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Naranjo K, Awada C, Zelikoff JT. The effects of electronic cigarette inhalation on immune responses: Perspectives from animal model studies. Explore (NY) 2024; 20:606-607. [PMID: 38777725 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
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2
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Hopstock KS, Perraud V, Dalton AB, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Weltman RM, Mirkhanian MA, Rakosi KJ, Blake DR, Edwards RD, Nizkorodov SA. Chemical Analysis of Exhaled Vape Emissions: Unraveling the Complexities of Humectant Fragmentation in a Human Trial Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1000-1010. [PMID: 38769630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette smoking (or vaping) is on the rise, presenting questions about the effects of secondhand exposure. The chemical composition of vape emissions was examined in the exhaled breath of eight human volunteers with the high chemical specificity of complementary online and offline techniques. Our study is the first to take multiple exhaled puff measurements from human participants and compare volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations between two commonly used methods, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). Five flavor profile groups were selected for this study, but flavor compounds were not observed as the main contributors to the PTR-ToF-MS signal. Instead, the PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra were overwhelmed by e-liquid thermal decomposition and fragmentation products, which masked other observations regarding flavorings and other potentially toxic species associated with secondhand vape exposure. Compared to the PTR-ToF-MS, GC measurements reported significantly different VOC concentrations, usually below those from PTR-ToF-MS. Consequently, PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra should be interpreted with caution when reporting quantitative results in vaping studies, such as doses of inhaled VOCs. Nevertheless, the online PTR-ToF-MS analysis can provide valuable qualitative information by comparing relative VOCs in back-to-back trials. For example, by comparing the mass spectra of exhaled air with those of direct puffs, we can conclude that harmful VOCs present in the vape emissions are largely absorbed by the participants, including large fractions of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Hopstock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Avery B Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert M Weltman
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Megan A Mirkhanian
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Krisztina J Rakosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rufus D Edwards
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Khouja JN, Dyer ML, Havill MA, Dockrell MJ, Munafò MR, Attwood AS. Exploring the opinions and potential impact of unflavoured e-liquid on smoking cessation among people who smoke and smoking relapse among people who previously smoked and now use e-cigarettes: findings from a UK-based mixed methods study. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:90. [PMID: 38702809 PMCID: PMC11067290 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-01003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) appear to be effective in helping people who smoke to stop smoking, concerns about use of e-cigarettes among young people have led to restrictions on non-tobacco flavoured e-liquids in some countries and some US states. These restrictions could reduce the appeal of these products to non-smoking youth but could have negative consequences for people who smoke or use e-cigarettes. METHODS In this mixed methods study, we recruited UK adults who smoked or used to smoke and subsequently vaped to explore their opinions of unflavoured e-liquids and their beliefs about how they would be impacted by hypothetical e-liquid flavour restrictions. Participants trialled an unflavoured e-liquid instead of their usual nicotine product for four hours and completed a survey and an online interview. RESULTS Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis and graphically presented data, we found differences in participants' opinions of unflavoured e-liquid. If only unflavoured, tobacco flavoured, and menthol flavoured e-liquids remained on the UK market, some people who smoke or vape may be unaffected, but some may relapse to smoking or continue smoking. Despite most wanting to prevent young people from initiating vaping, participants had varying opinions on whether flavour restrictions would be an effective method. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight that people who smoke and vape could be impacted by flavour restrictions in a range of ways, some of which could have a potential adverse impact on harm reduction efforts in the UK (e.g., by making smoking more appealing than vaping).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine N Khouja
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Maddy L Dyer
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Michelle A Havill
- Department of Health and Social Care, Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, London, SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Martin J Dockrell
- Department of Health and Social Care, Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, London, SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Angela S Attwood
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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4
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Zhang L, Xu J, Li Y, Meng F, Wang W. Smoking on the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2024; 28:122. [PMID: 38616271 PMCID: PMC11017665 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between smoking and the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been recognized, but the conclusions have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between smoking and ARDS risk in adults. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2023. We enrolled adult patients exhibiting clinical risk factors for ARDS and smoking condition. Outcomes were quantified using odds ratios (ORs) for binary variables and mean differences (MDs) for continuous variables, with a standard 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 26 observational studies involving 36,995 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between smoking and an increased risk of ARDS (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.33-2.08; P < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that the associations between patient-reported smoking history and ARDS occurrence were generally similar to the results of all the studies (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.38-2.28; P < 0.001). In contrast, patients identified through the detection of tobacco metabolites (cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a metabolite of tobacco products) showed no significant difference in ARDS risk (OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.69-2.05; P = 0.53). The smoking group was younger than the control group (MD - 7.15; 95% CI - 11.58 to - 2.72; P = 0.002). Subgroup analysis revealed that smoking notably elevated the incidence of ARDS with extrapulmonary etiologies (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.43-2.38; P < 0.001). Publication bias did not affect the integrity of our conclusions. Sensitivity analysis further reinforced the reliability of our aggregated outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association between smoking and elevated ARDS risk. This emphasizes the need for thorough assessment of patients' smoking status, urging healthcare providers to vigilantly monitor individuals with a history of smoking, especially those with additional extrapulmonary risk factors for ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiahuan Xu
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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5
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Ujváry I. Hexahydrocannabinol and closely related semi-synthetic cannabinoids: A comprehensive review. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:127-161. [PMID: 37269160 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, there has been a turmoil on the global illicit cannabinoid market. Parallel to legislative changes in some jurisdictions regarding herbal cannabis, unregulated and cheap synthetic cannabinoids with astonishing structural diversity have emerged. Recently, semi-synthetic cannabinoids manufactured from hemp extracts by simple chemical transformations have also appeared as recreational drugs. The burst of these semi-synthetic cannabinoids into the market was sparked by legislative changes in the United States, where cultivation of industrial hemp restarted. By now, hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD), initially a blockbuster product on its own, became a "precursor" to semi-synthetic cannabinoids such as hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), which appeared on the drug market in 2021. The synthesis and cannabimimetic activity of HHC were first reported eight decades ago in quest for the psychoactive principles of marijuana and hashish. Current large-scale manufacture of HHC is based on hemp-derived CBD extract, which is converted first by cyclization into a Δ8 /Δ9 -THC mixture, followed by catalytic hydrogenation to afford a mixture of (9R)-HHC and (9S)-HHC epimers. Preclinical studies indicate that (9R)-HHC has THC-like pharmacological properties. The animal metabolism of HHC is partially clarified. The human pharmacology including metabolism of HHC is yet to be investigated, and (immuno)analytical methods for the rapid detection of HHC or its metabolites in urine are lacking. Herein, the legal background for the revitalization of hemp cultivation, and available information on the chemistry, analysis, and pharmacology of HHC and related analogs, including HHC acetate (HHC-O) is reviewed.
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6
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Kang W, Malvaso A. Understanding the longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use and general mental health, social dysfunction and anhedonia, depression and anxiety, and loss of confidence in a sample from the UK: A linear mixed effect examination. J Affect Disord 2024; 346:200-205. [PMID: 37956830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to the longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use and general mental health, social dysfunction & anhedonia, depression & anxiety, and loss of confidence in a sample from the UK. METHODS We analyzed data of 19,706 participants from Wave 9 (collected from 2017 to 2018) and Wave 10 (collected from 2018 to 2019) of the Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study using a confirmatory factor analysis, linear mixed effect model, and one-sample t-tests. RESULTS We found that there is a significant time by e-cigarette use status interaction on mental health issues (b = 0.32, p < 0.001, 95 % C.I. [0.15, 0.49]), social dysfunction & anhedonia (b = 0.36, p < 0.001, 95 % C.I. [0.18, 0.54]), and loss of confidence (b = 0.24, p < 0.01, 95 % C.I. [0.06, 0.41]). Indeed, participants who became e-cigarette smokers at Wave 10 had worse mental health (t(107) = 2.64, p < 0.01, 95 % C.I. [0.07, 0.48], Cohen's d = 0.28), social dysfunction & anhedonia (t(107) = 3.16, p < 0.01, 95 % C.I. [0.12, 0.52], Cohen's d = 0.32), and loss of confidence (t(107) = 2.08, p < 0.05, 95 % C.I. [0.01, 0.37], Cohen's d = 0.19) comparing to one year ago. LIMITATION Limitations of this study included its self-report measures, unclassified e-cigarette type, limited generalizability to other populations, and lack of experimental manipulations. CONCLUSION We revealed longitudinal associations between e-cigarette initiation and adverse general and dimensions of mental health except for depression and anxiety, which have significant implications for public health, specifically in terms of e-cigarette product regulation and advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Kang
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonio Malvaso
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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7
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Tituana NY, Clavijo CG, Espinoza EF, Tituana VA. E-cigarette use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Pneumologie 2024; 78:58-69. [PMID: 37857323 PMCID: PMC10791482 DOI: 10.1055/a-2161-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of vaping has overtaken conventional cigarettes as the most frequent form of nicotine consumption among 15-24-year olds. There are currently a large number of both legitimate and illegitimate products and suppliers offering more than 8000 different flavors of vape on the market, whose additives are not tested, studied or regulated and whose safety and toxicity profile remains unknown. In vitro studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of normal human bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to vapor from electronic vape devices.Short- and medium-term studies to date indicate that vapor-induced pulmonary lesions are the most serious and commonly reported side effect; such lesions include bilateral ground glass opacities in lung bases with subpleural preservation, bilateral infiltrates, pleural effusion, pneumomediastinum and nodular opacities. Cases of EVALI have been described in patients with daily exposure, as well as in users who reported having been exposed to these substances at least once a month. The most frequently inhaled substances are THC, flavored liquids of unknown content, and nicotine.The clinical manifestations of dyspnea and cough are the most frequent respiratory symptomatology, in addition to constitutional manifestations such as fever and chills, and gastrointestinal manifestations such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea. To these can be added the presence of tachypnea, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, hypoxia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and elevated ESR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Yessenia Tituana
- Medicina, Universidad Catolica de Cuenca Unidad Academica de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Claudia Gabriela Clavijo
- Medicina, Universidad Catolica de Cuenca Unidad Academica de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Evelyn Fernanda Espinoza
- Medicina, Universidad Catolica de Cuenca Unidad Academica de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cuenca, Ecuador
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8
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Sharma K, Jha RK. Impact of Vaping on Lungs: An Indian Prospect. Cureus 2023; 15:e48281. [PMID: 38058322 PMCID: PMC10696140 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes, or vape pens, have gained popularity among young people due to their attractive appearance, but they also have numerous side effects. These devices come in various shapes, sizes, and costs, with many brands and various flavors to choose from. As of now, there are around 2,807 people hospitalized in the United States due to vaping. Electronic cigarettes are illegal in many countries, with laws varying from country to country. The health service has been criticized for the implementation of the ban, with states implementing month-long drives and submitting reports. The Indian Police have also conducted raids and arrested five individuals under the 2019 ban on Electronic Cigarettes (Production, Manufacture, Trade, Transport, Sale, Distribution, Storage, and Advertisement) Act. The history of vapes can be traced back to the invention of the first electric vaporizer in 1927 by Joseph Robinson. Other pioneers like Herbert Gilbert and Jed Rose developed nicotine fixes using refined smoke. The vape was made in 2003 by Chinese smoker Hon Lik, who created the device as a better option to traditional smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Sharma
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Roshan K Jha
- Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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9
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Tian ZR, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Sharma S, Feng L, Zhang Z, Li C, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Sjöqvisst PO, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nicotine neurotoxicity exacerbation following engineered Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) nanoparticles intoxication. Neuroprotection with nanowired delivery of antioxidant compound H-290/51 together with serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 172:189-233. [PMID: 37833012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine abuse is frequent worldwide leading to about 8 millions people die every year due to tobacco related diseases. Military personnel often use nicotine smoking that is about 12.8% higher than civilian populations. Nicotine smoking triggers oxidative stress and are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine neurotoxicity induces significant depression and oxidative stress in the brain leading to neurovascular damages and brain pathology. Thus, details of nicotine neurotoxicity and factors influencing them require additional investigations. In this review, effects of engineered nanoparticles from metals Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) on nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed with regard to nicotine smoking. Military personnel often work in the environment where chances of nanoparticles exposure are quite common. In our earlier studies, we have shown that nanoparticles alone induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbates brain pathology in animal models. In present investigation, nicotine exposure in with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxicated group exacerbated BBB breakdown, induce oxidative stress and aggravate brain pathology. Treatment with nanowired H-290/51 a potent chain-breaking antioxidant together with nanowired ondansetron, a potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist significantly reduced oxidative stress, BBB breakdown and brain pathology in nicotine exposure associated with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxication. The functional significance of this findings and possible mechanisms of nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed based on current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ''RoNeuro'' Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Per-Ove Sjöqvisst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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10
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Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Been T, Alakhtar B, Traboulsi H, Tsering T, Bartolomucci A, Heimbach N, Paoli S, Burnier J, Mann KK, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Chronic low-level JUUL aerosol exposure causes pulmonary immunologic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22732. [PMID: 36694994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes currently divide public opinion, with some considering them a useful tool for smoking cessation and while others are concerned with potentially adverse health consequences. However, it may take decades to fully understand the effects of e-cigarette use in humans given their relative newness on the market. This highlights the need for comprehensive preclinical studies investigating the effects of e-cigarette exposure on health outcomes. Here, we investigated the impact of chronic, low-level JUUL aerosol exposure on multiple lung outcomes. JUUL is a brand of e-cigarettes popular with youth and young adults. To replicate human exposures, 8- to 12-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to commercially available JUUL products (containing 59 mg/ml nicotine). Mice were exposed to room air, PG/VG, or JUUL daily for 4 weeks. After the exposure period, inflammatory markers were assessed via qRT-PCR, multiplex cytokine assays, and differential cell count. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were also performed on samples isolated from the lavage of the lungs; this included unbiased analysis of proteins contained within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mice exposed to JUUL aerosols for 4 weeks had significantly increased neutrophil and lymphocyte populations in the BAL and some changes in cytokine mRNA expression. However, BAL cytokines did not change. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in numerous biological pathways including neutrophil degranulation, PPAR signaling, and xenobiotic metabolism. Thus, e-cigarettes are not inert and can cause significant cellular and molecular changes in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terek Been
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bayan Alakhtar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thupten Tsering
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Bartolomucci
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Heimbach
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sofia Paoli
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Burnier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hall W, Leung J, Carlini BH. How should policymakers regulate the tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis products in a legal market? Addiction 2023; 118:998-1003. [PMID: 36662648 DOI: 10.1111/add.16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An increased use of high-potency cannabis products since cannabis legalization in the United States, Canada and elsewhere may increase cannabis-related harm. Policymakers have good reasons for regulating more potent cannabis in ways that minimize harm, using approaches similar to those used to regulate alcohol; namely, banning the sale of high-potency cannabis, setting a cap on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content and imposing higher rates of taxes on more potent cannabis products. Given the difficulty that US policymakers have had in regulating cannabis extracts and edibles, governments that are planning to legalize cannabis need to put policies on extracts into enabling legislation and evaluate the impact of these policies on cannabis use and cannabis-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hall
- The National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- The National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Beatriz H Carlini
- Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute-ADAI, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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