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Yang C, Zhao M, Chen Y, Song J, Wang D, Zou M, Liu J, Wen W, Xu S. Dietary bitter ginger-derived zerumbone improved memory performance during aging through inhibition of the PERK/CHOP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 39078275 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
PERK/CHOP pathway-mediated excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely linked to aging-related cognitive impairment (ARCD). Zerumbone (ZB), a naturally occurring sesquiterpene molecule obtained from dietary bitter ginger, has garnered significant interest due to its diverse range of biological properties. It is unclear, though, if ZB can reduce ARCD by preventing ER stress that is dependent on the PERK/CHOP pathway. Here, the PERK-CHOP ER stress pathway was the main focus of an evaluation of the effects and mechanisms of ZB for attenuating ARCD in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice and SH-SY5Y cells. According to our findings, ZB not only greatly decreased neuronal impairment both in vitro and in vivo, but also significantly alleviated learning and memory failure in vivo. ZB significantly reduced the activation of the PERK/CHOP pathway and neuronal apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, exhibiting the down-regulation of GRP78, p-PREK/PERK, and CHOP expression levels, in addition to suppressing oxidative damage (MDA drop and SOD rise). Comparable outcomes were noted in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to severe ER stress caused by TM. On the other hand, 4-PBA, an ER stress inhibitor, considerably reversed these modifications. Remarkably, CCT020312 (a PERK activator) dramatically overrode the inhibitory effects of ZB on the PERK/CHOP pathway and neuronal death in D-gal-induced SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, GSK2606414 (a PERK inhibitor) significantly increased these effects of ZB. In summary, our results suggested that ZB prevented D-gal-induced cognitive deficits by blocking the PERK/CHOP-dependent ER stress pathway and apoptosis, suggesting that ZB might be a natural sesquiterpene molecule that relieves ARCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Meihuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Juxian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mi Zou
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingru Liu
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wen Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Institute of Materia Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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2
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Todorović N, Ostojic SM. Hydrogen as an innovative nootropic in health and disease. Nutr Health 2024:2601060241266389. [PMID: 39042916 DOI: 10.1177/02601060241266389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2, dihydrogen) is an antioxidant and signaling molecule with potent antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the growing interest in H2 as a potential therapeutic agent, the evidence regarding its potential as a nootropic remains limited. Only a handful of studies on the human population have evaluated its effects, although there are suggestive indications of its efficacy. The present paper overviews H2's potential as a novel agent for improving cognitive functions in health and disease contexts, highlighting its mechanisms of action and areas for further investigation. Current evidence suggests that H2 improves executive function, alertness and memory in several clinical trials, from healthy young and elderly individuals to individuals with altered circadian rhythms, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Further investigations are needed to confirm the potential positive effects of dihydrogen as a nootropic agent in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Todorović
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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3
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Young HA, Cousins AL, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Benton D, Gershon RC, Ghirardelli A, Latulippe ME, Scholey A, Wagstaff L. Alignment of Consumers' Expected Brain Benefits from Food and Supplements with Measurable Cognitive Performance Tests. Nutrients 2024; 16:1950. [PMID: 38931303 PMCID: PMC11206270 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers often cite cognitive improvements as reasons for making dietary changes or using dietary supplements, a motivation that if leveraged could greatly enhance public health. However, rarely is it considered whether standardized cognitive tests that are used in nutrition research are aligned to outcomes of interest to the consumer. This knowledge gap presents a challenge to the scientific substantiation of nutrition-based cognitive health benefits. Here we combined focus group transcript review using reflexive thematic analysis and a multidisciplinary expert panel exercise to evaluate the applicability of cognitive performance tools/tasks for substantiating the specific cognitive benefits articulated by consumers with the objectives to (1) understand how consumers comprehend the potential benefits of nutrition for brain health, and (2) determine the alignment between consumers desired brain benefits and validated tests and tools. We derived a 'Consumer Taxonomy of Cognitive and Affective Health in Nutrition Research' which describes the cognitive and affective structure from the consumers perspective. Experts agreed that validated tests exist for some consumer benefits including focused attention, sustained attention, episodic memory, energy levels, and anxiety. Prospective memory, flow, and presence represented novel benefits that require the development and validation of new tests and tools. Closing the gap between science and consumers and fostering co-creative approaches to nutrition research are critical to the development of products and dietary recommendations that support realizable cognitive benefits that benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Young
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; (A.L.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Alecia L. Cousins
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; (A.L.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Carol Byrd-Bredbenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - David Benton
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; (A.L.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Richard C. Gershon
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA;
| | | | - Marie E. Latulippe
- Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Washington, DC 20005, USA;
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
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Sánchez Milán JA, Fernández‐Rhodes M, Guo X, Mulet M, Ngan SC, Iyappan R, Katoueezadeh M, Sze SK, Serra A, Gallart‐Palau X. Trioxidized cysteine in the aging proteome mimics the structural dynamics and interactome of phosphorylated serine. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14062. [PMID: 38111315 PMCID: PMC10928580 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor for the development of numerous human chronic diseases. On a molecular level, it significantly impacts the regulation of protein modifications, leading to the accumulation of degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) such as aberrant serine phosphorylation (p-Ser) and trioxidized cysteine (t-Cys) within the proteome. The altered p-Ser is linked to abnormal cell signaling, while the accumulation of t-Cys is associated with chronic diseases induced by oxidative stress. Despite this, the potential cross-effects and functional interplay between these two critical molecular factors of aging remain undisclosed. This study analyzes the aging proteome of wild-type C57BL/6NTac mice over 2 years using advanced proteomics and bioinformatics. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of how t-Cys affects cell signaling and protein structure in the aging process. The results obtained indicate that t-Cys residues accumulate in the aging proteome, interact with p-Ser interacting enzymes, as validated in vitro, and alter their structures similarly to p-Ser. These findings have significant implications for understanding the interplay of oxidative stress and phosphorylation in the aging process. Additionally, they open new venues for further research on the role(s) of these protein modifications in various human chronic diseases and aging, wherein exacerbated oxidation and aberrant phosphorylation are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Sánchez Milán
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV)LleidaSpain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRB Lleida) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity of Lleida (UdL)LleidaSpain
| | - María Fernández‐Rhodes
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV)LleidaSpain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRB Lleida) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity of Lleida (UdL)LleidaSpain
| | - Xue Guo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)SingaporeSingapore
| | - María Mulet
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV)LleidaSpain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRB Lleida) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity of Lleida (UdL)LleidaSpain
| | - SoFong Cam Ngan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Ranjith Iyappan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Maryam Katoueezadeh
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Aida Serra
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRB Lleida) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity of Lleida (UdL)LleidaSpain
| | - Xavier Gallart‐Palau
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA) ‐ +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG) ‐ Neuroscience AreaUniversity Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV)LleidaSpain
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Lleida (UdL)LleidaSpain
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Huang D, Awad ACA, Tang C, Chen Y. Demethylnobiletin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1335-1349. [PMID: 37955318 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demethylnobiletin (DN), with a variety of biological activities, is a polymethoxy-flavanone (PMF) found in citrus. In the present study, we explored the biological activities and potential mechanism of DN to improve cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats, and identified DN as a novel neuroprotective agent for patients with ischemic brain injury. METHODS Rat CIRI models were established via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Primary nerve cells were isolated and cultured in fetal rat cerebral cortex in vitro, and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) models of primary nerve cells were induced. After intervention with DN with different concentrations in MCAO rats and OGD/R nerve cells, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to quantify cerebral infarction size in CIRI rats. Modified neurological severity score was utilized to assess neurological performance. Histopathologic staining and live/dead cell-viability staining was used to observe apoptosis. Levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in tissues and cells were detected using commercial kits. DN level in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MCAO rats were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, expression levels of proteins like Kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and apoptosis-related proteins like Cleaved caspase-3, BCL-2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS DN can significantly enhance neurological function recovery by reducing cerebral infarction size and weakening neurocytes apoptosis in MCAO rats. It was further found that DN could improve oxidative stress (OS) injury of nerve cells by bringing down MDA and ROS levels and increasing SOD and GSH levels. Notably, DN exerts its pharmacological influences through entering blood-brain barrier. Mechanically, DN can reduce Keap1 expression while activate Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in neurocytes. CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of DN on neurocytes have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo circumstances. It deserves to be developed as a potential neuroprotective agent through regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to ameliorate neurocytes impairment caused by OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Campus/Lembah Sireh, Lincoln University college, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ali Chyadmarzok Al Awad
- Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Campus/Lembah Sireh, Lincoln University college, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chuai Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapeutics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yunqiang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapeutics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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La Monica MB, Raub B, Malone K, Hartshorn S, Grdic J, Gustat A, Sandrock J. Methylliberine Ingestion Improves Various Indices of Affect but Not Cognitive Function in Healthy Men and Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:4509. [PMID: 37960163 PMCID: PMC10650428 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the acute effects of oral methylliberine (DynamineTM) supplementation on cognitive function and indices of well-being. This was a double-blind, randomized, within-subject crossover trial. In total, 25 healthy men and women (33.5 ± 10.7 yr, 172.7 ± 8.6 cm, 73.3 ± 11.0 kg) underwent pretesting before ingesting methylliberine (100 mg) or a placebo (PLA) for 3 days. On the fourth day, the participants were tested before their fourth dose (baseline) and every hour post-ingestion for 3 h. After a one-week washout period, the participants repeated testing with the alternate investigational product. The testing battery consisted of vitals, Stroop test, Trail Making Test-B, and visual analog scales that assessed various indices of well-being. Mixed factorial ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to assess all variables. There were significant (p ≤ 0.050) interactions in terms of concentration, motivation, and mood. Methylliberine improved concentration at 1 and 3 h, motivation at 3 h, and mood at 1, 2, and 3 h (p ≤ 0.050). Methylliberine improved energy, sustained energy, and mood in all participants to a greater extent than PLA at 1 h and 3 h relative to baseline (p ≤ 0.050). PLA improved motivation at 1 and 2 h and mood at 2 h (p ≤ 0.050). Methylliberine improved concentration, well-being, and the ability to tolerate stress to a greater extent than PLA at 3 h relative to baseline (p ≤ 0.050). Women observed elevations in sustained energy at 1 and 3 h (p ≤ 0.050) with methylliberine vs. PLA. Methylliberine had a negligible influence on cognitive function and vitals (p > 0.050), and no adverse events were reported. Methylliberine significantly improved subjective feelings of energy, concentration, motivation, and mood, but not cognitive function. PLA improved motivation and mood at hours 1 and 2, while methylliberine sustained these benefits for longer. Methylliberine also improved concentration, well-being, and the ability to tolerate stress to a greater degree than PLA, while having no detrimental effects on vital signs. Methylliberine also seemed to have a positive impact on sustained energy in women.
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Hersant H, He S, Maliha P, Grossberg G. Over the Counter Supplements for Memory: A Review of Available Evidence. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:797-817. [PMID: 37603263 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In 2021, the Global Brain Health Supplement Industry Market size was valued at US$7.6 billion. It is predicted to increase to US$15.59 billion by 2030. Memory and its enhancement are a segment of the market that comprised the highest global revenue share in 2021. In the USA alone, dietary supplement sales reached US$18 billion in 2018. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not have the authority to approve dietary supplements' safety, effectiveness, or labeling before products go on the market. The FDA often does not even review supplements before they go to market. Supplement manufacturers are thus responsible for ensuring their products are safe and that their claims are truthful. An extensive review of current supplements on the market was performed by surveying memory products for sale at local and national pharmacies and grocery stores. A list of 103 supplements was compiled and the ingredients in these memory supplements were reviewed. The 18 most common ingredients in these supplements were identified. Each of the supplements included at least one of the 18 most common ingredients. Scientific data relative to these ingredients and their effect on memory was searched using PubMed and Cochrane library databases. Currently, there is no compelling evidence for use of apoaequorin, coenzyme Q10, coffee extracts, L-theanine, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B6, vitamin B9, or vitamin B12 supplementation for memory. On the other hand, there is some current evidence for memory benefit from supplementation with ashwagandha, choline, curcumin, ginger, Lion's Mane, polyphenols, phosphatidylserine, and turmeric. There are current studies with mixed results regarding the benefit of carnitine, gingko biloba, Huperzine A, vitamin D, and vitamin E supplementation for memory. Dietary supplements geared toward improving cognition are a billion-dollar industry that continues to grow despite lacking a solid scientific foundation for their marketing claims. More rigorous studies are needed relative to the long-term use of these supplements in homogenous populations with standardized measurements of cognition. Health care providers need to be aware of any and all supplements their older adult patients may be consuming and be educated about their side effects and interactions with prescription medications. Lastly, the FDA needs to take an active position relative to monitoring marketed supplements regarding safety, purity and claims of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Hersant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Sean He
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Peter Maliha
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - George Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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8
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Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropic Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees as Potential Cognitive Enhancers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061364. [PMID: 36987052 PMCID: PMC10056569 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based nootropics are a diverse group of natural drugs that can improve cognitive abilities through various physiological mechanisms, especially in cases where these functions are weakened or impaired. In many cases, the nootropics enhance erythrocyte plasticity and inhibit aggregation, which improves the blood's rheological properties and increases its flow to the brain. Many of these formulations possess antioxidant activity that protects brain tissue from neurotoxicity and improves the brain's oxygen supply. They can induce the synthesis of neuronal proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids for constructing and repairing neurohormonal membranes. These natural compounds can potentially be present in a great variety of herbs, shrubs, and even some trees and vines. The plant species reviewed here were selected based on the availability of verifiable experimental data and clinical trials investigating potential nootropic effects. Original research articles, relevant animal studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and clinical trials were included in this review. Selected representatives of this heterogeneous group included Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Ginkgo biloba L., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Paullinia cupana Kunth, Rhodiola rosea L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The species are depicted and described, together with their active components and nootropic effects, and evidence of their efficacy is presented. The study provides brief descriptions of the representative species, their occurrence, history, and the chemical composition of the principle medicinal compounds, with uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosages, possible side effects, and contraindications. Most plant nootropics must be taken at optimal doses for extended periods before measurable improvement occurs, but they are generally very well tolerated. Their psychoactive properties are not produced by a single molecule but by a synergistic combination of several compounds. The available data suggest that including extracts from these plants in medicinal products to treat cognitive disorders can have substantial potential therapeutic benefits.
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Merwid-Ląd A, Passon M, Drymluch P, Głuszyński M, Szeląg A, Matuszewska A. Do Medical Universities Students Use Cognitive Enhancers while Learning?—Conclusions from the Study in Poland. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030820. [PMID: 36983975 PMCID: PMC10056889 DOI: 10.3390/life13030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress and everyday problems may impact memory and cognition. Therefore, many people use cognitive enhancers (CEs), sold for prescription, as over-the-counter drugs, or dietary supplements, believing they may help with everyday functioning. Our study was designed to answer whether taking CEs is common among Medical University students and to identify which substances are mainly used. Methods and Results: An anonymous online questionnaire was answered by 479 students of Medical (88%) and Dentistry (12%) Faculties in Poland. Women constituted the majority of respondents (63%). CEs were used by 53% of respondents, with the most frequent being caffeine, ginseng, nicotine, theanine, ginkgo, and lecithin. Some persons used CEs that are available only with a prescription. The most important reasons for the use of CEs were to increase arousal and improve concentration (mentioned by 81% and 73%, respectively). Over 65% of students experienced some undesired/adverse effects after taking CEs, with tachycardia being the most common, followed by sleep disturbances (reported by 51% and 40%, respectively). Conclusions: More than half of the respondents from the Medical and Dentistry Faculties reported using CEs, despite their unproven efficacy and not-well-established safety. This raises significant concern about the knowledge of young persons regarding CEs and should encourage universities to undertake educational actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merwid-Ląd
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.-L.); (A.M.); Tel.: +48-717-841-442 (A.M.-L.); +48-717-841-441 (A.M.)
| | - Michał Passon
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Drymluch
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Głuszyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Matuszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.-L.); (A.M.); Tel.: +48-717-841-442 (A.M.-L.); +48-717-841-441 (A.M.)
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10
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Young LM, Gauci S, Arnoldy L, Martin L, Perry N, White DJ, Meyer D, Lassemillante AC, Ogden E, Silber B, Scholey A, Pipingas A. Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235079. [PMID: 36501109 PMCID: PMC9741460 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous randomized controlled trials examining cognitive and mood effects of combination multivitamin supplements in healthy, non-clinical adults have reported mixed results. One purported explanation for this is that the dietary status of participants at the start of supplement interventions may influence the magnitude of the effect of supplementation. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effect of a multinutrient formula containing B group vitamins, Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba on memory, attention, mood and biochemical markers of nutrient status in middle-aged adults (M = 52.84 years, n = 141) with 'optimal' and 'sub-optimal' diets over 12 weeks. We hypothesised that active supplementation would differentially improve memory and attention in those with a 'sub-optimal' diet. Results: Mixed model, repeated measures analysis revealed that, in comparison to placebo, active treatment was associated with significant increases in B vitamin status (B1, B6, B12). Regarding behavioural outcomes there was no significant benefit to memory (F(1, 113.51) = 0.53, p = 0.470) nor attention (F(1,113.77) = 1.89, p = 0.171) in the whole cohort. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a significant beneficial effect of supplementation on attentional performance in individuals with an 'optimal' diet prior to supplementation (F(1,57.25) = 4.94, p = 0.030). In the absence of a main effect of supplementation across the entire cohort, there were also a number of significant three-way interactions (treatment by time by diet group) detected in secondary outcomes including lower state anxiety and mental fatigue in those with an 'optimal' diet. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the cognitive benefit of B vitamin and herbal supplementation may be dependent on diet quality, supporting the concepts of 'co-nutrient optimisation' and interdependency of nutrients. This warrants further investigation. This study advocates characterising the diet of participants prior to supplementation as it may influence the effect of a nutraceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Young
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Sarah Gauci
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
- Food & Mood Centre, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lizanne Arnoldy
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Laura Martin
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Naomi Perry
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - David J. White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Denny Meyer
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Annie-Claude Lassemillante
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Edward Ogden
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Beata Silber
- Swisse Wellness Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3066, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Xing D, Yoo C, Gonzalez D, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Dickerson B, Leonard M, Ko J, Faries M, Kephart W, Purpura M, Jäger R, Sowinski R, Rasmussen CJ, Kreider RB. Effects of Acute Ashwagandha Ingestion on Cognitive Function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191911852. [PMID: 36231152 PMCID: PMC9565281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) has been reported to decrease perceptions of stress, enhance mood, and improve cognitive function. However, it is currently unknown whether acute ashwagandha supplementation affects memory and cognitive function. This study evaluated the effects of acute ashwagandha extract ingestion on executive function. MATERIALS AND METHODS 13 healthy volunteers were administered the Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting (BCST), Go/No-Go (GNG), Sternberg Task (STT), and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVTT) tests. Participants then ingested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover manner 400 mg of a placebo (PLA) or ashwagandha (ASH) extract (NooGandha®, Specnova Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA). Participants then performed cognitive function tests every hour for 6 h. After a 4-day washout period, volunteers repeated the experiment while receiving the remaining supplement. Data were analyzed by repeated measures General Linear Model multivariate and univariate statistics with body weight as a covariate. RESULTS Acute ASH supplementation increased STT-determined working memory as demonstrated by an improvement in 6 letter length, Present Reaction Time at 3 and 6 h. PVTT analysis revealed that ASH sustained attention by helping maintain reaction times, preventing mental fatigue, and remaining vigilant. Conversely, reaction times (at task 20, hour 6; overall, hour 3) increased with PLA. In the BCST, there was evidence that ASH increased the ability to recognize and 'shift' to a new rule compared with baseline. However, this was not seen when evaluating changes from baseline, suggesting that differences in baseline values influence results. In the GNG test, ASH ingestion promoted faster response times to respond correctly than PLA, indicating less metal fatigue. However, ASH did not affect accuracy compared to PLA, as both treatments decreased the percentage of correct answers. CONCLUSIONS Acute supplementation with 400 mg of ashwagandha improved selected measures of executive function, helped sustain attention, and increased short-term/working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Xing
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Choongsung Yoo
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Victoria Jenkins
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kay Nottingham
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Broderick Dickerson
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Megan Leonard
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joungbo Ko
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark Faries
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wesley Kephart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan Sowinski
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Giordano-Kelhoffer B, Lorca C, March Llanes J, Rábano A, del Ser T, Serra A, Gallart-Palau X. Oral Microbiota, Its Equilibrium and Implications in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081803. [PMID: 36009350 PMCID: PMC9405223 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalances of the oral microbiota and dysbiosis have traditionally been linked to the occurrence of teeth and oral diseases. However, recent findings indicate that this microbiota exerts relevant influence in systemic health. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota is implicated in the apparition and progression of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other major human diseases. In fact, the oral microbiota are the second most diverse and largely populated microbiota of the human body and its relationships with systemic health, although widely explored, they still lack of proper integration. The purpose of this systematic review is thus to widely examine the implications of oral microbiota in oral, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases to offer integrative and up-to-date interpretations. To achieve that aim, we identified a total of 121 studies curated in PUBMED from the time interval January 2003–April 2022, which after careful screening resulted in 79 studies included. The reviewed scientific literature provides plausible vias of implication of dysbiotic oral microbiota in systemic human diseases, and encourages further research to continue elucidating the highly relevant and still poorly understood implications of this niche microbiota in systemic health. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022299692. This systematic review follows relevant PRISMA guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Giordano-Kelhoffer
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRB Lleida), Neuroscience Area, +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG), University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV), 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Cristina Lorca
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRB Lleida), Neuroscience Area, +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG), University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV), 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- IMDEA—Food Research Institute, +Pec Proteomics, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Old Cantoblanco Hospital, 8 Crta. Canto Blanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume March Llanes
- NeuroPGA Research Group—Psychology Department, University of Lleida (UdL), 25001 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Alzheimer’s Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.); (T.d.S.)
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer’s Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.); (T.d.S.)
| | - Aida Serra
- IMDEA—Food Research Institute, +Pec Proteomics, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Old Cantoblanco Hospital, 8 Crta. Canto Blanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (X.G.-P.); Tel.: +34-91-7278-100 (A.S.); +34-97-3702-224 (X.G.-P.)
| | - Xavier Gallart-Palau
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRB Lleida), Neuroscience Area, +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG), University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV), 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Psychology Department, University of Lleida (UdL), 25001 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (X.G.-P.); Tel.: +34-91-7278-100 (A.S.); +34-97-3702-224 (X.G.-P.)
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