen ZL, Cheng JL, Zhu GN. Hapten synthesis for enzyme-linked immunoassay of the insecticide triazophos. Anal Biochem 2006; 357:9-14. [PMID: 16920057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two haptens of the insecticide triazophos (O,O-diethyl O-[1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] phosphorothioate) were synthesized by introducing appropriate spacers in the O-ethyl site of the analyte molecular structure. First, thiophosphoryl chloride (PSCl(3)) reacts with methanol at low temperature to give O-ethyl dichlorothiophosphate. After reacting with 1-phenyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol, the O-ethyl dichlorothiophosphate was transformed into the intermediate O-ethyl O-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) chlorothiophosphate. Then the intermediate reacts with 4-aminobutyric acid and 6-aminobutyric acid to produce hapten I and hapten II, respectively. The molecule structures of the two haptens were identified by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and mass spectrum. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on monoclonal antibody was also developed to evaluate the two haptens. Results showed that the monoclonal antibodies with high titers were obtained after immunizing with protein conjugates of these haptens and that the immunoassay has high affinity and specificity to triazophos. These results suggested that the haptens were synthesized successfully and could be used for immunoassay for the rapid screening and sensitive determination of this insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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ZHU GN, GUI WJ, ZHENG ZT, CHENG JL, WU G. Synthesis and Identification of Artificial Antigen for Imidacloprid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(06)60054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Sequential injection/electrochemical immunoassay for quantifying the pesticide metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Holthues H, Pfeifer-Fukumura U, Sound I, Baumann W. Evaluation of the concept of heterology in a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA utilizing direct hapten linkage to polystyrene microtiter plates. J Immunol Methods 2005; 304:68-77. [PMID: 16111698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of new heterologous haptens has been synthesized and used as coating haptens in an antigen-immobilized immunoassay with a monoclonal antibody against atrazine. Coating was achieved by covalently linking the different haptens to a glutaraldehyde network directly bound to the polystyrene surface of a standard 96-well microtiter plate. With the assay designed in the antigen-immobilized format with direct chemical linkage of the hapten to the solid polystyrene surface well-defined hapten densities were achieved in all experiments. The results of different experiments with different coating haptens were comparable. Using different heterologous haptens it appears that the concept of heterology is applicable in this case and can be used to enhance the sensitivity of an immunoassay in the coating-hapten format.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holthues
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Jakob Welder-Weg 11, D 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Cao Y, Lu Y, Long S, Hong J, Sheng G. Development of an ELISA for the detection of bromoxynil in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2005; 31:33-42. [PMID: 15607777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the nitrile herbicide bromoxynil, the polyclonal antibodies raised against 2,6-dibromo-4-cyano-phenoxyacetic acid (hapten) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated ester method. Antiserum with a sufficiently high titer to provide the determinations of targeted compounds was obtained only 77 days after the primary immunization. Antiserum A2 was applied to the residual analysis of some water samples, under optimized ELISA condition, the quantitative working range was from 10 to 500 ppb with a limit of detection of 5 ppb. Cross-reactivity to structurally similar agrochemicals and related chemicals was determined. The antiserum showed little cross-reactivity with 2,6-dibromophenol and bromoxynil octanoate ester which have a dibromophenol group as common structure, but showed no cross-reactivity with other herbicides. Each water sample (river water, tap water, purified water, and bottled water) had a matrix effect and was investigated by adding Tween20 in the assay buffer. These four kinds of water samples were fortified with bromoxynil at several concentration levels and were directly analyzed with only dilution with an equal volume of antiserum solution, the mean recovery was 102.3%, and the mean coefficient of variation was 5.96%. The proposed ELISA turned out to be a powerful tool for monitoring of residual bromoxynil in water samples at trace level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, NO. 2678 Qixin Road, Shanghai 201101, PR China
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Mickova B, Kovalczuk T, Rauch P, Moreno MJ, Abad A, Montoya A, Ferri E, Fini F, Girotti S. Analytical performances of validated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays to detect N-methylcarbamate pesticides. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang X, Chen F, Wan PJ, Huang G. Development of monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for gossypol analysis in cottonseed meals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7793-7797. [PMID: 15612757 DOI: 10.1021/jf049071y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was developed for the analysis of gossypol in cottonseed meals. First, the checkerboard method was used to determine the optimum amount of coating antigen gossypol-BSA (bovine serum albumin) and primary anti-gossypol monoclonal antibody (Mab) needed in the ic-ELISA. Second, the effects of several physical (incubation time and temperature) and chemical (solvent types and concentrations) conditions on the performance of Mab on ic-ELISA were investigated to get a rapid robust assay with high sensitivity. Under the established optimized condition, the concentration of gossypol giving 50% reduction of the maximum ELISA signal (I50) in the competitive standard curve was 0.20 microg/mL, whereas the detection limit for gossypol was 0.024 microg/mL. This ic-ELISA method for the analysis of gossypol extracted by methanol from a variety of cottonseed meals was further compared with the official method of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS). The amounts of gossypol determined by the ic-ELISA had a good correlation with those obtained by the AOCS method (R2 = 0.90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Genetic, Biochemistry & Life Science Studies, Greenville Hospital System-Clemson University, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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Abstract
Enzyme catalysis in low water containing organic solvents is finding an increasing number of applications in diverse areas. This review focuses on some aspects which have not been reviewed elsewhere. Different strategies for obtaining higher activity and stability in such media are described. In this context, the damaging role of lyophilization and the means of overcoming such effects are discussed. Ultrasonication and microwave assistance are two emerging approaches for enhancing reaction rates in low water media. Control of water activity and medium engineering are two crucial approaches in optimization of catalytic behaviour in nonaqueous enzymology. Organometallics and synthesis/modification of polymers are two areas where nonaqueous enzymology can play a greater role in the coming years. The greater understanding of enzyme behaviour in nonaqueous media is expected to lead to larger and even more diverse kinds of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munishwar N Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Anfossi L, Giraudi G, Tozzi C, Giovannoli C, Baggiani C, Vanni A. Development of a non-competitive immunoassay for monitoring DDT, its metabolites and analogues in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rufo C, Hammock BD, Gee SJ, Last JA, González-Sapienza G. Robust and sensitive monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the herbicide molinate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:182-187. [PMID: 14733492 DOI: 10.1021/jf034710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the generation of monoclonal antibodies and the development of a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of molinate (S-ethyl hexahydroazepine-1-carbothioate). Hybridoma cells were generated using spleen and lymph node cells from a mouse immunized with S-2-carboxyethyl hexahydroazepine-1-carbothioate conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. After screening with a competitive ELISA, two monoclonal antibodies, mAbs 16C11 and 14D7, with IC(50) values of 82 +/- 2 and 173 +/- 8 ng/mL, respectively, were selected. MAb 16C11 can detect molinate concentrations of 1 ng/mL with no cross-reactivity to any other thiocarbamate pesticides; however, it was susceptible to the presence of organic solvents and to variation in buffer ionic strength. MAb 14D7 tolerated concentrations up to 5% of propylene glycol and 12.5% of acetonitrile in the assay buffer. The sensitivity of mAb 14D7 was further improved by decreasing the amount of coating antigen in the ELISA; the final inhibition assay showed an IC(50) of 69.2 +/- 1.4 ng/mL. In summary, mAb14D7 provided a more sensitive and robust assay, as compared with previous polyclonal antibody-based assays, with the additional advantage of being based upon a consistent and unlimited source of a defined reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Rufo
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Knopp D, Niessner R. Biomonitors based on immunological principles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0713-2743(04)80020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Kramer K. Evolutionary affinity and selectivity optimization of a pesticide-selective antibody utlizing a hapten-selective immunoglobulin repertoire. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:4892-4898. [PMID: 12487314 DOI: 10.1021/es010209s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Selectivity and sensitivity are considered as pivotal criteria for the quality of immunochemical assay designs in environmental analysis. They are essentially determined by the variable domains of the implemented antibody. The variable domains of a triazine-selective single-chain Fv (scFv) were genetically engineered by stringent molecular evolution in order to optimize analytical characteristics of the corresponding atrazine immunoassay. Gene variation of the template antibody by sequential shuffling against the variable heavy and light chain repertoire of a triazine-selective immunoglobulin library was enhanced by introducing additional point mutatons. Improved scFv variants were selected by phage display employing an atrazine derivative. By this means the paramounting affinity of the initial scFv to sebuthylazine was shifted for the mutant antibodies toward a preferential recognition of the envisaged target analyte atrazine. In addition, the detection limit of the atrazine assaywas significantly improved by factor 25 from 5.1 microg/L for the initial template antibody to 0.2 microg/L for the mutant antibodies. The contribution of the engineered antibody variants to the assay improvement is also reflected by a shift of the equilibrium dissociation constant KD from 1.27 x 10(-8) M of the template antibody to 7.46 x 10(-10) M of the optimized variant. Sequence analysis revealed a bias of amino acid substitutions in the first two complementarity-determining regions (CDR) and the flanking framework regions of both variable chains for the shuffled clones as well as a deletion in the CDR3 of the light chain. Particularly the mutations of the VL domain turned out to have a decisive impact on the alterations in the analytical performance of the engineered scFv mutants. The application of the mutant antibodies for the atrazine determination of soil samples revealed consistency with HPLC data within the experimental error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kramer
- Technische Universität München, Center of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Alte Akademie 12, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
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Stalikas C, Knopp D, Niessner R. Sol-gel glass immunosorbent-based determination of s-triazines in water and soil samples using gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detection system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:3372-3377. [PMID: 12188367 DOI: 10.1021/es020542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method for the selective extraction of s-triazine herbicides in environmental samples was developed using an immunosorbent of monoclonal antiatrazine antibodies, which were encapsulated in a sol-gel glass matrix. The cross-reactivity of the antibody for analytes structurally related with atrazine enabled the simultaneous extraction of several s-triazine herbicides (atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine, cyanazine, desethyl atrazine). After trace enrichment on the immunoextraction column, the s-triazines were desorbed by means of an acidic buffer (pH 2.5) and further extracted with ethyl acetate before being injected into the GC. Compared to liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction with a hydrophobic SDB-L support, the GC-NPD chromatograms obtained after immunoaffinity enrichment of surface water (river water) samples or soil extracts and analysis were free from matrix interferences. Nonspecific adsorption of humic acids was not observed. The method allows for the determination of the herbicides in linear ranges up to 1.5 microg/L with correlation coefficients higherthan 0.99 and relative standard deviations between 4% and 7% (n = 5). The LODs for 50-mL water samples were in the range 0.02 microg/L (atrazine, propazine) to 0.1 microg/L (desethyl atrazine) (S/N = 3). In addition to its high selectivity, the immunosorbent proved to be reusable for a significant number of preconcentration runs. However, the composition of samples may influence the lifetime of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Stalikas
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
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Maqbool U, Qureshi MJ, Iqbal MZ, Hock B, Kramer K. Development of ELISA technique for the analysis of atrazine residues in water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2002; 37:307-322. [PMID: 12081023 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-120004472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay is described for the detection of atrazine residues in water. Atrazine derivative was conjugated to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) to obtain an immunizing antigen and to Horseradish Peroxidase enzyme (POD) to obtain a marker for immunoassay. The formation of these conjugations was confirmed by UV spectroscopy as well as by gel-electrophoresis. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits by immunization with an atrazine-BSA conjugate containing 29 atrazine residues per BSA molecule. An ELISA on microtitration plates was optimized with peroxidase-atrazine conjugate. The middle of the test (50% B/Bo) was found to be at 90 ng/l, which is well below the maximum concentration permitted by the EC guidelines for drinking water. Detection limits for atrazine of about 1 ng/l could be reached. The assay did not require concentration or cleanup steps for drinking or ground water samples. Validation experiments showed good accuracy and precision. No cross-reactivities were shown by other s-triazines like terbutryn, ametryn, terbuthylazine, des-isopropylatrazine, and de-ethylatrazine except hydroxyatrazine. The latter was present at very low levels that can be calibrated/standardized before analysis or it may be considered as leftover residues of atrazine. Based on these results, it is suggested that this test can be applied to obtain fairly accurate results for atrazine concentration in water samples from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Maqbool
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Watanabe E, Hoshino R, Kanzaki Y, Tokumoto H, Kubo H, Nakazawa H. New approach to immunochemical determinations for triclopyr and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by using a bifunctional hapten, and evaluation of polyclonal antiserum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3637-3646. [PMID: 12059137 DOI: 10.1021/jf0114684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the design and synthesis of the structurally unique hapten, "bifunctional hapten", to produce a group-specific polyclonal antiserum to triclopyr and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. A bifunctional hapten was designed and synthesized by conjugating commercially available Nepsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-L-lysine to triclopyr, and then coupling this to carrier proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). The synthesized bifunctional hapten greatly raised the antiserum titer in comparison with that of the conventional hapten, triclopyr. Antiserum with a sufficiently high titer to provide the determinations of targeted compounds was obtained only 63 days after the primary immunization. The obtained antiserum showed the highest affinity to triclopyr (IC(50) = 3.5 nM) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (IC(50) = 5.1 nM) in homologous ELISA. The cross-reactivities to various agrochemicals and some chlorinated phenolic compounds were determined. Significant cross-reactivity was found to the herbicide 2,4,5-T. The antiserum reacted to both triclopyr and its metabolite. Assay sensitivity was evaluated for effects of various assay conditions, including pH value and concentrations of organic solvents and detergents. Under optimized assay conditions, the quantitative working range of triclopyr ELISA was from 0.1 to 5.2 ng/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.037 ng/mL, and an IC(50) of 0.72 ng/mL. On the other hand, the quantitative working range of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol ELISA was from 0.13 to 6.0 ng/mL with a LOD of 0.052 ng/mL, and an IC(50) of 0.95 ng/mL. Water samples fortified with triclopyr or its metabolite at 1, 5, and 10 ng/mL were directly analyzed without extraction and cleanup by the proposed ELISA. The mean recovery was 101.6%, and the mean coefficient of variation (CV) was 7.1% in the case of the triclopyr ELISA. In the case of the 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol ELISA, the mean recovery was 99.8%, and the mean CV was 9.5%. The proposed ELISA turned out to be a powerful tool for monitoring of residual triclopyr or 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in water samples at trace level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Watanabe
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Watanabe E, Kubo H, Nakazawa H. Group-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for fenitrooxon and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in water samples based on a polyclonal antibody. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Watanabe E, Kanzaki Y, Tokumoto H, Hoshino R, Kubo H, Nakazawa H. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a polyclonal antibody for the detection of the insecticide fenitrothion. Evaluation of antiserum and application to the analysis of water samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:53-58. [PMID: 11754541 DOI: 10.1021/jf0108359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion, the specificity of the antiserum R-3 generated with the bifunctional hapten, LysMNPA (2-[[[(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)oxy]methylcarbonyl]amino]-6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminohexanoic acid) and the application to the residual analysis of some water samples were evaluated. At optimized ELISA conditions, the quantitative working range was from 1 to 39 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.3 ng/mL and an IC(50) value of 6 ng/mL. Cross-reactivity to structurally similar organophosphorus compounds and related chemicals was determined. The antiserum R-3 showed significant cross-reactivity with fenitrooxon and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, which have a 3-methyl-4-nitrophenoxy group as common structures, but showed relatively low cross-reactivity with other compounds. Each water sample (river water, tap water, purified water, and bottled water) had a matrix effect and was investigated by adding Tween 20 in the assay buffer. These four kinds of water samples were fortified with fenitrothion at several concentration levels and were directly analyzed with only dilution with an equal volume of antiserum solution. The mean recovery was 105.9%, and the mean coefficient of variation was 10.9%. The results suggested that the developed ELISA would be very suitable for a preliminary screening for fenitrothion in water samples at such low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Watanabe
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Lohse C, Jaeger LL, Staimer N, Sanborn JR, Jones AD, Langó J, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Development of a class-selective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for mercapturic acids in human urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:5913-5923. [PMID: 11312767 DOI: 10.1021/jf000621b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies often require the analysis of large numbers of samples for biological markers of exposure. The goal of this work was to develop a class-selective ELISA to detect groups of structurally closely related mercapturic acids with small nonpolar S-substituents. An assay was developed with strong recognition for mercapturates including S-benzylmercapturic acid (IC50 = 0.018 micromol/L), S-n-hexylmercapturic acid (IC50 = 0.021 micromol/L), S-phenylmercapturic acid (IC50 = 0.024 micromol/L), and S-cyclohexylmethylmercapturic acid (IC50 = 0.042 micromol/L). The same assay also showed weaker recognition for S-(1-hydroxynaphthal-2-yl)mercapturic acid and S-allylmercapturic acid (IC50 = 1.1 and 1.7 micromol/L, respectively). Subtle modifications to the hapten linker structure of the coating antigen proved to have a strong impact on the selectivity and the specificity of the assay. A slightly modified assay showed high recognition for S-benzylmercapturic acid (IC50 = 0.018 micromol/L) and weaker recognition for seven other mercapturic acids (IC50 = 0.021-10 micromol/L). Strong positive assay responses were detected in 12 urine samples obtained from persons with no known occupational exposure to exogenous electrophilic xenobiotics. Solid phase extraction and cross-reactivity indicated that the presumptive immunoreactive materials were similar in size and polarity to S-benzylmercapturic acid. The assay was more selective to mercapturic acids than the spectrophotometric thioether assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lohse
- Department of Entomology and the UCDMC Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Bennetau-Pelissero C, Le Houérou C, Lamothe V, Le Menn F, Babin P, Bennetau B. Synthesis of haptens and conjugates for ELISAs of phytoestrogens. Development of the immunological tests. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:305-311. [PMID: 10691633 DOI: 10.1021/jf990896v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seven carboxylic acid haptens of isoflavonoids were synthesized, with the spacer arm on the oxygen atom at the C7 position for one series, with formononetin, daidzein, equol, biochanin A, and genistein, and at the C8 position for a second series, with only formononetin and daidzein. The different haptens were coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and to swine thyroglobulin (Thyr). Polyclonal antibodies were generated against the BSA conjugates. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed based on competition between free phytoestrogens and the Thyr-hapten conjugates for specific antibodies. IC(50) values of the standard curves ranged between 0.8 and 20 ng/mL that is, 0.3 and 9.2 pmol/well. The antibodies obtained should be useful for assays in vegetable matter as well as in biological fluids after a separation step. These ELISAs should be valuable also in the food industry to control phytoestrogen concentrations prior to and after processing.
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Chapter 6 Methods for the determination and evaluation of chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) in environmental matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Le Houérou C, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Lamothe V, Le Menn F, Babin P, Bennetau B. Syntheses of Novel Hapten–Protein Conjugates for Production of Highly Specific Antibodies to Formononetin, Daidzein and Genistein. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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Meulenberg EP, de Vree L, Dogterom J. Investigation of indicative methods in the Netherlands: validation of several commercial ELISAs for pesticides. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Harrison RO, Eduljee GH. Immunochemical analysis for dioxins--progress and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1999; 239:1-18. [PMID: 10570831 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in antibody design and sample preparation have considerably enhanced the use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) as an alternative to the conventional techniques based on gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy for the analysis of the trace organic pollutants polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in source and environmental samples. The EIA-specific sample preparation technique for solid matrices using a compatible extracting solvent coupled with an assay using a more sensitive antibody permits screening of source and environmental samples to be undertaken with minimal sample preparation. EIA has been validated on an increasing range of environmental and source samples as a cost effective I-TEQ screening tool, exploiting the commonly recognised general strengths of immunoassays such as speed, simplicity, low cost and parallel processing of many samples, greatly reducing the number of samples requiring conventional GCMS analysis. Further research and developmental work is required in the areas of sample extraction and extract cleanup to ensure compatibility with the immunoassay from the outset, and to standardise as far as is possible an assay format relevant to the application of interest, covering sample preparation, sample cleanup, quality control, assay procedure and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Harrison
- CAPE Technologies, South Portland, ME 04106-1604, USA
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49
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Penalva J, Puchades R, Maquieira A. Analytical properties of immunosensors working in organic media. Anal Chem 1999; 71:3862-72. [PMID: 10489531 DOI: 10.1021/ac9813641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The compatibility between organic solvents and immunoreagents was studied for the development of immunosensors for pesticides. On the basis on heterogeneous competitive enzyme formats, three assay types were used: immobilized antibodies (direct format), immobilized hapten conjugates (indirect format), and capture format based on immobilized protein A/G. In all cases, peroxidase enzyme label and fluorometric detection were employed. Initial findings were developed in batch working with the immunoreagents in different solvent systems (pure and mixed) to retrieve basic information about their performances. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for carbaryl and 1-naphthol were used to develop sensors in different organic solvent mixtures. Polyclonal antibodies showed better sensitivity than monoclonal ones in comparable conditions. Sensitivity was better in the more polar solvents, methanol being the best. Comparison with an aqueous immunosensor showed lower sensitivity but better selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Penalva
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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Djien Liem A. Important developments in methods and techniques for the determination of dioxins and PCBs in foodstuffs and human tissues. Trends Analyt Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(99)00108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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