Impact of metal nanoparticles on the mechanical, barrier, optical and thermal properties of biodegradable food packaging materials

Progress in food packaging applications of biopolymer-nanometal composites - A comprehensive review

Eco-friendly nanotechnology-enabled biopolymers are one of the novel concepts of packaging materials to substitute traditional synthetic polymers and their composites. This article succinctly reviews the recent developments of introducing additional functionalities to biopolymers using metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The functionality of metal nanoparticles such as silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, gold, and magnesium oxide, as food packaging materials were discussed. The addition of nanoparticles in biopolymers improves mechanical properties, gas barrier properties, durability, temperature stability, moisture stability, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant property, and UV absorbance and can prevent the presence of ethylene and oxygen, hence extending the shelf life of foodstuffs. Other than this, the functional activity of these biopolymer composite films helps them to act like smart or intelligent packaging. The selection of metal nanoparticles, particle migration, toxicological effect, and potential future scope in the food packaging industry are also reviewed.

Application of lactoferrin in food packaging: A comprehensive review on opportunities, advances, and horizons

Lactoferrin (LAC) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mammalian secretion, such as milk and colostrum, which has several advantageous biological characteristics, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, intestinal iron absorption and regulation, growth factor activity, and immune response. LAC is an active GRAS food ingredient and can be included in the food packaging/film matrix in both free and encapsulated forms to increase the microbial, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of biopolymer films. Additionally, LAC-containing films maintain the quality of fresh food and extend the shelf life of food products. This paper primarily focuses on examining how LAC affects the antimicrobial, antioxidant, physical, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of packaging films. Moreover, the paper explains the attributes of films incorporating LAC within different matrices, exploring the interaction between LAC and polymers. The potential of LAC-enhanced food packaging technologies is highlighted, showcasing their promising applications in sustainable food packaging.

The urchin-like gold nanoparticles/poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan electrospun nanofibers for antibacterial active packaging

Inspired by the natural antimicrobial effect of the topographical features of insect wings, this study prepared urchin-like gold nanoparticles (UGNPs) and deposited them on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/chitosan (P/C) electrospun nanofiber film to strengthen antibacterial activities of this active packaging. Results showed that L-Dopa was a suitable reducing agent to prepare UGNPs, and the spine length of UGNPs increased from 21.23 to 35.83 nm as the molar ratio of L-Dopa:HAuCl4 increased from 1 to 3. As the nanofiber film was immersed in the nanoparticle solution for a longer time, the UGNP content in P/C nanofibers increased. As the spine length of UGNPs and depositing UGNP content increased, the inhibition rate against S. aureus and E. coli. of P/C nanofiber film increased. In addition, P/C nanofiber film deposited with UGNPs also exhibited good thermal stability, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and water vapor permeability, exhibiting its potential as an antibacterial active packaging.

Development of biodegradable film from cactus (Opuntia Ficus Indica) mucilage loaded with acid-leached kaolin as filler

Nowadays, substituting petroleum-based plastics with biodegradable polymers made from polysaccharides loaded with various reinforcing materials has recently gained attention due to the impact of conventional plastics wastes. In this study, polysaccharidic mucilage from Ethiopian cactus (Opuntia Ficus Indica) was derived using microwave-assisted extraction technique to develop biodegradable polymers that were inexpensive, readily available, simple to make, and ecofriendly. The effect of microwave power 300-800 W, solid-liquid (cactus-sodium hydroxide solution) ratio 1:5-1:25, sodium hydroxide concentration 0.1-0.8 mol/L, and extraction time 2-10 min on mucilage extraction were studied and the maximum yield of mucilage was attained at optimized parameters of 506 W, 1:20, 0.606 mol/L, and 9.5 min, respectively. Biodegradable polymers made with mucilage alone have poor mechanical characteristics and are thermally unstable. Thus, to overcome the stated problems, glycerol as a plasticizer and acid-leached kaolin crosslinked with urea as a reinforcing material were used. Moreover, the effect of acid-leached kaolin and glycerol on the physico-chemical properties of the films was studied, and a maximum tensile strength of 6.74 MPa with 18.45 % elongation at break, thermally improved biodegradability of 26 %, were attained at 10 % acid-leached kaolin and 20 % glycerol crosslinking with 2 % urea. But the maximum degradability of 53.5 % was attained at 30 % glycerol content. The control and reinforced biodegradable films were characterized using TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD to determine the thermal, functional group, morphology, and crystallinity of the bioplastics, respectively. These biodegradable plastics may be used for packaging application.

Chemically engineered plasmonic Au-gallium oxide nanocomposites for harsh environment applications: an investigation into thermal and chemical robustness

Enhanced thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties of different metal nanoparticle morphologies integrated with metal oxides have been reported in multiple instances. The chemical and material robustness of metal nanoparticles incorporated surficially and into the bulk of distinct as well as spontaneously formed morphologies of metal oxides through solution-based and microwave-based approaches are investigated in this study. These composites were tested for their chemical and material robustness by exposing films formed on quartz substrates to high temperatures (800 °C) in an air ambient as well as to extreme conditions of pH, often encountered in harsh environment applications such as sensing and catalysis. The changes in the optical properties and crystallinity have been studied using in situ absorption and ex situ X-ray diffraction analyses and electron microscopy. The trends observed with respect to the changes in the plasmonic absorbance were validated theoretically and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Confirmations of the phenomena occurring in different morphologies and architectures were thereby corroborated through careful interpretations from experiments and predictions from theoretical models. We, therefore, report a simple solution-based process for achieving engineered harsh environment-compatible nanocomposites through studies specifically tailored for such applications such as catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and enhanced luminescence.

Metal and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles as Nanofillers for Biodegradable Polymers

Polymeric materials, despite their many undeniable advantages, nowadays are a major environmental challenge. Thus, in recent years biodegradable polymer matrices have been widely used in various sectors, including the medicinal, chemical, and packaging industry. Their widespread use is due to the properties of biodegradable polymer matrices, among which are their adjustable physicochemical and mechanical properties, as well as lower environmental impact. The properties of biodegradable polymers can be modified with various types of nanofillers, among which clays, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, and carbon nanostructures are most commonly used. The performance of the final product depends on the size and uniformity of the used nanofillers, as well as on their distribution and dispersion in the polymer matrix. This literature review aims to highlight new research results on advances and improvements in the synthesis, physicochemical properties and applications of biodegradable polymer matrices modified with metal nanoparticles and metal oxides.

Novel chitosan-based smart bio-nanocomposite films incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles for white bread preservation

Chitosan (CS)-based bio-nanocomposite food packaging films were prepared via solvent-casting method by incorporating a unique combination of additives and fillers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol, Tween 80, castor oil (CO), and nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in various proportions to enhance film properties. For a comprehensive analysis of the synthesized films, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile testing, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-vis spectrophotometry were employed. Furthermore, the antimicrobial efficacy of the films against S. aureus, E. coli, and A. niger was examined to assess their potential to preserve food from foodborne pathogens. The results claimed that the inclusion of castor oil and TiO2 nanoparticles considerably improved antimicrobial properties, UV-vis light barrier properties, thermal stability, optical transparency, and mechanical strength of the films, while reducing their water solubility, moisture content, water vapor and oxygen permeability. Based on the overall analysis, CS/PVA/CO/TiO2-0.3 film can be selected as the optimal one for practical applications. Furthermore, the practical application of the optimum film was evaluated using white bread as a model food product. The modified film successfully extended the shelf life of bread to 10 days, surpassing the performance of commercial LDPE packaging (6 days), and showed promising attributes for applications in the food packaging sector. These films exhibit superior antimicrobial properties, improved mechanical strength, and extended shelf life for food products, marking a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional plastic packaging in both scientific research and industrial applications.

Enhanced carbohydrate-based plastic performance by incorporating cerium-based metal-organic framework for food packaging application

The development of biodegradable active packaging films with hydrophobic characteristics is vital for extending the shelf life of food and reducing the reliance on petroleum-based plastics. In this study, novel hydrophobic cerium-based metal-organic framework (Ce-MOF) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. The Ce-MOF nanoparticles were then incorporated into the cassava starch matrix at varying concentrations (0.5 %, 1.5 %, 3 %, and 4 % w/w of total solid) to fabricate cassava-based active packaging films via the solution casting technique. The influence of Ce-MOF on the morphology, thermal attributes, and physicochemical properties of the cassava film was subsequently determined through further analyses. Biomedical analysis including antioxidant activity and the cellular morphology evaluation in the presence of the films was also conducted. The results demonstrated that the consistent dispersion of Ce-MOF nanofillers within the cassava matrix led to a significant enhancement in the film's crystallinity, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, and hydrophobicity. The introduction of Ce-MOF also contributed to the film's reduced water solubility. Considering these outcomes, the developed cassava/Ce-MOF films undoubtedly have significant potential for active food packaging applications.

Development of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by cress seed mucilage as green surfactant

This study aimed to enhance carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based films by incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and cress seed mucilage (CSM), with a view to augmenting the physical, mechanical, and permeability properties of the resulting nanocomposite films. For the first time, CSM was exploited as a green surfactant to synthetize ZnO NPs using hydrothermal method. Seven distinct film samples were meticulously produced and subjected to a comprehensive array of analyses. The findings revealed that the incorporation of CSM/ZnO-5 % improved the physical properties of the films, demonstrating a significant reduction in moisture content and water vapor permeability (WVP). Increasing the concentration of NPs in conjunction with CSM markedly decreased the solubility of the nanocomposites by up to 56 %. The films containing CSM/ZnO showed higher tensile strength and elongation at the break values. The UV absorption of the films exhibited a substantial rise with the addition of ZnO NPs, particularly with an increased content in the presence of CSM. The thermal stability of nanocomposites containing a high concentration of CSM/ZnO exhibited an improvement compared to the control sample. In light of these results, the CMC/CSM/ZnO-5 % film emerges as a promising candidate for a biocompatible packaging material, exhibiting favorable physical characteristics.

Natural polysaccharides and proteins-based films for potential food packaging and mulch applications: A review

Conventional nondegradable packaging and mulch films, after reaching the end of their use, become a major source of waste and are primarily disposed of in landfills. Accumulation of non-degradable film residues in the soil leads to diminished soil fertility, reduced crop yield, and can potentially affect humans. Application of degradable films is still limited due to the high cost, poor mechanical, and gas barrier properties of current biobased synthetic polymers. In this respect, natural polysaccharides and proteins can offer potential solutions. Having versatile functional groups, three-dimensional network structures, biodegradability, ease of processing, and the potential for surface modifications make polysaccharides and proteins excellent candidates for quality films. Besides, their low-cost availability as industrial waste/byproducts makes them cost-effective alternatives. This review paper covers the performance properties, cost assessment, and in-depth analysis of macromolecular structures of some natural polysaccharides and proteins-based films that have great potential for packaging and mulch applications. Proper dissolution of biopolymers to improve molecular interactions and entanglement, and establishment of crosslinkages to form an ordered and cohesive polymeric structure can help to obtain films with good properties. Simple aqueous-based film formulation techniques and utilization of waste/byproducts can stimulate the adoption of affordable biobased films on a large-scale.

Polysaccharides and proteins-based bionanocomposites for microencapsulation of probiotics to improve stability and viability in the gastrointestinal tract: A review

Probiotics have recently received significant attention due to their various benefits, such as the modulation of gut flora, reduction of blood sugar and insulin resistance, prevention and treatment of digestive disorders, and strengthening of the immune system. One of the major issues concerning probiotics is the maintenance of their viability in the presence of digestive conditions and extended shelf life during storage. To address this concern, numerous techniques have been explored to achieve success. Among these methods, the microencapsulation of probiotics has been proposed as the most effective way to overcome this challenge. The combination of nanomaterials with biopolymer coating is considered a novel approach to improve its viability and effective delivery. The use of polysaccharides and proteins-based bionanocomposites for microencapsulation of probiotics has emerged as an efficient and promising approach for maintaining cell viability and targeted delivery. This review article aims to investigate the use of different bionanocomposites in microencapsulation of probiotics and their effect on cell survival in long-term storage and harsh conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.

Novel edible films fabricated with HG-type pectin extracted from different types of hybrid citrus peels: Effects of pectin composition on film properties

This study investigated the valorization of novel HG-type hybrid citrus pectins derived from three cultivars: Setoka (ST), Kanpei (KP), and Shiranui (SH), and their application as packaging materials. The physicochemical properties of these pectins and their corresponding films were evaluated and compared to commercial citrus pectin. Significant variations were observed in pectin yield (18.15-24.12 %) and other physicochemical characteristics, such as degree of esterification (DE), degree of methoxylation (DM), and monosaccharide composition, among the different cultivars. All hybrid citrus pectins were classified as high-methoxy pectin types (66.67-72.89 %) with typical structural configurations like commercial citrus pectin. However, hybrid citrus pectin films exhibited superior physical properties, including higher mechanical strength, flexibility, and lower water solubility than commercial citrus pectin film, while maintaining similar transparency and moisture content. Additionally, the films displayed smooth and uniform surface morphology, confirming their excellent film-forming properties. Correlation analysis revealed that DE positively influenced mechanical properties (r = 1.0). Furthermore, the monosaccharide composition of pectins showed strong relationships (r = 0.8-1.0) with the film's mechanical and barrier properties. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid citrus pectin as potential packaging material, and the knowledge of the structure-function relationship obtained in this study could be useful for the tailored modification of citrus pectin-based packages.

The reduce of water vapor permeability of polysaccharide-based films in food packaging: A comprehensive review

Polysaccharide-based films are favored in the food packaging industry because of their advantages of green and safe characters, as well as natural degradability, but due to the structural defects of polysaccharides, they also have the disadvantages of high water vapor permeability (WVP), which greatly limits their application in the food packaging industry. To break the limitation, numerous methods, e.g., physical and/or chemical methods, have been employed. This review mainly elaborates the up-to-date research status of the application of polysaccharide-based films (PBFs) in food packaging area, including various films from cellulose and its derivatives, starch, chitosan, pectin, alginate, pullulan and so on, while the methods of reducing the WVP of PBFs, mainly divided into physical and chemical methods, are summarized, as well as the discussions about the existing problems and development trends of PBFs. In the end, suggestions about the future development of WVP of PBFs are presented.

Starch-gelatin blend films: A promising approach for high-performance degradable food packaging

Packaging plays a vital role in safeguarding food from environmental factors and contamination. However, the overuse and improper disposal of non-biodegradable plastic packaging materials have led to environmental concerns and health risks. To address these challenges, the development of degradable food packaging films is crucial. Biodegradable polymers, including natural biopolymers like starch (ST) and gelatin (GE), have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional plastics. This review focuses on the utilization of ST-GE blends as key components in composite films for food packaging applications. We discuss the limitations of pure ST-GE films and explore methods to enhance their properties through the addition of plasticizers, cross-linkers, and nanoparticles. The blending of ST-GE, facilitated by their good miscibility and cross-linking potential, is highlighted as a means to improve film performance. The review also examines the impact of various additives on the properties of ST-GE blend films and summarizes their application in food preservation. By providing a comprehensive overview of ST-GE hybrid systems, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable and effective food packaging solutions.

Emerging synthesis and characterization techniques for hybrid polymer nanocomposites

Metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are two of the most promising nanomaterials, due to their distinctive properties occurring from spatial confinement of electron-hole pairs. The unique combination of metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a polymer matrix offers unparalleled advantages, making them highly desirable in various fields. Advanced methods and techniques for synthesizing and characterizing hybrid metal-CNT-polymer nanocomposites have undergone significant progress in recent years, paving their integration into various fields, including aerospace, electronics, energy, water treatment and environmental remediation. These advances have allowed better understanding of nanocomposite properties and imparted ability to tune specific properties through size, shape, and distribution control of the nanofillers within the matrix material or by altering filler properties through functionalization. This study aims to critically judge the emerging tools, techniques and methods used in polymer nanocomposites with specific focus on metal-CNT based hybrid polymer nanocomposites, and suggest new avenues for research in the field. Furthermore, by examining the mechanisms affecting the performance of these composites, we can understand how the inclusion of fillers alters the microstructure and overall behavior of the material. Ultimately, this knowledge could lay the foundation for the development of novel nanocomposites with tailored properties and enhanced performance in a plethora of applications.

Fast and easy synthesis of silver, copper, and bimetallic nanoparticles on cellulose paper assisted by ultrasound

This work focuses on a systematic method to produce Ag, Cu, and Ag/Cu metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) in situ assisted with ultrasound on cellulose paper. By tuning the concentration of AgNO3 and CuSO4 salt precursors and ultrasound time, combined with a fixed concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) as a reducing agent, it was possible to control the size, morphology, and polydispersity of the resulting MNPs on cellulose papers. Notably, high yield and low polydispersity of MNPs and bimetallic nanoparticles are achieved by increasing the sonication time on paper samples pre-treated with salt precursors before reduction with AA. Moreover, mechanical analysis on paper samples presenting well-dispersed and distributed MNPs showed slightly decreasing values of Young's modulus compared to neat papers. The strain at break is substantially improved in papers containing solely Ag or Cu MNPs. The latter suggests that the elastic/plastic transition and deformation of papers are tuned by cellulose and MNPs interfacial interaction, as indicated by mechanical analysis. The proposed method provides insights into each factor affecting the sonochemistry in situ synthesis of MNPs on cellulose papers. In addition, it offers a straightforward alternative to scale up the production of MNPs on paper, ensuring an eco-friendly method.

Improving the functionality of biodegradable food packaging materials via porous nanomaterials

Non-biodegradability and disposal problems are the major challenges associated with synthetic plastic packaging. This review article discusses a new generation of biodegradable active and smart packaging based on porous nanomaterials (PNMs), which maintains the quality and freshness of food products while meeting biodegradability requirements. PNMs have recently gained significant attention in the field of food packaging due to their large surface area, peculiar structures, functional flexibility, and thermal stability. We present for the first time the recently published literature on the incorporation of various PNMs into renewable materials to develop advanced, environmentally friendly, and high-quality packaging technology. Various emerging packaging technologies are discussed in this review, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it provides general information about PNMs, their characterization, and fabrication methods. It also briefly describes the effects of different PNMs on the functionality of biopolymeric films. Furthermore, we examined how smart packaging loaded with PNMs can improve food shelf life and reduce food waste. The results indicate that PNMs play a critical role in improving the antimicrobial, thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of natural packaging materials. These tailor-made materials can simultaneously extend the shelf life of food while reducing plastic usage and food waste.

Current Applications of Bionanocomposites in Food Processing and Packaging

Nanotechnology advances are rapidly spreading through the food science field; however, their major application has been focused on the development of novel packaging materials reinforced with nanoparticles. Bionanocomposites are formed with a bio-based polymeric material incorporated with components at a nanoscale size. These bionanocomposites can also be applied to preparing an encapsulation system aimed at the controlled release of active compounds, which is more related to the development of novel ingredients in the food science and technology field. The fast development of this knowledge is driven by consumer demand for more natural and environmentally friendly products, which explains the preference for biodegradable materials and additives obtained from natural sources. In this review, the latest developments of bionanocomposites for food processing (encapsulation technology) and food packaging applications are gathered.

Hybrid materials based on chitosan functionalized with green synthesized copper nanoparticles: Physico-chemical and antimicrobial analysis

Recently, the development of materials with antimicrobial properties has become a challenge under scrutiny. The incorporation of copper nanoparticles (NpCu) into a chitosan matrix appears to represent a viable strategy to contain the particles and prevent their oxidation. Regarding the physical properties, the nanocomposite films (CHCu) showed a decrease in the elongation at break (5 %) and an increase in the tensile strength of 10 % concerning chitosan films (control). They also showed solubility values lower than 5 % while the swelling diminished by 50 %, on average. The dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) of nanocomposites revealed two thermal events located at 113° and 178 °C, which matched the glass transitions of the CH-enriched phase and nanoparticles-enriched phase, respectively. In addition, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) detected a greater stability of the nanocomposites. Chitosan films and the NpCu-loaded nanocomposites demonstrated excellent antibacterial capacity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, proved through diffusion disc, zeta potential, and ATR-FTIR techniques. Additionally, the penetration of individual NpCu particles into bacterial cells and the leakage of cell content were verified by TEM. The mechanism of the antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites involved the interaction of chitosan with the bacterial outer membrane or cell wall and the diffusion of the NpCu through the cells. These materials could be applied in diverse fields of biology, medicine, or food packaging.

Essential characteristics improvement of metallic nanoparticles loaded carbohydrate polymeric films - A review

Petroleum-based films have contributed immensely to various environmental issues. Developing green-based films from carbohydrate polymers is crucial for addressing the harms encountered. However, some limitations exist on their property, processibility, and applicability that prohibit their processing for further developments. This review discusses the potential carbohydrate polymers and their sources, film preparation methods, such as solvent-casting, tape-casting, extrusion, and thermo-mechanical compressions for green-based films using various biological polymers with their merits and demerits. Research outcomes revealed that the essential characteristics improvement achieved by incorporating different metallic nanoparticles has significantly reformed the properties of biofilms, including crystallization, mechanical stability, thermal stability, barrier function, and antimicrobial activity. The property-enhanced bio-based films made with nanoparticles are potentially interested in replacing fossil-based films in various areas, including food-packaging applications. The review paves a new way for the commercial use of numerous carbohydrate polymers to help maintain a sustainable green environment.

A review on the green synthesis of nanoparticles, their biological applications, and photocatalytic efficiency against environmental toxins

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant materials and microorganisms has evolved as a sustainable alternative to conventional techniques that rely on toxic chemicals. Recently, green-synthesized eco-friendly NPs have attracted interest for their potential use in various biological applications. Several studies have demonstrated that green-synthesized NPs are beneficial in multiple medicinal applications, including cancer treatment, targeted drug delivery, and wound healing. Additionally, due to their photodegradation activity, green-synthesized NPs are a promising tool in environmental remediation. Photodegradation is a process that uses light and a photocatalyst to turn a pollutant into a harmless product. Green NPs have been found efficient in degrading pollutants such as dyes, herbicides, and heavy metals. The use of microbes and flora in green synthesis technology for nanoparticle synthesis is biologically safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Plants and microbes can now use and accumulate inorganic metallic ions in the environment. Various NPs have been synthesized via the bio-reduction of biological entities or their extracts. There are several biological and environmental uses for biologically synthesized metallic NPs, such as photocatalysis, adsorption, and water purification. Since the last decade, the green synthesis of NPs has gained significant interest in the scientific community. Therefore, there is a need for a review that serves as a one-stop resource that points to relevant and recent studies on the green synthesis of NPs and their biological and photocatalytic efficiency. This review focuses on the green fabrication of NPs utilizing diverse biological systems and their applications in biological and photodegradation processes.

Fabrication and characterization of hybrid eco-friendly high methoxyl pectin/gelatin/TiO2/curcumin (PGTC) nanocomposite biofilms for salmon fillet packaging

Hybrid eco-friendly nanocomposite films were fabricated by blending high-methoxyl pectin, gelatin, TiO₂, and curcumin through the solution casting method. Various concentrations (0-5 wt%) of TiO₂ nanoparticles (TNPs) and curcumin as an organic filler were added to the blend solutions. A high TNP concentration affected the surface morphology, roughness, and compactness of the films. Additionally, 3D mapping revealed the nanoparticle distribution in the film layers. Moisture content, water solubility, and light transmittance reduced dramatically with increasing TNP content, in accordance with the water vapor and oxygen permeabilities. X-ray diffraction revealed that the films were semicrystalline nanocomposites, and the thermal properties of the films increased when 5 wt% of TNPs was incorporated into the blend solution. Fourier-transform infrared and Raman analyses revealed interactions among biopolymers, nanoparticles, and organic fillers through hydrogen bonding. The shelf life of fresh salmon fillets was prolonged to six days for all groups, revealed by total viable counts and psychrotrophic bacteria counts, and the pH of the salmon fillets could be extended until the sixth day for all groups. Biodegradation assays demonstrated a significant weight loss in the nanocomposite films. Therefore, a nanocomposite film with 5 wt% TNPs could potentially be cytotoxic to NIH 3T3 cells.

Preparation and Antimicrobial Characterization of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/Kaolin Clay Biocomposites

The biodegradable polymer poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) starts decomposing at room temperature. Kaolin clay (KO) was dispersed and blended into PBAT composites using a solution-casting method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the structure and morphology of the composite materials. PBAT/kaolin clay composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The PBAT composite loaded with 5.0 wt% kaolin clay shows the best characteristics. The biocomposites of PBAT/kaolin [PBC-5.0 (37.6MPa)] have a good tensile strength when compared to virgin PBAT (18.3MPa). The oxygen transmission rate (OTR), with ranges from 1080.2 to 311.7 (cc/m²/day), leads the KO content. By including 5.0 wt% kaolin 43.5 (g/m²/day), the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the PBAT/kaolin composites was decreased. The pure PBAT must have a WVTR of 152.4 (g/m²/day). Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) food-borne bacteria are significantly more resistant to the antimicrobial property of composites. The results show that PBAT/kaolin composites have great potential as food packaging materials due to their ability to decrease the growth of bacteria and improve the shelf life of packaged foods.

Biosynthesis and characterization of nanoparticles, its advantages, various aspects and risk assessment to maintain the sustainable agriculture: Emerging technology in modern era science

The current review aims to gain knowledge on the biosynthesis and characterization of nanoparticles (NPs), their multifactorial role, and emerging trends of NPs utilization in modern science, particularly in sustainable agriculture, for increased yield to solve the food problem in the coming era. However, it is well known that an environment-friendly resource is in excessive demand, and green chemistry is an advanced and rising resource in exploring eco-friendly processes. Plant extracts or other resources can be utilized to synthesize different types of NPS. Hence NPs can be synthesized by organic or inorganic molecules. Inorganic molecules are hydrophilic, biocompatible, and highly steady compared to organic types. NPs occur in numerous chemical conformations ranging from amphiphilic molecules to metal oxides, from artificial polymers to bulky biomolecules. NPs structures can be examined by different approaches, i.e., Raman spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and solid-state NMR. Nano-agrochemical is a unification of nanotechnology and agro-chemicals, which has brought about the manufacture of nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-herbicides, nano-insecticides, and nano-fungicides. NPs can also be utilized as an antimicrobial solution, but the mode of action for antibacterial NPs is poorly understood. Presently known mechanisms comprise the induction of oxidative stress, the release of metal ions, and non-oxidative stress. Multiple modes of action towards microbes would be needed in a similar bacterial cell for antibacterial resistance to develop. Finally, we visualize multidisciplinary cooperative methods will be essential to fill the information gap in nano-agrochemicals and drive toward the usage of green NPs in agriculture and plant science study.

Development of highly stable color indicator films based on κ-carrageenan, silver nanoparticle and red grape skin anthocyanin for marine fish freshness assessment

Color indicator films for fish freshness were fabricated by incorporating κ-carrageenan (CAR) polymer with red grape skin extract (GSE) as a pH-sensing agent and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an antimicrobial agent. Anthocyanins in GSE exhibited distinguished pH responsive color changes. GSE and AgNPs were well compatible with CAR with intramolecular interactions, approved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). GSE-containing films displayed distinguished color changes in response to pH variations and volatile ammonia. Enhanced UV blocking ability and strong antioxidant activity were revealed for GSE included films without sacrificing the physico-chemical properties of the CAR film. Films containing AgNPs showed improved mechanical strength and strong antimicrobial ability against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The CAR/AgNPs/GSE film displayed a distinctive color change corresponding to changes in the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) of fish during storage. In addition, the CAR/AgNPs/GSE film showed excellent color stability to consecutive UV exposure and its storage time at 25 °C is expected to be at least 240 days, which indicates that it has high potential as an intelligent food freshness indicator film.

Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oils-loaded β-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin oligomer and chitosan composite films

Chitosan (CS) is becoming increasingly popular in food packaging due to its natural degradability and great film-forming properties. Nevertheless, its poor antibacterial properties and inadequate antioxidant properties prevent it from being used effectively. In this study, β-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin (β-CD-EP) oligomers were prepared and encapsulated with natural essential oils cinnamaldehyde and thymol, and then the inclusion complexes (IC) were incorporated into chitosan in various contents to afford a series of CS-IC composite films. The impacts of IC on the morphological, mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of chitosan films, as well as the loading and sustained release behavior of IC, were thoroughly examined. The results turned out that the essential oils were well-loaded with high encapsulation efficiency and showed a significant slow-release effect. It was also found that the tensile strength and the elongation at break decreased with increasing IC contents, while the thermal stability was enhanced. The incorporation of IC dramatically promoted the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the chitosan films towards Gram-positive bacteria. Based on our findings, chitosan films containing essential oils-loaded β-CD-EP oligomers may serve as an effective food packaging material.

Plant protein-based nanocomposite films: A review on the used nanomaterials, characteristics, and food packaging applications

Consumer demands to utilize environmentally friendly packaging have led researchers to develop packaging materials from naturally derived resources. In recent years, plant protein-based films as a replacement for synthetic plastics have attracted the attention of the global food packaging industry due to their biodegradability and unique properties. Biopolymer-based films need a filler to show improved packaging properties. One of the latest strategies introduced to food packaging technology is the production of nanocomposite films which are multiphase materials containing a filler with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. This review provides the recent findings on plant-based protein films as biodegradable materials that can be combined with nanoparticles that are applicable to food packaging. Moreover, it investigates the characterization of nanocomposite plant-based protein films/edible coatings. It also briefly describes the application of plant-based protein nanocomposite films/coating on fruits/vegetables, meat and seafood products, and some other foods. The results indicate that the functional performance, barrier, mechanical, optical, thermal and antimicrobial properties of plant protein-based materials can be extended by incorporating nanomaterials. Recent reports provide a better understanding of how incorporating nanomaterials into plant protein-based biopolymers leads to an increase in the shelf life of food products during storage time.

Active Composite Packaging Reinforced with Nisin-Loaded Nano-Vesicles for Extended Shelf Life of Chicken Breast Filets and Cheese Slices

To meet the demands for more effective and ecofriendly food packaging strategies, the potential of nisin-loaded rhamnolipid functionalized nanofillers (rhamnosomes) has been explored after embedding in hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (HPMC) and κ-carrageenan (κ-CR)-based packaging films. It was observed that intrinsically active rhamnosomes based nanofillers greatly improved the mechanical and optical properties of nano-active packaging (NAP) films. Incorporation of rhamnosomes resulted in higher tensile strength (5.16 ± 0.06 MPa), Young’s modulus (2777 ± 0.77 MPa), and elongation (2.58 ± 0.03%) for NAP than active packaging containing free nisin (2.96 ± 0.03 MPa, 1107 ± 0.67 MPa, 1.48 ± 0.06%, respectively). NAP demonstrated a homogenous distribution of nanofillers in the biopolymer matrix as elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that NAP prepared with nisin-loaded rhamnosomes was thermally stable even above 200 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed that addition of nisin in nanofillers resulted in a slight increase in Tg (108.40 °C), indicating thermal stability of NAP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed slight shift in all characteristic bands of nano-active packaging, which indicated the embedding of rhamnosomes inside the polymer network without any chemical interaction. Finally, when tested on chicken breast filets and cheese slices under refrigerated storage conditions, NAP demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (up to 4.5 log unit reduction) and inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. These results suggest that HPMC and κ-CR-based NAP containing functionalized nanofillers can serve as an innovative packaging material for the food industry to improve the safety, quality, and shelf-life of dairy and meat products.

The control of fungi and mycotoxins by food active packaging: a review

Conventionally used petrochemical-based plastics are poorly degradable and cause severe environmental pollution. Alternatively, biopolymers (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and their blends) are biodegradable and environment-friendly, and thus their use in packaging technologies has been on the rise. Spoilage of food by mycotoxigenic fungi poses a severe threat to human and animal health. Hence, because of the adverse effects of synthetic preservatives, active packaging as an effective technique for controlling and decontaminating fungi and related mycotoxins has attracted considerable interest. The current review aims to provide an overview of the prevention of fungi and mycotoxins through active packaging. The impact of different additives on the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic functionality of packaging incorporating active films/coatings is also investigated. In addition, active packaging applications to control and decontaminate common fungi and mycotoxins in bakery products, cereal grains, fruits, nuts, and dairy products are also introduced. The results of recent studies have confirmed that biopolymer films and coatings incorporating antimicrobial agents provide great potential for controlling common fungi and mycotoxins and enhancing food quality and safety.

A review on nanomaterials and nanohybrids based bio-nanocomposites for food packaging

With an increasing demand for a novel, eco-friendly, high-performance packaging material "bio-nanocomposites" has attracted great attention in recent years. The review article aims at to evaluating recent innovation in bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. The current trends and research over the last three years of the various bio-nanocomposites including inorganic, organic nanomaterials, and nanohybrids, which are suitable as food packaging materials due to their advanced properties such as high mechanical, thermal, barrier, antimicrobial, and antioxidant are described in detail. In addition, the legislation, migration studies, and SWOT analysis on bio-nanocomposite film have been discussed. It has been observed that the multifunctional properties of the bio-nanocomposite materials, has the potential to improve the quality and safety of the food together with no /or fewer negative impact on the environment. However, more studies need to be performed on bio-nanocomposite materials to determine the migration levels and formulate relevant legislation.

Design of Polymeric Films for Antioxidant Active Food Packaging

Antioxidant active food packaging can extend the shelf life of foods by retarding the rate of oxidation reactions of food components. Although significant advances in the design and development of polymeric packaging films loaded with antioxidants have been achieved over the last several decades, few of these films have successfully been translated from the laboratory to commercial applications. This article presents a snapshot of the latest advances in the design and applications of polymeric films for antioxidant active food packaging. It is hoped that this article will offer insights into the optimisation of the performance of polymeric films for food packaging purposes and will facilitate the translation of those polymeric films from the laboratory to commercial applications in the food industry.

The cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to 3D brain organoids results from excessive intracellular zinc ions and defective autophagy

Although the neurotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has been evaluated in animal and nerve cell culture models, these models cannot accurately mimic human brains. Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids based on human-induced pluripotent stem cells have been developed to study the human brains, but this model has rarely been used to evaluate NP neurotoxicity. We used 3D brain organoids that express cortical layer proteins to investigate the mechanisms of ZnO NP-induced neurotoxicity. Cytotoxicity caused by high levels of ZnO NPs (64 μg/mL) correlated with high intracellular Zn ion levels but not superoxide levels. Exposure to a non-cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (16 μg/mL) increased the autophagy-marker proteins LC3B-II/I but decreased p62 accumulation, whereas a cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (64 μg/mL) decreased LC3B-II/I proteins but did not affect p62 accumulation. Fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography revealed that 64 μg/mL ZnO NPs led to decreases in LC3B proteins that were more obvious at the outer layers of the organoids, which were directly exposed to the ZnO NPs. In addition to reducing LC3B proteins in the outer layers, ZnO NPs increased the number of micronuclei in the outer layers but not the inner layers (where LC3B proteins were still expressed). Adding the autophagy flux inhibitor bafilomycin A1 to ZnO NPs increased cytotoxicity and intracellular Zn ion levels, but adding the autophagy inducer rapamycin only slightly decreased cellular Zn ion levels. We conclude that high concentrations of ZnO NPs are cytotoxic to 3D brain organoids via defective autophagy and intracellular accumulation of Zn ions.

Modification of Poly(lactic acid) by the Plasticization for Application in the Packaging Industry

Plastic products, especially in the packaging industry, have become the main commodities penetrating virtually every aspect of our lives. Unfortunately, their omnipresence is not neutral to the natural environment. Pollution in the form of microplastics is a global problem. Therefore, green technologies that enter into the circular economy become an important topic. As part of the research work, the modification of poly(lactic acid) has been studied for use in the packaging industry. Due to its intrinsic rigidity, plasticizing substances had to be introduced in PLA in order to improve its plastic deformability. Both high-molecular compounds such as ethoxylated lauryl alcohol, block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and ethoxylated stearic acid as well as low-molecular compounds such as di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, and triethyl citrate were used. The samples extruded from plasticized polymers were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and mechanical properties including Young’s modulus. The melt flow rate (MFR) and molar mass distribution were determined. For all modified samples the glass transition temperature, depending on the plasticizer used, was shifted towards lower values compared to the base polymer. The best result was obtained for di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (ADO) and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (SDO). The elongation at break increased significantly for ADO at about 21%. The highest elongation was obtained for SDO (about 35%), although it obtained a higher glass temperature. The degradation of the polymer was not observed for both plasticizers. For these plasticizers (ADO and SDO) it also lowered Young’s module by about 26%, and at the infrared spectrum deformation of peaks were observed, which may indicate the interaction of the ester carbonyl group of PLA with plasticizers. Therefore it can be concluded that they are good modifiers. The selected plasticizers that are used in the production of food contact materials, in particular in the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) food films, also exhibited great potential to be applied to PLA food films, and exhibit better properties than the citrate, which are indicated in many publications as PLA plasticizers.

Seaweed Polysaccharide in Food Contact Materials (Active Packaging, Intelligent Packaging, Edible Films, and Coatings)

Food contact materials (FCMs) are materials that come in contact with food products such as food packaging which play a significant role in the food quality and safety. Plastic, which is a major food packaging material, harms the eco-system, wildlife, and the environment. As a result, numerous researches have been in progress on alternative polymers, which has similar properties as plastic but is also environmentally friendly (biodegradable). In recent years, the utilization of seaweed polysaccharides has piqued interest due to its biodegradability, non-toxicity, antioxidant capabilities, and excellent film formation ability. However, it has a number of drawbacks such as low tensile strength, water solubility, and moderate antibacterial characteristics, among others. The addition of other biopolymers, nanoparticles, or natural active agents improves these features. In this review article, we have summarized the current state of seaweed polysaccharide research in active packaging, intelligent packaging, edible films, and coatings. It also highlights the physical, thermal, antioxidant, and other properties of these materials. Finally, the article discusses the relevant legislation as well as the field’s future prospects. Research shows that seaweeds polysaccharide looks promising as a sustainable food contact material, but there is always a potential for development to make it market feasible.

Gelatin-Based Film Integrated with Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles for Active Packaging Applications

Gelatin-based multifunctional composite films were prepared by reinforcing various amounts of copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNP, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt %), and the effect of CuSNP on the film was evaluated by analyzing its physical and antibacterial properties. CuSNP makes a compatible film with gelatin. The inclusion of CuSNP significantly enhanced the UV blocking, mechanical strength, and water vapor barrier properties of the gelatin film. The inclusion of CuSNP of 1.0 wt % or less did not affect the transparency of the gelatin film. When 2.0 wt % of CuSNP was mixed, the hydrophilicity of the gelatin film did not change noticeably, but its thermal properties slightly increased. Moreover, the gelatin/CuSNP composite film presented effective antibacterial activity against E. coli and some activity against L. monocytogenes. Gelatin/CuSNP composite films with better functional and physical properties can be used for food packaging or biomedical applications.

Development of an active packaging based on polyethylene containing linalool or thymol for mozzarella cheese

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of active polyethylene film (PE) containing linalool and thymol active components on the microbial shelf life of mozzarella cheese. PE films containing different concentrations of linalool or thymol (0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) were prepared. The antimicrobial properties of the films were examined, and mozzarella cheese was packed with these active films. The antimicrobial properties of packed samples during 30 days of storage were studied. The obtained results from film tests showed that by increasing the concentration of active agents (linalool and thymol) in PE films, the antimicrobial activities of film samples against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, and Saccharomyces cervicea were increased. The cheese tests result demonstrated that mozzarella cheese packaging with PE films containing different concentrations of linalool and thymol leads to a decreased growth rate of molds and yeasts in cheeses. At the end of the storage period, the lowest number of molds and yeasts was for a sample packed in PE film containing 2% thymol, which increased from 1.00 to 1.21 Log CFU/g during the storage period. From E. coli and S. aureus contamination, the samples packed in active films were safe until the last day of storage (30th day), while the control sample was unacceptable at 17th day of storage. According to obtained results from this study, it was concluded that the addition of linalool and thymol active components to PE film had a positive effect on the extension of the mozzarella scheese shelf life.

Application of bio-nanocomposite films and edible coatings for extending the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables

New packaging materials are an emerging field in the food industry. Poor thermal, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of biopolymers, and also their inherent permeability to gases and vapor have increased this interest. Biopolymeric materials (matrix) require fillers, which can react/interact with available matrix in order to provide new formulations with improved properties. Many studies have shown the potential use of metal nanoparticles in biopolymeric packaging and edible coatings for improving their properties. The current review summarizes the characterization of bio-nanocomposite films and edible coatings incorporated with metal nanoparticles on the shelf life and quality of tropical fruits, berries, climacteric/non-climacteric fruits and vegetables. It also provides a brief description of some advantages of bio-nanocomposite films and edible coatings applied to fruits and vegetables such as decreasing the color changes, respiration rate, weight loss and extended shelf life, delaying ripening and being environmentally friendly. The results of recent reports provide a better understanding of the impact of metal nanoparticles incorporated in biopolymers on the shelf life and the quality of fruits and vegetables.

Aflatoxin, microbial contamination, sensory attributes, and morphological analysis of pistachio nut coated with methylcellulose

Pistachio is a nut with high consumption that could be affected by aflatoxin contamination, which affects the consumption market; therefore, broad studies seem to be necessary for this area. In the current study, pistachio nuts (Abbasali variety) were coated with different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%) of methylcellulose (MC) by immersion method and then stored in the incubator (25°C) for four months. The inhibitory effect of hydrocolloid coating on microbial (mold, yeast, and total count) and aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2, and total aflatoxin) contamination, as well as sensory attributes (flavor, color, crispiness, aroma, and total acceptability), was investigated during storage periods. Results showed that the storage period had a significant effect on yeast, mold, and total count. HPLC analysis results showed that coating with MC had a significant inhibitory effect on aflatoxin contamination, and the highest amount of aflatoxin contamination was related to the control sample (3.5%). All samples except sample coated with MC 0.5% had appropriate total acceptability. Regarding the inhibitory effect of MC edible coating on aflatoxin contamination, its application on pistachio nut could be a promising approach to control the fungus infection and reduce aflatoxin production in coated pistachio.

Functional Properties and Molecular Degradation of Schizostachyum Brachycladum Bamboo Cellulose Nanofibre in PLA-Chitosan Bionanocomposites

The degradation and mechanical properties of potential polymeric materials used for green manufacturing are significant determinants. In this study, cellulose nanofibre was prepared from Schizostachyum brachycladum bamboo and used as reinforcement in the PLA/chitosan matrix using melt extrusion and compression moulding method. The cellulose nanofibre(CNF) was isolated using supercritical carbon dioxide and high-pressure homogenisation. The isolated CNF was characterised with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, zeta potential and particle size analysis. The mechanical, physical, and degradation properties of the resulting biocomposite were studied with moisture content, density, thickness swelling, tensile, flexural, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and biodegradability analysis. The TEM, FT-IR, and particle size results showed successful isolation of cellulose nanofibre using this method. The result showed that the physical, mechanical, and degradation properties of PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite were significantly enhanced with cellulose nanofibre. The density, thickness swelling, and moisture content increased with the addition of CNF. Also, tensile strength and modulus; flexural strength and modulus increased; while the elongation reduced. The carbon residue from the thermal degradation and the glass transition temperature of the PLA/chitosan/CNF biocomposite was observed to increase with the addition of CNF. The result showed that the biocomposite has potential for green and sustainable industrial application.

Packaging of beef fillet with active chitosan film incorporated with ɛ-polylysine: An assessment of quality indices and shelf life

In the current study, the effect on packaged beef fillets (1 × 5 × 8 cm) of using active chitosan film (1%) was investigated. The fillets were stored at 4 °C for 12 days, and the film contained ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% w/w). Chemical, microbiological, sensory properties, and quality indices of the fillets were investigated. Added to these factors was an assessment of the influence of ɛ-polylysine incorporation on the optical, structural, barrier, and mechanical specifications (elongation at break and tensile strength) of chitosan films. Based on the findings, a significant difference among the corresponding values to thickness, color, water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical specifications between the treated films by ɛ-PL and untreated films were noted. In addition, higher values of thickness and tensile strength were correlated with ɛ-PL added active chitosan films while compared with control samples. Additionally, no significant differences regarding the proximate composition (including protein, moisture, and fat) among beef fillet samples were observed. In this regard, due to significantly lower levels of pH, TVB-N, and TBARS ɛ-PL in enriched films, this technique demonstrated some protective effects on beef fillets. Another observation was that lower levels of the total viable count, coliform, mold, yeasts, and higher sensory properties were significantly associated with samples with added ɛ-PL (0.9%). Therefore, adding ɛ-PL into chitosan films could be introduced as an effective technique to extend the shelf life of beef fillets and maintain their quality indices during refrigerated storage.

Functional biocompatible nanocomposite films consisting of selenium and zinc oxide nanoparticles embedded in gelatin/cellulose nanofiber matrices

In recent decades, environmental concerns and increasing consumer demand for healthy and nutritious food products with prolonged shelf life have made the food packaging industry pay more attention to the preparation of multifunctional biodegradable packaging films based on biopolymers containing active components such as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. In this study, bio-nanocomposite films were fabricated from gelatin (G) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and different concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or Selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs) by the casting method. The mechanical, barrier, optical, and structural (FTIR, XRD, and SEM) properties of the films were investigated along with their antibacterial and antioxidant features. The incorporation of ZnO and Se NPs improved the physicomechanical and water resistance of G/CNF films. In this regard, the maximum tensile strength value was obtained for the G/CNF containing 5% w/w ZnO NPs (G/CNF/ZnO3) and G/CNF containing 0.1% w/w Se NPs (G/CNF/Se2) films (~2.20-fold and ~2.13-fold higher than the G/CNF film, respectively). Also, G/CNF with 3% w/w ZnO NPs (G/CNF/ZnO₂) film had the lowest water vapor permeability and water solubility among all films. Results of the disc diffusion assay showed a stronger antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs compared with Se NPs. The bacterial susceptibility to the antibacterial films was as follows: Listeria monocytogenes > Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus > Pseudomonas fluorescens. The G/CNF films incorporated with Se nanoparticles possessed the higher property of scavenging free radicals in comparison films containing ZnO nanoparticles. Also, the combination of Se NPs and ZnO NPs enhanced the antioxidant effect of the films. In conclusion, gelatin-based edible films containing CNFs, ZnO NPs, and Se NPs can be used in the development of active food packaging products.