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Naik B, Kumar V, Rizwanuddin S, Mishra S, Kumar V, Saris PEJ, Khanduri N, Kumar A, Pandey P, Gupta AK, Khan JM, Rustagi S. Biofortification as a solution for addressing nutrient deficiencies and malnutrition. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30595. [PMID: 38726166 PMCID: PMC11079288 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition, defined as both undernutrition and overnutrition, is a major global health concern affecting millions of people. One possible way to address nutrient deficiency and combat malnutrition is through biofortification. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to explore the current state of biofortification research, including techniques, applications, effectiveness and challenges. Biofortification is a promising strategy for enhancing the nutritional condition of at-risk populations. Biofortified varieties of basic crops, including rice, wheat, maize and beans, with elevated amounts of vital micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C, have been successfully developed using conventional and advanced technologies. Additionally, the ability to specifically modify crop genomes to improve their nutritional profiles has been made possible by recent developments in genetic engineering, such as CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The health conditions of people have been shown to improve and nutrient deficiencies were reduced when biofortified crops were grown. Particularly in environments with limited resources, biofortification showed considerable promise as a long-term and economical solution to nutrient shortages and malnutrition. To fully exploit the potential of biofortified crops to enhance public health and global nutrition, issues such as consumer acceptance, regulatory permitting and production and distribution scaling up need to be resolved. Collaboration among governments, researchers, non-governmental organizations and the private sector is essential to overcome these challenges and promote the widespread adoption of biofortification as a key part of global food security and nutrition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Naik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be) University, Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Hill University, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, 248016, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sheikh Rizwanuddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be) University, Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, 248016, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naresh Khanduri
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, 248016, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, 248016, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Soil and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchur, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Arun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be) University, Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Reconnoitring the Usage of Agroindustrial Waste in Carotenoid Production for Food Fortification: a Sustainable Approach to Tackle Vitamin A Deficiency. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Galani YJH, Ligowe IS, Kieffer M, Kamalongo D, Kambwiri AM, Kuwali P, Thierfelder C, Dougill AJ, Gong YY, Orfila C. Conservation Agriculture Affects Grain and Nutrient Yields of Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Can Impact Food and Nutrition Security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Front Nutr 2022; 8:804663. [PMID: 35155522 PMCID: PMC8826957 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.804663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a major staple and plays an essential role in food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Conservation agriculture (CA), a climate-smart agriculture practise based on minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop diversification, has been widely advocated but without extensive research on the impact it may have on maize nutrient composition, and food and nutrition security. This study assessed the grain yield, macro- and micronutrient mineral content, and nutrient yield of eight maize varieties grown in Malawi, and how these are affected by CA practises over two seasons. The minerals were analysed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) coupled to optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and to mass spectroscopy (MS). Grain yield and Se content differed among the varieties, while C, N, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn were similar. The local variety Kanjerenjere showed lowest grain and nutrient yields. The open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) concentrated more minerals than the F1 hybrids, but the latter showed higher yields for both grain and nutrients. Typical consumption of the eight maize varieties could fully meet the protein and Mg dietary reference intake (DRIs) of Malawian children (1–3 years), as well as Mg and Mn needs of adult women (19–50 years), but their contribution to dietary requirements was low for Fe (39–41%) and K (13–21%). The trials showed that CA increased grain yield (1.2- to 1.8-fold) and Se content (1.1- to 1.7-fold), but that it had no effect on C, K, Mg, P, and Zn, and that N (1.1- to 1.2-fold), Mn (1.1- to 1.8-fold), and Fe (1.3- to 3.4-fold) were reduced. The high increase in grain yield under CA treatments resulted in increased yields of protein and Se, no effect on the yields of K, Mg, Mn, P, Zn, and reduced Fe yield. Conservation agriculture could contribute in reducing the risk of Se deficiency in Malawian women and children but exacerbates the risk of Fe deficiency. A combination of strategies will be needed to mitigate some of the foreseen effects of climate change on agriculture, and food and nutrition security, and improve nutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamdeu Joseph Hubert Galani
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Yamdeu Joseph Hubert Galani
| | - Ivy S. Ligowe
- Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Martin Kieffer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alfred Mexon Kambwiri
- Centre for Environmental Policy and Advocacy, Blantyre, Malawi
- Civil Society Agriculture Network, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Dougill
- School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Orfila
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Dutta S, Muthusamy V, Hossain F, Baveja A, Abhijith KP, Saha S, Zunjare RU, Yadava DK. Effect of storage period on provitamin‐A carotenoids retention in biofortified maize hybrids. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dutta
- ICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi110012India
| | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi110012India
| | - Aanchal Baveja
- ICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi110012India
| | | | - Supradip Saha
- ICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi110012India
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Multinutrient Biofortification of Maize ( Zea mays L.) in Africa: Current Status, Opportunities and Limitations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13031039. [PMID: 33807073 PMCID: PMC8004732 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro and micronutrient deficiencies pose serious health challenges globally, with the largest impact in developing regions such as subSaharan Africa (SSA), Latin America and South Asia. Maize is a good source of calories but contains low concentrations of essential nutrients. Major limiting nutrients in maize-based diets are essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan, and micronutrients such as vitamin A, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Responding to these challenges, separate maize biofortification programs have been designed worldwide, resulting in several cultivars with high levels of provitamin A, lysine, tryptophan, Zn and Fe being commercialized. This strategy of developing single-nutrient biofortified cultivars does not address the nutrient deficiency challenges in SSA in an integrated manner. Hence, development of maize with multinutritional attributes can be a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for addressing the problem of nutrient deficiencies in SSA. This review provides a synopsis of the health challenges associated with Zn, provitamin A and tryptophan deficiencies and link these to vulnerable societies; a synthesis of past and present intervention measures for addressing nutrient deficiencies in SSA; and a discussion on the possibility of developing maize with multinutritional quality attributes, but also with adaptation to stress conditions in SSA.
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Oloniyo RO, Omoba OS, Awolu OO. Biochemical and antioxidant properties of cream and orange-fleshed sweet potato. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06533. [PMID: 33817383 PMCID: PMC8005770 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of micronutrient deficiency has been on an increase since the last decade and the utilization of bio-fortified crops could help to alleviate this deficiency and food insecurity in Africa especially in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to compare the biochemical and antioxidant properties of cream-fleshed and orange-fleshed sweet potato. The varieties of OFSP used in this study were mother's delight (MDP) and king J (KJP) orange-fleshed sweet potato while the other variety was cream-fleshed sweet potato (CFSP). The tubers were processed into flour and analyzed for proximate, minerals, anti-nutrient and antioxidant properties using standard methods. The ash content ranged from 4.60 to 7.20%, carbohydrate content ranged between 73.47 and 78.61%. MDP has the highest beta carotene content with 18.83 mg/100g followed by KJP and CFSP. Magnesium value ranged between 124.0 and 148.2 mg/100g, potassium ranged from 1226.5 to 2350.0 mg/100g. Sodium-potassium ratio (Na/K) was <1. The antioxidants properties evaluated were all higher in OFSP than CFSP. The bio-fortified sweet potato showed an improved biochemical and antioxidant properties compared to the CFSP, thus OFSP will be suitable to combat micronutrient deficiency and food insecurity in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Olajumoke Oloniyo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340284, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo Sade Omoba
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340284, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Olufemi Awolu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340284, Nigeria
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Diaz Tatis P, López Carrascal CE. YUCA: PAN Y CARNE, UNA ALTERNATIVA POTENCIAL PARA HACER FRENTE AL HAMBRE OCULTA. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v26n2.84569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Uno de los retos que encara la humanidad es asegurar la alimentación y la adecuada nutrición para los cerca de ocho billones de habitantes del planeta. Las raíces de yuca constituyen la cuarta fuente más importante de calorías para la población humana siendo uno de los pilares de la seguridad alimentaria. Las raíces de yuca no poseen atributos nutricionales adecuados. Aunque existen variedades con valores relativamente altos de estos compuestos, sus valores están lejos de los necesarios para asegurar los requerimientos mínimos de la población humana. Las hojas de yuca poseen valores altos de contenido proteico, minerales y vitaminas, por lo que representan una fuente nutricional alternativa. Sin embargo, el consumo de hojas de yuca en América Latina es escaso o nulo como consecuencia de los altos niveles de cianuro que poseen. En algunos países de África y Asia las hojas se consumen a través de diversas recetas que incluye su cocción, eliminando así una gran cantidad del contenido cianógeno. En esta revisión se presenta un panorama general de la importancia nutricional de la yuca, las diferentes estrategias de mejoramiento genético clásico y no convencional destinados a incrementar los contenidos nutricionales de raíces y la importancia de la explotación de la variabilidad intrínseca de la yuca como una fuente de variedades y genes que puedan contribuir a la implementación de estrategias encaminadas a desarrollar materiales con los requerimientos nutricionales adecuados. Finalmente, se presenta el potencial que tienen las hojas de yuca para ser empleadas dentro de programas complementarios destinados a mejorar la calidad nutricional de la población humana.
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Galani YJH, Orfila C, Gong YY. A review of micronutrient deficiencies and analysis of maize contribution to nutrient requirements of women and children in Eastern and Southern Africa. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1568-1591. [PMID: 33176441 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1844636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews and analyses the importance of maize as staple food in Eastern and Southern Africa (E&SA) and contributes in understanding the nexus between maize nutritional composition and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in these regions. MNDs remain a major public health concern particularly for women and children, with calcium, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, folate and vitamin A deficiencies being the most common. Estimates of their prevalence are among the highest in E&SA: iron-deficient anemia affected 26 to 31% of women of reproductive age, and deficiencies up to 53%, 36%, 66%, 75% and 62% for vitamin A, iodine, zinc, calcium and selenium, respectively, were measured in populations of these regions. Besides, these two regions show the highest worldwide maize per capita consumption (g/person/day) as main staple, with 157 in Eastern Africa and 267 in Southern Africa, including up to 444 in Lesotho. The analysis of food composition tables from these regions showed that 100 g of maize foods consumed by these populations could to some extent, contribute in satisfying dietary reference intakes (DRIs) of children and women in energy, proteins, carbohydrates, magnesium, zinc, vitamins B1 and B6. However, it provides very low supply of fats, calcium, sodium, selenium, vitamins C, A and E. The high occurrence of MNDs and considerable nutritional potential of maize consumed in E&SA can be explained by loss of nutrients due to processing practices, low food diversification and reduced nutrients bioavailability. Success cases of the main strategies to tackle the issue of MNDs in these regions by improving maize nutritional quality are discussed in this paper. Maize fortification was shown to improve nutrition and health outcomes of population. Increasing dietary diversity by complementing maize with other foods has improved nutrition through integration of micronutrient-rich foods in the diet. Mostly, biofortification has successfully contributed in reducing vitamin A and zinc deficiencies in rural communities more than nutrient supplementation, fortification and dietary diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J H Galani
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Orfila
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Y Y Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Prasanna BM, Palacios-Rojas N, Hossain F, Muthusamy V, Menkir A, Dhliwayo T, Ndhlela T, San Vicente F, Nair SK, Vivek BS, Zhang X, Olsen M, Fan X. Molecular Breeding for Nutritionally Enriched Maize: Status and Prospects. Front Genet 2020; 10:1392. [PMID: 32153628 PMCID: PMC7046684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a major source of food security and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Latin America, and the Caribbean, and is among the top three cereal crops in Asia. Yet, maize is deficient in certain essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Biofortified maize cultivars enriched with essential minerals and vitamins could be particularly impactful in rural areas with limited access to diversified diet, dietary supplements, and fortified foods. Significant progress has been made in developing, testing, and deploying maize cultivars biofortified with quality protein maize (QPM), provitamin A, and kernel zinc. In this review, we outline the status and prospects of developing nutritionally enriched maize by successfully harnessing conventional and molecular marker-assisted breeding, highlighting the need for intensification of efforts to create greater impacts on malnutrition in maize-consuming populations, especially in the low- and middle-income countries. Molecular marker-assisted selection methods are particularly useful for improving nutritional traits since conventional breeding methods are relatively constrained by the cost and throughput of nutritional trait phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, China
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Amah D, Alamu E, Adesokan M, van Biljon A, Maziya-Dixon B, Swennen R, Labuschagne M. Variability of carotenoids in a Musa germplasm collection and implications for provitamin A biofortification. Food Chem X 2019; 2:100024. [PMID: 31432011 PMCID: PMC6694864 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2019.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana genotypes, a good source of provitamin A was screened for carotenoid content. Carotenoid in fruit pulp were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Total carotenoid content in the fruit varied from 1.45 to 36.21 µg/g fresh weight. 78% of carotenoids isolated were provitamin A carotenoids β-carotene and α-carotene. Data generated are useful for provitamin A biofortification strategies.
Bananas are important staples in tropical and sub-tropical regions and their potential as a source of provitamin A has recently attracted attention for biofortification. A collection of 189 banana genotypes (AAB-plantains, M. acuminata cultivars and bred hybrids) was screened to determine variability in fruit pulp provitamin A carotenoid (pVAC) content using high performance liquid chromatography. Total carotenoid content in tested genotypes varied from 1.45 µg/g for hybrid 25447-S7 R2P8 to 36.21 µg/g for M. acuminata cultivar ITC.0601 Hung Tu with a mean of 8.00 µg/g fresh weight. Predominant carotenoids identified were α-carotene (38.67%), trans-β-carotene (22.08%), lutein (22.08%), 13-cis-β-carotene (14.45%) and 9-cis-β-carotene (2.92%), indicating that about 78% of the carotenoids in bananas are pVAC. High pVAC genotypes were identified for integration into biofortification strategies to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Amah
- Department of Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Alamu
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Southern Africa Hub, PO Box 310142, Chelstone, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michael Adesokan
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Angeline van Biljon
- Department of Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, C/o The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, PO Box 344, Arusha, Tanzania.,Bioversity International, Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maryke Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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