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Kirchner M, Miller WG, Osborne JA, Badgley B, Neidermeyer J, Kathariou S. Campylobacter Colonization and Diversity in Young Turkeys in the Context of Gastrointestinal Distress and Antimicrobial Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020252. [PMID: 36838217 PMCID: PMC9963665 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Young turkeys are vulnerable to undifferentiated gastrointestinal distress, including "irritable and crabby syndrome" (ICS), which compromises flock performance and is typically treated with a combination of penicillin and gentamicin (P/G). However, the effects of ICS and P/G treatment on Campylobacter remain poorly understood. We investigated the impact of ICS and P/G treatment on Campylobacter levels and diversity in four flocks from three turkey farms. Cecum and jejunum samples were analyzed weekly from day of hatch to week 4-5. All four flocks became colonized with multidrug resistant (MDR) Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli by week 2-3, and two developed ICS. ICS and P/G treatment did not significantly impact total Campylobacter levels or strain genotypes but impacted species and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. One flock was raised under antibiotic-free (ABF) conditions while another flock at the same farm was raised conventionally. The ABF flock did not develop ICS while its counterpart did. However, Campylobacter strains, AMR profiles and sequence types were generally shared between these two flocks. Our findings suggest that ICS and P/G treatment impacted Campylobacter population dynamics in commercial young turkey flocks, and that ABF flocks may become readily colonized by MDR strains from non-ABF flocks at the same farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kirchner
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jason A. Osborne
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jeffrey Neidermeyer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sophia Kathariou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Correspondence:
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Taylor DD, Fenske GJ, Pouzou JG, Costard S, Zagmutt FJ. Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance Are Incompatible with Available Surveillance Data. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1496-1505. [PMID: 35723548 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Foodborne antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microorganisms are a global food safety concern. Antimicrobial drug use (AMU) in livestock may increase the risk of resistant foodborne bacterial infections in humans via contaminated animal products. Consequently, countries have implemented different livestock AMU restriction policies, opening the potential for trade disputes. AMR risk equivalence between countries with different AMU policies must be established by using scientifically justified risk assessments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission's Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR Codex) recommends an approach that requires quantification of detailed information, for which, in many instances, little to no data exist. Using AMR Salmonella exposure from beef consumption as an example, we demonstrate the difficulty of implementing the AMR Codex by comparing key regionally specific parameters within the United States and European Union, two regions with substantial beef production and consumption, robust foodborne pathogen sampling and surveillance systems, and different AMU policies. Currently, neither region fully captures data for key regional variables to populate a detailed risk assessment as outlined in the AMR Codex, nor are they able to adequately link AMU in livestock to AMR infections in humans. Therefore, the AMR Codex guidelines are currently aspirational and not a viable option to assess the impact of livestock AMU reductions on the human health risk of AMR salmonellosis from beef or produce regionally comparable estimates of risk. More flexible risk assessment guidelines that more directly link livestock AMU to human health risk and are amenable to currently available data are needed to allow for country variations and to calculate comparable regional risk estimates, which can be used to guide international trade policy. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Taylor
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Gavin J Fenske
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Jane G Pouzou
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Solenne Costard
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Francisco J Zagmutt
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
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Bort B, Martí P, Mormeneo S, Mormeneo M, Iranzo M. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Broilers Throughout the Supply Chain in Valencia, Spain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:717-724. [PMID: 36037011 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been described worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and AMR of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broilers throughout the supply chain in Valencia, Spain. A total of 483 samples were included in the analysis: 430 from the slaughterhouse (chicken carcass and neck skin) and 53 from the point of sale (retail broiler and packaging). Taking into account the origin of the sample, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 19% in carcass, 28.2% in neck skin, 36.7% in retail broiler, and 80% in packaging isolates. The prevalence of different species in the analyzed samples was 21.1% and 4.8% for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, respectively. AMR profiling of 125 Campylobacter isolates revealed that 122 (97.6%) of the isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. C. jejuni samples presented high resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, 96.1% and 90.2% respectively, whereas C. coli showed 87% of resistance to both antimicrobials. Both species were resistant to tetracycline (C. jejuni 84.3% and C. coli 60.9%) and 26.1% of C. coli was resistant to streptomycin. These results showed no significant difference in the frequency of AMR (p ≥ 0.05) among isolates originated from different points in the food-processing chain at slaughterhouses and retail establishments. In contrast, three main patterns were detected: quinolone-tetracycline (64%), quinolone-only (17.6%), and quinolone-tetracycline-aminoglycosides (8%). Additionally, 12.8% of the isolates presented multidrug resistance, with significantly higher levels detected among C. coli (30.4%) isolates compared with C. jejuni (8.8%) and all the three strains were resistant to all six antibiotics tested. Therefore, these results indicate that broilers could be a source of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter in humans and consequently pose a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Bort
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Pedro Martí
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mormeneo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Mormeneo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Iranzo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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A scoping review of factors potentially linked with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from turkeys (iAM.AMR Project). Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e153. [PMID: 35843720 PMCID: PMC9428905 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex problem that is a threat to global public health. Consumption of turkey meat may be an important source of foodborne exposure to resistant bacteria; recent outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Reading in Canada and the USA have implicated raw turkey products. To better understand the epidemiology of AMR in farmed turkey production, a scoping review was conducted. The objectives were to identify (1) modifiable factors potentially associated with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica along the farm-to-fork pathway in turkeys, and (2) data gaps with respect to factors potentially associated with AMR and Canadian commercial turkey production. A comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in 2019 and updated in 2021. Thirteen references were included, reporting 36 factors. Antimicrobial use factors and their potential associations with AMR were most frequently reported (n = 15 factors; 42%), followed by biosecurity (n = 11; 31%) and management practices (n = 10; 28%). This review revealed important data gaps; no factors pertaining to S. enterica or to stages other than the farm (e.g. abattoir, retail) were identified, and only one Canadian reference was identified. These findings will inform priorities for future research and surveillance regarding turkeys and AMR.
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Magnoli AP, Parada J, de la Torre FC, Watson S, Poloni V, Fochesato A, Martínez MP, Coniglio MV, Ortiz ME, Cavaglieri L. Respiratory tract clinometry, fat thickness, haematology and productive parameters associated with direct-fed microbials used as growth promoter antibiotic alternative in weaned piglets. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 16:100246. [PMID: 35434416 PMCID: PMC9006636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both probiotics reduced lumbar fat thickness. The probiotics inclusion showed a tendency to increase the carcass weight. Direct-fed microbials demonstrated their ability to substitute as antibiotics usage.
The objective was to evaluate the effect of two probiotic yeast strains (Saccharomyces. cerevisiae RC016 and Kluyveromyces marxianus VM004) as a substitute of growth promoter antibiotics on health status and productive parameters in weaned piglets. Commercial line hybrid piglets (Choice n=200), weaned at 21 d age were allotted by sex, and assigned in 4 pens per treatment (2 pens males and 2 pens females), 10 pigs per pen divided into 2 blocks (with or without antibiotics). Dietary treatments included a basal diet (BD) supplemented with probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 and Kluyveromyces marxianus VM004 (100 g, 1 × 1010 CFU/g, respectively), with or without antibiotics, mixed per ton of growth phases diets. Pigs were fed ad libitum with treatments T1) BD with antibiotics (BD); T2) BD with antibiotics + Saccharomyces cerevisiae; T3) BD without antibiotics + Saccharomyces cerevisiae; T4) BD with antibiotics + Kluyveromyces marxianus; T5) BD without antibiotics + Kluyveromyces marxianus. The effects on respiratory tract clinometry, carcass quality, organs weight, blood haematology and productive parameters were evaluated. When clinical signs occurred (diarrhoea, stomach ulcers, respiratory signs), they decreased with both probiotics addition, mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The productive parameters promotion by both probiotics was similar than that using antibiotics. The probiotics inclusion increased the carcass weight and significantly reduced the lumbar fat thickness (P ≤ 0.05). Supplementation with both probiotics demonstrated their ability to substitute the antibiotics use on clinometry, carcass quality and on the productive parameters promotion of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Paola Magnoli
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Julián Parada
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Fátima Candelaria de la Torre
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Watson
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Poloni
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Analía Fochesato
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Pía Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Coniglio
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Ortiz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lilia Cavaglieri
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 km 601, (X5804BYA) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Corresponding author at: Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Trott DJ, Turnidge J, Kovac JH, Simjee S, Wilson D, Watts J. Comparative macrolide use in humans and animals: should macrolides be moved off the World Health Organisation's critically important antimicrobial list? J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1955-1961. [PMID: 33956974 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics are categorized by the WHO as Highest Priority, Critically Important Antimicrobials due to their recommendation as treatment for severe cases of campylobacteriosis in humans; a self-limiting, rarely life-threatening, zoonotic foodborne infection. Low rates of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and the availability of alternative treatments have prompted some regulatory schemes to assign macrolides to a lower importance category. Apart from rare, specific infections, macrolides largely play a supportive role to other drug classes in human medicine. By contrast, although the advent of alternative control methods has seen significant reductions in macrolide use in intensive livestock, they still have a crucial role in the treatment/control of respiratory infections and liver abscesses in cattle. Whilst acknowledging that ongoing surveillance is required to reduce the spread of recently emerged, transferable macrolide resistance among Campylobacter, this article recommends that macrolides should be moved to the WHO Highly Important category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Turnidge
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica H Kovac
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shabbir Simjee
- Elanco Animal Health, Form 2, Bartley Way, Bartley Wood Business Park, Hook, England
| | - Danny Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Watts
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Inc, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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Schnur SE, Amachawadi RG, Baca G, Sexton-Bowser S, Rhodes DH, Smolensky D, Herald TJ, Perumal R, Thomson DU, Nagaraja TG. Antimicrobial Activity of Sorghum Phenolic Extract on Bovine Foodborne and Mastitis-Causing Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050594. [PMID: 34067596 PMCID: PMC8156376 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens associated with bovine mastitis and human foodborne illnesses from contaminated food and water have an impact on animal and human health. Phenolic compounds have antimicrobial properties and some specialty sorghum grains are high in phenolic compounds, and the grain extract may have the potential as a natural antimicrobial alternative. The study’s objective was to determine antimicrobial effects of sorghum phenolic extract on bacterial pathogens that cause bovine mastitis and human foodborne illnesses. Bacterial pathogens tested included Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Antibacterial activities of sorghum phenolic extracts were determined by agar-well diffusion assay. Sorghum phenolic extract was added to the wells in concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500, 1000, or 4000 µg/mL. The control wells did not receive phenolic extract. Plates were incubated for 18–24 h, and the diameter of each zone of inhibition was measured. The results indicated that sorghum phenolic extract had inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Schnur
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.E.S.); (G.B.); (T.G.N.)
| | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-4356
| | - Giovanna Baca
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.E.S.); (G.B.); (T.G.N.)
| | | | - Davina H. Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - Dmitriy Smolensky
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.S.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Thomas J. Herald
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.S.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Ramasamy Perumal
- Agriculture Research Center, Kansas State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA;
| | - Daniel U. Thomson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.E.S.); (G.B.); (T.G.N.)
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Sineke N, Asante J, Amoako DG, Abia ALK, Perrett K, Bester LA, Essack SY. Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Pig Production in South Africa: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Clonality. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030317. [PMID: 33800367 PMCID: PMC8000748 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Staphylococcus aureus is a major threat to the veterinary, agricultural, and public health sectors because of its zoonotic potential, studies on its molecular characterisation in intensive animal production are rare. We phenotypically and genotypically characterised antibiotic-resistant S. aureus in intensive pig production in South Africa, using the farm-to-fork approach. Samples (n = 461) were collected from the farm, transport vehicles, and the abattoir using the World Health Organisation on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (WHO-AGISAR) sampling protocol. Bacteria were isolated using selective media and identified using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phenotypic resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method. Selected resistance and virulence genes were investigated using PCR. Clonality among the isolates was determined using the repetitive element sequence-PCR. In all, 333 presumptive staphylococcal isolates were obtained, with 141/333 (42.3%) identified as staphylococci biochemically. Ninety-seven (97; 68.8%) were confirmed as S. aureus using PCR, 52.6% of which were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) through the mecA gene. All the 97 S. aureus isolates (100%) were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested, with the highest resistance observed against erythromycin and clindamycin (84.50% each), and the lowest observed against amikacin (2.10%); 82.47% (80/97) were multidrug-resistant with an average multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.50. Most of the phenotypically resistant isolates carried at least one of the corresponding resistance genes tested, ermC being the most detected. hla was the most detected virulence gene (38.14%) and etb was the least (1.03%). Genetic fingerprinting revealed diverse MRSA isolates along the farm-to-fork continuum, the major REP types consisting of isolates from different sources suggesting a potential transmission along the continuum. Resistance to antibiotics used as growth promoters was evidenced by the high prevalence of MDR isolates with elevated multiple antibiotic resistance indices >0.2, specifically at the farm, indicating exposure to high antibiotic use environments, necessitating antibiotic stewardship and proper infection control measures in pig husbandry and intensive pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ncomeka Sineke
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (N.S.); (J.A.); (S.Y.E.)
| | - Jonathan Asante
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (N.S.); (J.A.); (S.Y.E.)
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (N.S.); (J.A.); (S.Y.E.)
- Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Correspondence: (D.G.A.); (A.L.K.A.)
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (N.S.); (J.A.); (S.Y.E.)
- Correspondence: (D.G.A.); (A.L.K.A.)
| | - Keith Perrett
- Epidemiology Section, KwaZulu-Natal Agriculture & Rural Development-Veterinary Service, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa;
| | - Linda A. Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Sabiha Y. Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (N.S.); (J.A.); (S.Y.E.)
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Lees P, Pelligand L, Giraud E, Toutain PL. A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:137-171. [PMID: 32725687 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940-2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose and measurement of outcome in treating animal diseases), there are also broader, nontherapeutic uses, some of which have been abandoned, whilst others hopefully will soon be discontinued, at least in more developed countries. Although AMD uses for treatment of animal diseases will continue, it must: (a) be sustainable within the One Health paradigm; and (b) devolve into more prudent, rationally based therapeutic uses. As this review on AMDs is published in a Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, its scope has been made broader than most recent reviews in this field. Many reviews have focused on negative aspects of AMD actions and uses, especially on the question of antimicrobial resistance. This review recognizes these concerns but also emphasizes the many positive aspects deriving from the use of AMDs, including the major research-based advances underlying both the prudent and rational use of AMDs. It is structured in seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Sulfonamide history; (3) Nontherapeutic and empirical uses of AMDs (roles of agronomists and veterinarians); (4) Rational uses of AMDs (roles of pharmacologists, clinicians, industry and regulatory controls); (5) Prudent use (residue monitoring, antimicrobial resistance); (6) International and inter-disciplinary actions; and (7) Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Etienne Giraud
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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10
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Davies PR, Singer RS. Antimicrobial use in wean to market pigs in the United States assessed via voluntary sharing of proprietary data. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67 Suppl 1:6-21. [PMID: 33201609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Data on antimicrobial use were collected for the 2016 and 2017 calendar years from swine producers in the United States. Nine large systems, collectively producing over 20 million market pigs annually, voluntarily provided data to advance understanding of antimicrobial use in the industry and to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. The scope of the study was limited to growing pigs, and the granularity of data varied across the systems. Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively by antimicrobial class, active ingredient and route of administration (injection, water and feed). Data on the purpose of administration, doses and durations of administration were not available, but some information was provided by the responsible veterinarians. Aggregate data were similar both qualitatively and quantitatively in 2016 and 2017, although marked changes between years were evident within systems for some antimicrobials. Antimicrobial use (by weight) was dominated by the tetracycline class (approximately 60% of total use). Antimicrobials in classes categorized as critically important constituted 4.5% and 5.3% of total use in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In both years, fluoroquinolone (0.23%, 0.46%) and 3rd generation cephalosporin (0.15%, 0.11%) use collectively accounted for <1% of total use. Administration was predominantly oral in feed and water, and injection comprised approximately 2% of use overall, but around 12% for critically important antimicrobials. There was considerable variability among systems in patterns of antimicrobial use. This pilot project demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring antimicrobial use data via voluntary sharing. It is currently being expanded among larger swine production systems, and further efforts to enable confidential data sharing and benchmarking for smaller producers are being pursued by the swine industry. Recognized biases in the data caution against over-interpretation of these data as an index of national use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Epitome Consulting, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, Falcon Heights, MN, USA
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11
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Suthers PF, Maranas CD. Challenges of cultivated meat production and applications of genome‐scale metabolic modeling. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F. Suthers
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
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12
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Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Mills A, Rushton J, Yeung S. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: a mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e001918. [PMID: 32180998 PMCID: PMC7050320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rising global concern about antimicrobial resistance has drawn attention to the use of antibiotics in livestock. Understanding the current usage of antibiotics in these animals is essential for effective interventions on the optimisation of antibiotic use. However, to date few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the use of antibiotics and estimate the total amount of antibiotics used in pig production in Thailand. Methods This was a mixed-methods study including a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 84 pig farmers, secondary analysis of data from a survey of 31 feed mills to estimate the amount of antibiotics mixed in pig feed and interviews with five veterinarians involved in the feed mill industry to gain an understanding of medicated feed production. Findings Half of the farmers reported using antibiotics for disease prevention. Use was significantly associated with farmers' experience in raising pigs, farm income, having received advice on animal health and belonging to a farm cooperative. The estimated total amount of active ingredients mixed into medicated feed for pigs for the whole country was 843 tonnes in 2017. Amoxicillin was the most commonly used antibiotic reported by both pig farms and feed mills. The use of Critically Important Antimicrobials including colistin was common, with one-third of farmers reporting their use as oral or as injectable medication, and accounting for nearly two-thirds of antibiotics contained in medicated feed. Conclusion A majority of antibiotics used in Thai pig farms belonged to the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials. Progressive restriction in the use of antibiotics in pigs is recommended through using prescriptions to control the distribution of certain antibiotics. The government should strengthen veterinary services to improve access of farmers to animal health advice and explore alternative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Lekagul
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Anne Mills
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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13
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Ghatak S, He Y, Reed S, Irwin P. Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Strain YH002 Isolated from Retail Beef Liver. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:576-584. [PMID: 32077758 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In this study, we report the comparative genomic and functional characteristics of C. jejuni YH002 recently isolated from retail beef liver. Whole-genome sequencing and annotation of the strain revealed novel genetic features, including an integrated intact phage element, multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, virulence factors, and a Phd-Doc type toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Phenotypic tests of AMR showed that C. jejuni YH002 was resistant to amoxicillin and tetracycline, which correlates with the AMR genes found in the strain. Comparative analysis of cell motility at genotypic and phenotypic levels identified discernible patterns of amino acid changes, which could explain the variations of motility among C. jejuni strains. Together, these results provide important clues to the genetic mechanisms of AMR and cell motility in C. jejuni. The finding of a Phd-Doc TA system in the genome of C. jejuni YH002 is the first report of this TA system in Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India
| | - Yiping He
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Sue Reed
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Irwin
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
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14
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Bennani H, Mateus A, Mays N, Eastmure E, Stärk KDC, Häsler B. Overview of Evidence of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E49. [PMID: 32013023 PMCID: PMC7168130 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. Bacteria carrying resistance genes can be transmitted between humans, animals and the environment. There are concerns that the widespread use of antimicrobials in the food chain constitutes an important source of AMR in humans, but the extent of this transmission is not well understood. The aim of this review is to examine published evidence on the links between antimicrobial use (AMU) in the food chain and AMR in people and animals. The evidence showed a link between AMU in animals and the occurrence of resistance in these animals. However, evidence of the benefits of a reduction in AMU in animals on the prevalence of resistant bacteria in humans is scarce. The presence of resistant bacteria is documented in the human food supply chain, which presents a potential exposure route and risk to public health. Microbial genome sequencing has enabled the establishment of some links between the presence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals but, for some antimicrobials, no link could be established. Research and monitoring of AMU and AMR in an integrated manner is essential for a better understanding of the biology and the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bennani
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Ana Mateus
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Nicholas Mays
- Policy Innovation Research Unit, Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (N.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Elizabeth Eastmure
- Policy Innovation Research Unit, Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (N.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Katharina D. C. Stärk
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (A.M.); (K.D.C.S.); (B.H.)
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15
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Lakin SM, Kuhnle A, Alipanahi B, Noyes NR, Dean C, Muggli M, Raymond R, Abdo Z, Prosperi M, Belk KE, Morley PS, Boucher C. Hierarchical Hidden Markov models enable accurate and diverse detection of antimicrobial resistance sequences. Commun Biol 2019; 2:294. [PMID: 31396574 PMCID: PMC6684577 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes from high-throughput sequencing data has become foundational in public health research and regulation. This requires mapping sequence reads to databases of known antimicrobial resistance genes to determine the genes present in the sample. Mapping sequence reads to known genes is traditionally accomplished using alignment. Alignment methods have high specificity but are limited in their ability to detect sequences that are divergent from the reference database, which can result in a substantial false negative rate. We address this shortcoming through the creation of Meta-MARC, which enables detection of diverse resistance sequences using hierarchical, DNA-based Hidden Markov Models. We first describe Meta-MARC and then demonstrate its efficacy on simulated and functional metagenomic datasets. Meta-MARC has higher sensitivity relative to competing methods. This sensitivity allows for detection of sequences that are divergent from known antimicrobial resistance genes. This functionality is imperative to expanding existing antimicrobial gene databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lakin
- 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Alan Kuhnle
- 2Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Bahar Alipanahi
- 2Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Noelle R Noyes
- 3Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Chris Dean
- 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Martin Muggli
- 4Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Rob Raymond
- 4Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- 5Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Keith E Belk
- 6Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Paul S Morley
- 7VERO Center, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016 USA
| | - Christina Boucher
- 2Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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16
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Peng Y, Zhang Z, Li H, Li S, Shi Q, Zhang J. Assessment of fecal microbiota in farmed silver fox ( Vulpes vulpes fulva) and raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides). ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2019.1637451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhaoxing Zhang
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao, China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao, China
| | - Shuncai Li
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao, China
| | - Qiumei Shi
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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17
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Ekakoro JE, Caldwell M, Strand EB, Strickland L, Okafor CC. A survey of antimicrobial use practices of Tennessee beef producers. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:222. [PMID: 31266492 PMCID: PMC6604443 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) is a key modifiable factor that leads to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The objectives of this study were to determine the following among Tennessee beef cattle producers: (1) the opinions on factors driving AMU (2) opinions on alternatives to antimicrobials, (3) the knowledge and perceptions regarding AMU and AMR, and (4) the preferred avenues for receiving information on prudent AMU. A survey questionnaire was made available to participants both in print and online from January 26, 2018 through May 11, 2018. The questions targeted the producers' demographics and their AMU practices; factors driving producer's choice of antimicrobials; perceptions, opinions and concerns about AMU and AMR in cattle production. Ordinal logistic regression was used to test for associations between the captured demographic information and producers' degree of concern about AMR. RESULTS Overall, 231 beef producers responded to all or some of the survey questions. More than 60% of the participants mentioned that they kept up-to-date written records on antimicrobial purchases and AMU. Regarding extra-label use, 169 (84.1%) of the 201 respondents did not practice extra-label AMU. Profitability of the beef operation was a key factor influencing the decisions of many producers to use antimicrobials for disease management and prevention on their farms. Of the 228 producers who completed the question on the rating of their degree of concern about AMR, 50 (21.9%) reported that they were very concerned about AMR, 133 (58.3%) were moderately concerned, and 36 (15.8%) reported that they were not concerned about AMR. Nine producers (4%) did not rate their degree of concern about AMR because they were not familiar with what antimicrobial resistance meant. The inferential analyses suggested that younger beef producers were significantly less concerned about AMR when compared to the older ones (P = 0.019). Regarding avenues for receiving information on prudent AMU, no single medium was most preferred by all the respondents. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to promote the use of written antimicrobial treatment protocols among beef producers in Tennessee. Continued training for beef producers on infection prevention and control and prudent AMU is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Marc Caldwell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Strand
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Lew Strickland
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 2506 River Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Chika C. Okafor
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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18
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Effects of antibiotic resistance (AR) and microbiota shifts on Campylobacter jejuni-mediated diseases. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 18:99-111. [PMID: 29665882 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic pathogen recently designated a serious antimicrobial resistant (AR) threat. While most patients with C. jejuni experience hemorrhagic colitis, serious autoimmune conditions can follow including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the acute neuropathy Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS). This review examines inter-relationships among factors mediating C. jejuni diarrheal versus autoimmune disease especially AR C. jejuni and microbiome shifts. Because both susceptible and AR C. jejuni are acquired from animals or their products, we consider their role in harboring strains. Inter-relationships among factors mediating C. jejuni colonization, diarrheal and autoimmune disease include C. jejuni virulence factors and AR, the enteric microbiome, and host responses. Because AR C. jejuni have been suggested to affect the severity of disease, length of infections and propensity to develop GBS, it is important to understand how these interactions occur when strains are under selection by antimicrobials. More work is needed to elucidate host-pathogen interactions of AR C. jejuni compared with susceptible strains and how AR C. jejuni are maintained and evolve in animal reservoirs and the extent of transmission to humans. These knowledge gaps impair the development of effective strategies to prevent the emergence of AR C. jejuni in reservoir species and human populations.
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Bhat ZF, Morton JD, Mason SL, Bekhit AEA, Bhat HF. Technological, Regulatory, and Ethical Aspects ofIn VitroMeat: A Future Slaughter‐Free Harvest. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1192-1208. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhaib F. Bhat
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Wine Food and Molecular BiosciencesLincoln Univ. Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - James D. Morton
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Wine Food and Molecular BiosciencesLincoln Univ. Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - Susan L. Mason
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Wine Food and Molecular BiosciencesLincoln Univ. Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | | | - Hina F. Bhat
- Div. of BiotechnologySKUAST of Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
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Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: A systematic review. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 7:100058. [PMID: 32734079 PMCID: PMC7386699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many classes of antibiotic used for humans are also used in food animals, including the highest priority of the critically important antimicrobials for human medicine in the World Health Organisation's list. Penicillins and Tetracyclines classes were the most commonly used antibiotics in many countries. Improve understanding of the use of antibiotics and factors influencing antibiotic use will help promoting prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock.
This review assesses the evidence for patterns of antibiotic use in pig on the basis of papers published in peer-reviewed journals in English between 2000 and 2017. Thirty-six articles were identified and reviewed, of which more than 85% of studies were conducted in Europe and North America. Penicillins and Tetracyclines groups were the most commonly used antibiotics in many countries. Oral medication in suckling and post-weaning periods were the most common applications of antibiotic administration in pig production. Antibiotic use is driven by age-specific diseases and the common pathogens causing these conditions where epidemiological profiles varied greatly across countries. In addition, the type and size of farm were associated with antibiotic use with finisher and larger farms using more antibiotics than farrow-to-finish and smaller farms. There is variation in the use of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials in humans across studies. However, this review indicates that they are still commonly used in pig production, for treatment and prevention of infection. This evidence calls for global efforts on the prudent use of antibiotics in response to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the agricultural sector.
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The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05598. [PMID: 32626224 PMCID: PMC7009238 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2017, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and food were addressed, and temporal trends assessed. ‘Microbiological’ resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut‐off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, qualitative data on human isolates were interpreted in a way which corresponds closely to the ECOFF‐defined ‘microbiological’ resistance. In Salmonella from humans, as well as in Salmonella and E. coli isolates from fattening pigs and calves of less than 1 year of age, high proportions of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins was uncommon. Varying occurrence/prevalence rates of presumptive extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC producers in Salmonella and E. coli monitored in meat (pork and beef), fattening pigs and calves, and Salmonella monitored in humans, were observed between countries. Carbapenemase‐producing E. coli were detected in one single
sample from fattening pigs in one MS. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and E. coli from fattening pigs and calves and meat thereof and in Salmonella from humans. In Campylobacter from humans, high to extremely high proportions of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines, particularly in Campylobacter coli. In five countries, high to very high proportions of C. coli from humans were resistant also to erythromycin, leaving few options for treatment of severe Campylobacter infections. High resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was observed in C. coli isolates from fattening pigs, whereas much lower levels were recorded for erythromycin. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials in both human and animal isolates was generally uncommon but very high to extremely high multidrug resistance levels were observed in S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant in both humans and animals. S. Kentucky from humans exhibited high‐level resistance to ciprofloxacin, in addition to a high prevalence of ESBL.
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Hendrickson OD, Zvereva EA, Shanin IA, Zherdev AV, Tarannum N, Dzantiev BB. Highly Sensitive Immunochromatographic Detection of Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin in Milk. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381806008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Novickij V, Zinkevičienė A, Stanevičienė R, Gruškienė R, Servienė E, Vepštaitė-Monstavičė I, Krivorotova T, Lastauskienė E, Sereikaitė J, Girkontaitė I, Novickij J. Inactivation of Escherichia coli Using Nanosecond Electric Fields and Nisin Nanoparticles: A Kinetics Study. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3006. [PMID: 30619116 PMCID: PMC6299027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nisin is a recognized bacteriocin widely used in food processing, however, being ineffective against gram-negative bacteria and in complex food systems. As a result, the research of methods that have cell wall–permeabilizing activity is required. In this study, electroporation to trigger sensitization of gram-negative bacteria to nisin-loaded pectin nanoparticles was used. As a model microorganism, bioluminescent strain of E. coli was introduced. Inactivation kinetics using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and nisin nanoparticles have been studied in a broad range (100–900 ns, 10–30 kV/cm) of pulse parameters. As a reference, the microsecond range protocols (100 μs × 8) have been applied. It was determined that the 20–30 kV/cm electric field with pulse duration ranging from 500 to 900 ns was sufficient to cause significant permeabilization of E. coli to trigger a synergistic response with the nisin treatment. The kinetics of the inactivation was studied with a time resolution of 2.5 min, which provided experimental evidence that the efficacy of nisin-based treatment can be effectively controlled in time using PEF. The results and the proposed methodology for rapid detection of bacteria inactivation rate based on bioluminescence may be useful in the development and optimization of protocols for PEF-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Rūta Gruškienė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena Servienė
- Laboratory of Genetics, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Tatjana Krivorotova
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Lastauskienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irutė Girkontaitė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Institute of High Magnetic Fields, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Institute for Telecommunications, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Rothrock MJ, Feye KM, Kim SA, Park SH, Locatelli A, Hiett KL, Gamble J, Sellers H, Ricke SC. Semi-Quantification of Total Campylobacter and Salmonella During Egg Incubations Using a Combination of 16S rDNA and Specific Pathogen Primers for qPCR. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2454. [PMID: 30455670 PMCID: PMC6230980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid molecular techniques that evaluate eggs for the presence of foodborne pathogens is an essential component to poultry food safety monitoring. Interestingly, it is not just table eggs that contribute to outbreaks of foodborne disease. Broiler layer production actively contributes to sustaining of foodborne pathogens within a flock. The surface contamination of production eggs with invasive pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes during embryogenesis results in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) colonization. Pathogens that secure a niche within the GIT during embryonic development are nearly impossible to eradicate from the food chain. Therefore, current monitoring paradigms are not comprehensive because they fail to capture the presence of invasive pathogens within the embryonic GIT rapidly. By developing tools to recognize the pathogens' presence in the GIT during embryogenesis, producers are then able to spot evaluate broiler eggs for their potential risk as carriers of foodborne pathogens. In this study a novel qPCR assay was developed to semi-quantify pathogen load relative to total bacterial burden. Eggs sampled from three independent production broiler flocks of different ages were assayed for S. enterica (invA), C. jejuni (HipO), and L. monocytogenes (HlyA) against total microbial load (16s). The eggs were sampled at 1-day post-set within each flock, 2 weeks post-set, after vaccination (at 2.5 weeks) and 1-day post-hatch. The eggs were washed, and the yolk and embryonic chick GIT were collected. The DNA was extracted and subjected to a qPCR assay. The results confirm a novel technique for pathogen monitoring relative to total bacterial load and a unique method for monitoring the dynamics of foodborne pathogen invasion throughout broiler egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Aude Locatelli
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelli L. Hiett
- Poultry Management Safety and Processing Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John Gamble
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Holly Sellers
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Specht EA, Welch DR, Rees Clayton EM, Lagally CD. Opportunities for applying biomedical production and manufacturing methods to the development of the clean meat industry. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Lu XY, Ren SL, Lu JZ, Zong H, Song J, Zhuge B. Enhanced 1,3-propanediol production in Klebsiella pneumoniae by a combined strategy of strengthening the TCA cycle and weakening the glucose effect. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:682-690. [PMID: 29297957 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to strengthen the reducing equivalent generation in Klebsiella pneumoniae for improving 1,3-propanediol (PDO) production. METHODS AND RESULTS Disruption of the arcA gene activated the transcription levels of the TCA cycle genes and thus increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio by 54·2%, leading to the improved PDO titre and yield per cell from 16·1 g l-1 and 4·0 g gDCW-1 to 18·8 g l-1 and 6·4 g gDCW-1 respectively. Further ldhA gene deletion eliminated lactate accumulation and promoted the PDO titre to 19·9 g l-1 . Finally, the glucose effect was weakened by deleting the crr gene to enhance the co-utilization of glucose and glycerol, resulting in the increased PDO production to 23·8 g l-1 with the glycerol conversion rate of 59·5%. The PDO titre in bioreactor was promoted from 61·2 to 78·1 g l-1 . CONCLUSIONS Deletions of the arcA and the crr genes showed positive effects on the TCA cycle activity and the co-utilization of glucose and glycerol, leading to the strengthened reducing equivalent generation and the improved PDO titre by 47·8% in shaker. The PDO titre in the bioreactor was enhanced to 78·1 g l-1 . SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provided novel information on generating reducing equivalent for the PDO biosynthesis by strengthening the TCA cycle and weakening the glucose effect in K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - S L Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - J Z Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - H Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - J Song
- School of Chemistry and Material, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - B Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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27
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The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2016. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05182. [PMID: 32625816 PMCID: PMC7009656 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2016, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by the EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in bacterial isolates of zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from animals and food were addressed. 'Microbiological' resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, qualitative data on isolates from humans were interpreted in a way that corresponds closely to ECOFF-defined 'microbiological' resistance. In Salmonella from humans, the occurrence of resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines was high, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was low. In Salmonella and E. coli isolates from broilers, fattening turkeys and their meat, resistance to ampicillin, (fluoro)quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides was frequently high, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was rare. The occurrence of ESBL-/AmpC producers was low in Salmonella and E. coli from poultry and in Salmonella from humans. The prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli, assessed in poultry and its meat for the first time, showed marked variations among MSs. Fourteen presumptive carbapenemase-producing E. coli were detected from broilers and its meat in two MSs. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and E. coli from poultry and meat thereof and in Salmonella from humans. In Campylobacter from humans, broilers and broiler meat, resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was high to extremely high, whereas resistance to erythromycin was low to moderate. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials in isolates from both humans and animals was generally uncommon, but very high to extremely high multidrug resistance levels were observed in certain Salmonella serovars. Specific serovars of Salmonella (notably Kentucky) from both humans and animals exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, in addition to findings of ESBL.
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28
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Hyde RM, Remnant JG, Bradley AJ, Breen JE, Hudson CD, Davies PL, Clarke T, Critchell Y, Hylands M, Linton E, Wood E, Green MJ. Quantitative analysis of antimicrobial use on British dairy farms. Vet Rec 2017; 181:683. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hyde
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - John G Remnant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Andrew J Bradley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
- Quality Milk Management Services; Easton UK
| | - James E Breen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
- Quality Milk Management Services; Easton UK
| | - Christopher D Hudson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Peers L Davies
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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29
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Toledo Z, Simaluiza RJ, Astudillo X, Fernández H. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from healthy children attending municipal care centers in Southern Ecuador. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e77. [PMID: 29267585 PMCID: PMC5738762 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains in healthy, well-nourished children of middle socioeconomic level from Southern Ecuador were determined. Among the 127 children studied, 17 (13.4%) harbored Campylobacter sp. corresponding to C. jejuni (7.1%) and C. coli (6.3%) with a higher concentration of C. jejuni among boys (8.6%) and C. coli (8.8%) among girls. C. jejuni showed high resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (77.8%), but susceptibility to all other antimicrobials tested. C. coli strains showed resistance to more antibiotics than C. jejuni strains including resistance to nalidixic acid (75%), ciprofloxacin (75%), erythromycin (12.5%) and ampicillin (28.6), but susceptible to gentamicin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorayda Toledo
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, sección de Genética Humana, Microbiología y Bioquímica Clínica, Loja, Equador
| | - Rosa Janneth Simaluiza
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, sección de Genética Humana, Microbiología y Bioquímica Clínica, Loja, Equador
| | - Xavier Astudillo
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, sección de Genética Humana, Microbiología y Bioquímica Clínica, Loja, Equador
| | - Heriberto Fernández
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Valdívia, Región de Los Ríos, Chile
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30
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Flythe MD, Kagan IA, Wang Y, Narvaez N. Hops ( Humulus lupulus L.) Bitter Acids: Modulation of Rumen Fermentation and Potential As an Alternative Growth Promoter. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:131. [PMID: 28871284 PMCID: PMC5566628 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics can improve ruminant growth and efficiency by altering rumen fermentation via selective inhibition of microorganisms. However, antibiotic use is increasingly restricted due to concerns about the spread of antibiotic-resistance. Plant-based antimicrobials are alternatives to antibiotics in animal production. The hops plant (Humulus lupulus L.) produces a range of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antimicrobial prenylated phloroglucinols, which are commonly called alpha- and beta-acids. These latter compounds can be considered phyto-ionophores, phytochemicals with a similar antimicrobial mechanism of action to ionophore antibiotics (e.g., monensin, lasalocid). Like ionophores, the hop beta-acids inhibit rumen bacteria possessing a classical Gram-positive cell envelope. This selective inhibition causes several effects on rumen fermentation that are beneficial to finishing cattle, such as decreased proteolysis, ammonia production, acetate: propionate ratio, and methane production. This article reviews the effects of hops and hop secondary metabolites on rumen fermentation, including the physiological mechanisms on specific rumen microorganisms, and consequences for the ruminant host and ruminant production. Further, we propose that hop beta-acids are useful model natural products for ruminants because of (1) the ionophore-like mechanism of action and spectrum of activity and (2) the literature available on the plant due to its use in brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Flythe
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Isabelle A Kagan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Nelmy Narvaez
- SGS Canada Inc., Agricultural Services, Guelph, ON, Canada
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31
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Magana M, Chatzipanagiotou S, Burriel AR, Ioannidis A. Inquiring into the Gaps of Campylobacter Surveillance Methods. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E36. [PMID: 29056694 PMCID: PMC5644652 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common pathogen-related causes of diarrheal illnesses globally and has been recognized as a significant factor of human disease for more than three decades. Molecular typing techniques and their combinations have allowed for species identification among members of the Campylobacter genus with good resolution, but the same tools usually fail to proceed to subtyping of closely related species due to high sequence similarity. This problem is exacerbated by the demanding conditions for isolation and detection from the human, animal or water samples as well as due to the difficulties during laboratory maintenance and long-term storage of the isolates. In an effort to define the ideal typing tool, we underline the strengths and limitations of the typing methodologies currently used to map the broad epidemiologic profile of campylobacteriosis in public health and outbreak investigations. The application of both the old and the new molecular typing tools is discussed and an indirect comparison is presented among the preferred techniques used in current research methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magana
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens 15772, Greece.
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens 15772, Greece.
| | - Angeliki R Burriel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta 23100, Greece.
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens 15772, Greece.
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta 23100, Greece.
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32
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Singer RS, Ruegg PL, Bauman DE. Quantitative Risk Assessment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Foodborne Infections in Humans Due to Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Usage in Dairy Cows. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1099-1116. [PMID: 28574304 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) is a production-enhancing technology that allows the dairy industry to produce milk more efficiently. Concern has been raised that cows supplemented with rbST are at an increased risk of developing clinical mastitis, which would potentially increase the use of antimicrobial agents and increase human illnesses associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens delivered through the dairy beef supply. The purpose of this study was to conduct a quantitative risk assessment to estimate the potential increased risk of human infection with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and subsequent adverse health outcomes as a result of rbST usage in dairy cattle. The quantitative risk assessment included the following steps: (i) release of antimicrobial-resistant organisms from the farm, (ii) exposure of humans via consumption of contaminated beef products, and (iii) consequence of the antimicrobial-resistant infection. The model focused on ceftiofur (parenteral and intramammary) and oxytetracycline (parenteral) treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and tracked the bacteria Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract of the cow. Parameter estimates were developed to be maximum risk to overestimate the risk to humans. The excess number of cows in the U.S. dairy herd that were predicted to carry resistant bacteria at slaughter due to rbST administration was negligible. The total number of excess human illnesses caused by resistant bacteria due to rbST administration was also predicted to be negligible with all risks considerably less than one event per 1 billion people at risk per year for all bacteria. The results indicate a high probability that the use of rbST according to label instructions presents a negligible risk for increasing the number of human illnesses and subsequent adverse outcomes associated with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter, Salmonella, or E. coli .
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Singer
- 1 University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.,2 Mindwalk Consulting Group, LLC, Falcon Heights, Minnesota 55113
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33
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Helke KL, McCrackin MA, Galloway AM, Poole AZ, Salgado CD, Marriott BP. Effects of antimicrobial use in agricultural animals on drug-resistant foodborne salmonellosis in humans: A systematic literature review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:472-488. [PMID: 27602884 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1230088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Controversy continues concerning antimicrobial use in food animals and its relationship to drug-resistant infections in humans. We systematically reviewed published literature for evidence of a relationship between antimicrobial use in agricultural animals and drug-resistant meat or dairy-borne non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. Based on publications from the United States (U.S.), Canada, and Denmark from January 2010 to July 2014, 858 articles received title and abstract review, 104 met study criteria for full article review with 68 retained for which data are presented. Antibiotic exposure in both cattle and humans found an increased likelihood of Salmonella colonization, whereas in chickens, animals not exposed to antibiotics (organic) were more likely to be Salmonella positive and those that had antibiotic exposure were more likely to harbor antimicrobial resistant Salmonella organisms. In swine literature, only tylosin exposure was examined and no correlation was found among exposure, Salmonella colonization, or antimicrobial resistance. No studies that identified farm antimicrobial use also traced antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - M A McCrackin
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,b Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center Department of Research Service , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ashley M Galloway
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ann Z Poole
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Cassandra D Salgado
- d Department of Medicine , Infectious Disease Division, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Bernadette P Marriott
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Psychiatry , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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34
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Carev M, Kovačić A, Novak A, Tonkić M, Jerončić A. Campylobacter jejunistrains coresistant to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in patients with gastroenteritis in Croatia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 49:268-276. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1258487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Merica Carev
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute of Split and Dalmatia County, Croatia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia
| | - Ana Kovačić
- Department of Ecology, Public Health Institute of Split and Dalmatia County, Croatia
| | - Anita Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkić
- Department of Microbiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Jerončić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Croatia
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35
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Sweileh WM, Al-Jabi SW, Sawalha AF, AbuTaha AS, Zyoud SH. Bibliometric analysis of publications on Campylobacter: (2000-2015). JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2016; 35:39. [PMID: 27899145 PMCID: PMC5129233 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter species are widespread zoonotic pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni causes a form of gastroenteritis called campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter drug resistance is considered a serious threat. In order to better understand national and international research output on Campylobacter, we conducted this bibliometric overview of publications on Campylobacter. This study can be used to assess extent of interaction and response of researchers, food regulators, and health policy makers to global burden of campylobacateriosis. METHODS Scopus database was used to retrieve publications with the following keywords (Campylobacter/campylobacteriosis, C. jejuni, C. coli). The study period was set from 2000 to 2015. All types of journal documents, excluding errata, were considered. Bibliometric indicators such as annual growth of publications, country contribution, international collaboration, and citation analysis were presented. The quality of retrieved data was indirectly assessed by Hirsch index and impact factor of journals. RESULTS A total of 5522 documents were retrieved with median (Q1-Q3) citations of 9 (2-23) and h-index of 113. Annual number of publications showed a fluctuating increase. The core leading journals were Applied and Environmental Microbiology journal and Journal of Food Protection with 246 (4.46%) publications for each. The USA (1309; 23.6%) was the most productive country while Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (150; 2.7%) was the most productive institution. Half of the top ten productive countries were European. France had the lowest percentage (33.5%) of articles with international collaboration while Netherlands (57.7%) had the highest percentage of articles with international collaboration. Approximately half (50.1%) of retrieved articles were published in journals under the subject area of "immunology/microbiology". Main themes in highly cited articles were molecular biology/genetics and public health burden of campylobacteriosis. There were 728 (13.1%) articles on campylobacter-related drug resistance, and the top cited articles focused mainly on increasing resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS There was a clear increase in number of publications on Campylobacter. Rational use of antimicrobials in humans, poultry, and animals is highly recommended. International collaboration is highly required particularly in implementing new diagnostic screening technologies to minimize global health burden of Campylobacter and ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M. Sweileh
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samah W. Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ansam F. Sawalha
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Adham S. AbuTaha
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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