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Griñán‐Ferré C, Jarné‐Ferrer J, Bellver‐Sanchís A, Codony S, Puigoriol‐Illamola D, Sanfeliu C, Oh Y, Lee S, Vázquez S, Pallàs M. Novel molecular mechanism driving neuroprotection after soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition: Insights for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14511. [PMID: 37905690 PMCID: PMC11017401 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is widely recognized as a significant hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To combat neuroinflammation, the inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme has been demonstrated crucial. Importantly, sEH inhibition could be related to other neuroprotective pathways described in AD. AIMS The aim of the study was to unveil new molecular pathways driving neuroprotection through sEH, we used an optimized, potent, and selective sEH inhibitor (sEHi, UB-SCG-51). MATERIALS AND METHODS UB-SCG-51 was tested in neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, in primary mouse and human astrocytes cultures challenged with proinflammatory insults and in microglia cultures treated with amyloid oligomers, as well as in mice AD model (5XFAD). RESULTS UB-SCG-51 (10 and 30 μM) prevented neurotoxic reactive-astrocyte conversion in primary mouse astrocytes challenged with TNF-α, IL-1α, and C1q (T/I/C) combination for 24 h. Moreover, in microglial cultures, sEHi reduced inflammation and glial activity. In addition, UB-SCG-51 rescued 5XFAD cognitive impairment, reducing the number of Amyloid-β plaques and Tau hyperphosphorylation accompanied by a reduction in neuroinflammation and apoptotic markers. Notably, a transcriptional profile analysis revealed a new pathway modulated by sEHi treatment. Specifically, the eIF2α/CHOP pathway, which promoted the endoplasmic reticulum response, was increased in the 5XFAD-treated group. These findings were confirmed in human primary astrocytes by combining sEHi and eIF2α inhibitor (eIF2αi) treatment. Besides, combining both treatments resulted in increased in C3 gene expression after T/I/C compared with the group treated with sEHi alone in cultures. DISCUSSION Therefore, sEHi rescued cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in AD mice model, based on the reduction of inflammation and eIF2α/CHOP signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In whole, our results support the concept that targeting neuroinflammation through sEH inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy to fight against Alzheimer's disease with additive and/or synergistic activities targeting neuroinflammation and cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Griñán‐Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Júlia Jarné‐Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Aina Bellver‐Sanchís
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sandra Codony
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB)University of Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Dolors Puigoriol‐Illamola
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Yumin Oh
- Neuraly Inc.MarylandGaithersburgUSA
| | | | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB)University of Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic ChemistryInstitut de Neurociències‐Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Paton B, Herrero P, Peraire J, del Pino A, Chafino S, Martinez-Picado J, Gómez-Bertomeu F, Rull A, Canela N, Suárez M. Fucosylated N-glycans as early biomarkers of COVID-19 severity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1204661. [PMID: 37342334 PMCID: PMC10278543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in humans remain unclear and the unpredictability of COVID-19 progression may be attributed to the absence of biomarkers that contribute to the prognosis of this disease. Therefore, the discovery of biomarkers is needed for reliable risk stratification and to identify patients who are more likely to progress to a critical stage. Methods Aiming to identify new biomarkers we analysed N-glycan traits in plasma from 196 patients with COVID-19. Samples were classified into three groups according to their severity (mild, severe and critical) and obtained at diagnosis (baseline) and at 4 weeks of follow-up (postdiagnosis), to evaluate their behaviour through disease progression. N-glycans were released with PNGase F and labelled with Rapifluor-MS, followed by their analysis by LC-MS/MS. The Simglycan structural identification tool and Glycostore database were employed to predict the structure of glycans. Results We determined that plasma from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients display different N-glycosylation profiles depending on the disease severity. Specifically, levels of fucosylation and galactosylation decreased with increasing severity and Fuc1Hex5HexNAc5 was identified as the most suitable biomarker to stratify patients at diagnosis and distinguish mild from critical outcomes. Conclusion In this study we explored the global plasma glycosignature, reflecting the inflammatory state of the organs during the infectious disease. Our findings show the promising potential of glycans as biomarkers of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Paton
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (Joint Unit Eurecat- Universitat Rovira i Virgili), Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (Joint Unit Eurecat- Universitat Rovira i Virgili), Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni del Pino
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (Joint Unit Eurecat- Universitat Rovira i Virgili), Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Silvia Chafino
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fréderic Gómez-Bertomeu
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (Joint Unit Eurecat- Universitat Rovira i Virgili), Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
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Marco A, Guirado G, Sebastián RM, Hernando J. Spiropyran-based chromic hydrogels for CO 2 absorption and detection. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176661. [PMID: 37288075 PMCID: PMC10242082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By enabling rapid, cost-effective, user-friendly and in situ detection of carbon dioxide, colorimetric CO2 sensors are of relevance for a variety of fields. However, it still remains a challenge the development of optical chemosensors for CO2 that combine high sensitivity, selectivity and reusability with facile integration into solid materials. Herein we pursued this goal by preparing hydrogels functionalized with spiropyrans, a well-known class of molecular switches that undergo different color changes upon application of light and acid stimuli. By varying the nature of the substituents of the spiropyran core, different acidochromic responses are obtained in aqueous media that allow discriminating CO2 from other acid gases (e.g., HCl). Interestingly, this behavior can be transferred to functional solid materials by synthesizing polymerizable spiropyran derivatives, which are used to prepare hydrogels. These materials preserve the acidochromic properties of the incorporated spiropyrans, thus leading to selective, reversible and quantifiable color changes upon exposure to different CO2 amounts. In addition, CO2 desorption and, therefore, recovery of the initial state of the chemosensor is favored by irradiation with visible light. This makes spiropyran-based chromic hydrogels promising systems for the colorimetric monitorization of carbon dioxide in a diversity of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordi Hernando
- *Correspondence: Rosa María Sebastián, ; Jordi Hernando,
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Gustà MF, Edel MJ, Salazar VA, Alvarez-Palomo B, Juan M, Broggini M, Damia G, Bigini P, Corbelli A, Fiordaliso F, Barbul A, Korenstein R, Bastús NG, Puntes V. Exploiting endocytosis for transfection of mRNA for cytoplasmatic delivery using cationic gold nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128582. [PMID: 37228592 PMCID: PMC10205015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gene therapy holds promise to cure various diseases at the fundamental level. For that, efficient carriers are needed for successful gene delivery. Synthetic 'non-viral' vectors, as cationic polymers, are quickly gaining popularity as efficient vectors for transmitting genes. However, they suffer from high toxicity associated with the permeation and poration of the cell membrane. This toxic aspect can be eliminated by nanoconjugation. Still, results suggest that optimising the oligonucleotide complexation, ultimately determined by the size and charge of the nanovector, is not the only barrier to efficient gene delivery. Methods We herein develop a comprehensive nanovector catalogue comprising different sizes of Au NPs functionalized with two different cationic molecules and further loaded with mRNA for its delivery inside the cell. Results and Discussion Tested nanovectors showed safe and sustained transfection efficiencies over 7 days, where 50 nm Au NPs displayed the highest transfection rates. Remarkably, protein expression was increased when nanovector transfection was performed combined with chloroquine. Cytotoxicity and risk assessment demonstrated that nanovectors are safe, ascribed to lesser cellular damage due to their internalization and delivery via endocytosis. Obtained results may pave the way to design advanced and efficient gene therapies for safely transferring oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel F. Gustà
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael J. Edel
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servei Immunologia-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Western Australia, Faculty of Medicine, Discipline of Medical Sciences and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vivian A. Salazar
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manel Juan
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servei Immunologia-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Broggini
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- IRCCS‐Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Alexander Barbul
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Rafi Korenstein
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Neus G. Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Cajiao-Manrique MDM, Maldonado R, Martín-García E. A male mouse model of WIN 55,212-2 self-administration to study cannabinoid addiction. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1143365. [PMID: 37050910 PMCID: PMC10083303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1143365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established for the first time a mouse model of cannabinoid addiction using WIN 55,212-2 intravenous self-administration (0.0125 mg/kg/infusion) in C57Bl/6J mice. This model allows to evaluate the addiction criteria by grouping them into 1) persistence of response during a period of non-availability of the drug, 2) motivation for WIN 55,212-2 with a progressive ratio, and 3) compulsivity when the reward is associated with a punishment such as an electric foot-shock, in agreement with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). This model also allows to measure two parameters that have been related with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of craving, resistance to extinction and reinstatement, and two phenotypic traits suggested as predisposing factors, impulsivity and sensitivity to reward. We found that 35.6% of mice developed the criteria of cannabinoid addiction, allowing to differentiate between resilient and vulnerable mice. Therefore, we have established a novel and reliable model to study the neurobiological correlates underlying the resilience or vulnerability to develop cannabinoid addiction. This model included the chemogenetic inhibition of neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens pathway to assess the neurobiological substrate of cannabinoid addiction. This model will shed light on the neurobiological substrate underlying cannabinoid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Cajiao-Manrique
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Natera‐de Benito D, Olival J, Garcia‐Cabau C, Jou C, Roldan M, Codina A, Expósito‐Escudero J, Batlle C, Carrera‐García L, Ortez C, Salvatella X, Palau F, Nascimento A, Hoenicka J. Common pathophysiology for ANXA11 disorders caused by aspartate 40 variants. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:408-425. [PMID: 36651622 PMCID: PMC10014011 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in ANXA11 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and have recently been identified as a cause of multisystem proteinopathy and adult-onset muscular dystrophy. These conditions are adult-onset diseases and result from the substitution of Aspartate 40 (Asp40) for an apolar residue in the intrinsically disordered domain (IDD) of ANXA11. Some ALS-related variants are known to affect ANXA11 IDD; however, the mechanism by which the myopathy occurs is unknown. METHODS Genetic analysis was performed using WES-trio. For the study of variant pathogenicity, we used recombinant proteins, muscle biopsy, and fibroblasts. RESULTS Here we describe an individual with severe and rapidly progressive childhood-onset oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy who carries a new ANXA11 variant at position Asp40 (p.Asp40Ile; c.118_119delGAinsAT). p.Asp40Ile is predicted to enhance the aggregation propensity of ANXA11 to a greater extent than other changes affecting this residue. In vitro studies using recombinant ANXA11p.Asp40Ile showed abnormal phase separation and confirmed this variant is more aggregation-prone than the ALS-associated variant ANXA11p.Asp40Gly . The study of the patient's fibroblasts revealed defects in stress granules dynamics and clearance, and muscle histopathology showed a myopathic pattern with ANXA11 protein aggregates. Super-resolution imaging showed aggregates expressed as pearl strips or large complex structures in the sarcoplasm, and as layered subsarcolemmal chains probably reflecting ANXA11 multifunctionality. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate common pathophysiology for disorders associated with ANXA11 Asp40 allelic variants. Clinical phenotypes may result from different deleterious impacts of variants upon ANXA11 stability against aggregation, and differential muscle or motor neuron dysfunction expressed as a temporal and tissue-specific continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Natera‐de Benito
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
| | - Jonathan Olival
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine – IPERInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu08950BarcelonaSpain
| | - Carla Garcia‐Cabau
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelona08029Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Department of PathologyHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
| | - Mònica Roldan
- Confocal Microscopy and Cellular Imaging UnitInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Medicine – IPERHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
| | - Anna Codina
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
| | - Jessica Expósito‐Escudero
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
| | - Cristina Batlle
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine – IPERInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu08950BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Carrera‐García
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
| | - Carlos Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)ISCIIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelona08029Spain
- ICREABarcelona08010Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine – IPERInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu08950BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Medicine – IPERHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)ISCIIIBarcelonaSpain
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08007Spain
- ERN ITHACABarcelona08950Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of NeurologyHospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular DiseasesInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelona08950Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)ISCIIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Janet Hoenicka
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine – IPERInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu08950BarcelonaSpain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)ISCIIIBarcelonaSpain
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Serras F. The sooner, the better: ROS, kinases and nutrients at the onset of the damage response in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047823. [PMID: 36353511 PMCID: PMC9637634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main topics in regeneration biology is the nature of the early signals that trigger the damage response. Recent advances in Drosophila point to the MAP3 kinase Ask1 as a molecular hub that integrates several signals at the onset of regeneration. It has been discovered that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in damaged imaginal discs and gut epithelia will activate the MAP3 kinase Ask1. Severely damaged and apoptotic cells produce an enormous amount of ROS, which ensures their elimination by activating Ask1 and in turn the pro-apoptotic function of JNK. However, this creates an oxidative stress environment with beneficial effects that is sensed by neighboring healthy cells. This environment, in addition to the Pi3K/Akt nutrient sensing pathway, can be integrated into Ask1 to launch regeneration. Ultimately the activity of Ask1 depends on these and other inputs and modulates its signaling to achieve moderate levels of p38 and low JNK signaling and thus promote survival and regeneration. This model based on the dual function of Ask1 for early response to damage is discussed here.
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Pérez-Granado J, Piñero J, Furlong LI. Benchmarking post-GWAS analysis tools in major depression: Challenges and implications. Front Genet 2022; 13:1006903. [PMID: 36276939 PMCID: PMC9579284 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1006903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of complex disorders has increased in the last years thanks to the identification of genetic variants (GVs) significantly associated with disease phenotypes by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, we do not understand yet how these GVs functionally impact disease pathogenesis or their underlying biological mechanisms. Among the multiple post-GWAS methods available, fine-mapping and colocalization approaches are commonly used to identify causal GVs, meaning those with a biological effect on the trait, and their functional effects. Despite the variety of post-GWAS tools available, there is no guideline for method eligibility or validity, even though these methods work under different assumptions when accounting for linkage disequilibrium and integrating molecular annotation data. Moreover, there is no benchmarking of the available tools. In this context, we have applied two different fine-mapping and colocalization methods to the same GWAS on major depression (MD) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) datasets. Our goal is to perform a systematic comparison of the results obtained by the different tools. To that end, we have evaluated their results at different levels: fine-mapped and colocalizing GVs, their target genes and tissue specificity according to gene expression information, as well as the biological processes in which they are involved. Our findings highlight the importance of fine-mapping as a key step for subsequent analysis. Notably, the colocalizing variants, altered genes and targeted tissues differed between methods, even regarding their biological implications. This contribution illustrates an important issue in post-GWAS analysis with relevant consequences on the use of GWAS results for elucidation of disease pathobiology, drug target prioritization and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pérez-Granado
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- MedBioinformatics Solutions SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura I. Furlong
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- MedBioinformatics Solutions SL, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Laura I. Furlong,
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Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Reverté L, Peraire J, Madeira A, Maymó-Masip E, López-Dupla M, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Ruiz-Mateos E, Buzón MJ, Jorba R, Vendrell J, Auguet T, Olona M, Vidal F, Rull A, Fernández-Veledo S. Circulating pyruvate is a potent prognostic marker for critical COVID-19 outcomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912579. [PMID: 36189213 PMCID: PMC9515795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCoronavirus-19 (COVID-19) disease is driven by an unchecked immune response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus which alters host mitochondrial-associated mechanisms. Compromised mitochondrial health results in abnormal reprogramming of glucose metabolism, which can disrupt extracellular signalling. We hypothesized that examining mitochondrial energy-related signalling metabolites implicated in host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection would provide potential biomarkers for predicting the risk of severe COVID-19 illness.MethodsWe used a semi-targeted serum metabolomics approach in 273 patients with different severity grades of COVID-19 recruited at the acute phase of the infection to determine the relative abundance of tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle-related metabolites with known extracellular signaling properties (pyruvate, lactate, succinate and α-ketoglutarate). Abundance levels of energy-related metabolites were evaluated in a validation cohort (n=398) using quantitative fluorimetric assays.ResultsIncreased levels of four energy-related metabolites (pyruvate, lactate, a-ketoglutarate and succinate) were found in critically ill COVID-19 patients using semi-targeted and targeted approaches (p<0.05). The combined strategy proposed herein enabled us to establish that circulating pyruvate levels (p<0.001) together with body mass index (p=0.025), C-reactive protein (p=0.039), D-Dimer (p<0.001) and creatinine (p=0.043) levels, are independent predictors of critical COVID-19. Furthermore, classification and regression tree (CART) analysis provided a cut-off value of pyruvate in serum (24.54 µM; p<0.001) as an early criterion to accurately classify patients with critical outcomes.ConclusionOur findings support the link between COVID-19 pathogenesis and immunometabolic dysregulation, and show that fluorometric quantification of circulating pyruvate is a cost-effective clinical decision support tool to improve patient stratification and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Reverté
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ana Madeira
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Maymó-Masip
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Dupla
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alicia Gutierrez-Valencia
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, (VHIR) Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Jorba
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Olona
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sonia Fernández-Veledo, ; Anna Rull,
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sonia Fernández-Veledo, ; Anna Rull,
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Chang C, Liu Y, Ho Lee S, Chiara Spadaro M, Koskela KM, Kleinhanns T, Costanzo T, Arbiol J, Brutchey RL, Ibáñez M. Surface Functionalization of Surfactant-Free Particles: A Strategy to Tailor the Properties of Nanocomposites for Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2022; 134:e202207002. [PMID: 38505739 PMCID: PMC10947131 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The broad implementation of thermoelectricity requires high-performance and low-cost materials. One possibility is employing surfactant-free solution synthesis to produce nanopowders. We propose the strategy of functionalizing "naked" particles' surface by inorganic molecules to control the nanostructure and, consequently, thermoelectric performance. In particular, we use bismuth thiolates to functionalize surfactant-free SnTe particles' surfaces. Upon thermal processing, bismuth thiolates decomposition renders SnTe-Bi2S3 nanocomposites with synergistic functions: 1) carrier concentration optimization by Bi doping; 2) Seebeck coefficient enhancement and bipolar effect suppression by energy filtering; and 3) lattice thermal conductivity reduction by small grain domains, grain boundaries and nanostructuration. Overall, the SnTe-Bi2S3 nanocomposites exhibit peak z T up to 1.3 at 873 K and an average z T of ≈0.6 at 300-873 K, which is among the highest reported for solution-processed SnTe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | | | - Tobias Kleinhanns
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Tommaso Costanzo
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC, and BIST08193Barcelona, CataloniaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010Barcelona, CataloniaSpain
| | - Richard L. Brutchey
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90089USA
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
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Girame H, Garcia-Borràs M, Feixas F. Changes in Protonation States of In-Pathway Residues can Alter Ligand Binding Pathways Obtained From Spontaneous Binding Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:922361. [PMID: 35860361 PMCID: PMC9289141 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.922361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-ligand binding processes often involve changes in protonation states that can be key to recognize and orient the ligand in the binding site. The pathways through which (bio)molecules interplay to attain productively bound complexes are intricate and involve a series of interconnected intermediate and transition states. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and enhanced sampling techniques are commonly used to characterize the spontaneous binding of a ligand to its receptor. However, the effect of protonation state changes of in-pathway residues in spontaneous binding MD simulations remained mostly unexplored. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to reconstruct the trypsin-benzamidine binding pathway considering different protonation states of His57. This residue is part of the trypsin catalytic triad and is located more than 10 Å away from Asp189, which is responsible for benzamidine binding in the trypsin S1 pocket. Our MD simulations showed that the binding pathways that benzamidine follow to target the S1 binding site are critically dependent on the His57 protonation state. Binding of benzamidine frequently occurs when His57 is protonated in the delta nitrogen while the binding process is significantly less frequent when His57 is positively charged. Constant-pH MD simulations retrieved the equilibrium populations of His57 protonation states at trypsin active pH offering a clearer picture of benzamidine recognition and binding. These results indicate that properly accounting for protonation states of distal residues can be important in spontaneous binding MD simulations.
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Wright RHG, Vastolo V, Oliete JQ, Carbonell-Caballero J, Beato M. Global signalling network analysis of luminal T47D breast cancer cells in response to progesterone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:888802. [PMID: 36034422 PMCID: PMC9403329 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.888802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer cells enter into the cell cycle following progestin exposure by the activation of signalling cascades involving a plethora of enzymes, transcription factors and co-factors that transmit the external signal from the cell membrane to chromatin, ultimately leading to a change of the gene expression program. Although many of the events within the signalling network have been described in isolation, how they globally team up to generate the final cell response is unclear. METHODS In this study we used antibody microarrays and phosphoproteomics to reveal a dynamic global signalling map that reveals new key regulated proteins and phosphor-sites and links between previously known and novel pathways. T47D breast cancer cells were used, and phospho-sites and pathways highlighted were validated using specific antibodies and phenotypic assays. Bioinformatic analysis revealed an enrichment in novel signalling pathways, a coordinated response between cellular compartments and protein complexes. RESULTS Detailed analysis of the data revealed intriguing changes in protein complexes involved in nuclear structure, epithelial to mesenchyme transition (EMT), cell adhesion, as well as transcription factors previously not associated with breast cancer cell proliferation. Pathway analysis confirmed the key role of the MAPK signalling cascade following progesterone and additional hormone regulated phospho-sites were identified. Full network analysis shows the activation of new signalling pathways previously not associated with progesterone signalling in T47D breast cancer cells such as ERBB and TRK. As different post-translational modifications can mediate complex crosstalk mechanisms and massive PARylation is also rapidly induced by progestins, we provide details of important chromatin regulatory complexes containing both phosphorylated and PARylated proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes an important resource for the scientific community, as it identifies novel players and connections meaningful for breast cancer cell biology and potentially relevant for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni H. G. Wright
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Roni H. G. Wright, ; Miguel Beato,
| | - Viviana Vastolo
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Quilez Oliete
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carbonell-Caballero
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Beato
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Roni H. G. Wright, ; Miguel Beato,
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Just‐Baringo X, Yeste‐Vázquez A, Moreno‐Morales J, Ballesté‐Delpierre C, Vila J, Giralt E. Controlling Antibacterial Activity Exclusively with Visible Light: Introducing a Tetra-ortho-Chloro-Azobenzene Amino Acid. Chemistry 2021; 27:12987-12991. [PMID: 34227716 PMCID: PMC8518743 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of a novel tetra-ortho-chloroazobenzene amino acid (CEBA) has enabled photoswitching of the antimicrobial activity of tyrocidine A analogues by using exclusively visible light, granting spatiotemporal control under benign conditions. Compounds bearing this photoswitchable amino acid become active upon irradiation with red light, but quickly turn-off upon exposure to other visible light wavelengths. Critically, sunlight quickly triggers isomerisation of the red light-activated compounds into their original trans form, offering an ideal platform for self-deactivation upon release into the environment. Linear analogues of tyrocidine A were found to provide the best photocontrol of their antimicrobial activity, leading to compounds active against Acinetobacter baumannii upon isomerisation. Exploration of their N- and C-termini has provided insights into key elements of their structure and has allowed obtaining new antimicrobials displaying excellent strain selectivity and photocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Just‐Baringo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 1008028BarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Química OrgànicaFacultat de FarmàciaIBUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Alejandro Yeste‐Vázquez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 1008028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Moreno‐Morales
- Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)Hospital Clínic - Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Jordi Vila
- Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)Hospital Clínic - Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology – CDBHospital Clínic - University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 1008028BarcelonaSpain
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