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Wang N, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Sun A, Liu H, Shi X. Comparative antioxidant and metabolomic analysis for the identification of differential response of mussel (Mytilus coruscus) to four succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16819-16831. [PMID: 38324158 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHIs) are frequently detected in the marine environment. However, studies on the toxicity of SDHIs to marine organisms, Mytilus coruscus (M. coruscus), are poorly reported. Therefore, the antioxidant activities and metabolomic response of four SDHIs, namely, boscalid (BC), thifluzamide (TF), fluopyram (FO), and bixafen (BIX), to (M. coruscus), were comprehensively investigated. The antioxidant activity of BC and TF was significantly increased (p<0.05), whereas those of FO and BIX were significantly decreased. Furthermore, metabolite discriminations among M. coruscus to four SDHIs were illustrated by an untargeted metabolomics approach. A total of 52, 50, 93, and 129 differential metabolites were obtained for BC, TF, FO, and BIX. KEGG of the different metabolites show that the four SDHIs had differential effects on the metabolic pathways of M. coruscus. The current study demonstrated four SDHIs triggered glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation processes and caused the disruption of nutrient and energy conversion processes in mussels. Finally, five biomarkers were screened by analyzing common differential metabolites that emerged from the four SDHI exposures, which could be used for risk assessment of marine ecosystem exposure to SDHIs. Our results demonstrated the use of metabolomics to understand the potential mechanisms of toxicity of four SDHIs to mussels and to identify potential targets for future targeted risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Aili Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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2
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Howie J, Tulloch LB, Brown E, Reilly L, Ashford FB, Kennedy J, Wypijewski KJ, Aughton KL, Mak JKC, Shattock MJ, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Glutathione-dependent depalmitoylation of phospholemman by peroxiredoxin 6. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113679. [PMID: 38236777 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholemman (PLM) regulates the cardiac sodium pump: PLM phosphorylation activates the pump whereas PLM palmitoylation inhibits its activity. Here, we show that the anti-oxidant protein peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) interacts with and depalmitoylates PLM in a glutathione-dependent manner. Glutathione loading cells acutely reduce PLM palmitoylation; glutathione depletion significantly increases PLM palmitoylation. Prdx6 silencing abolishes these effects, suggesting that PLM can be depalmitoylated by reduced Prdx6. In vitro, only recombinant Prdx6, among several peroxiredoxin isoforms tested, removes palmitic acid from recombinant palmitoylated PLM. The broad-spectrum depalmitoylase inhibitor palmostatin B prevents Prdx6-dependent PLM depalmitoylation in cells and in vitro. Our data suggest that Prdx6 is a thioesterase that can depalmitoylate proteins by nucleophilic attack via its reactive thiol, linking PLM palmitoylation and hence sodium pump activity to cellular glutathione status. We show that protein depalmitoylation can occur via a catalytic cysteine in which substrate specificity is determined by a protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Howie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lindsay B Tulloch
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Reilly
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jennifer Kennedy
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Wypijewski
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Karen L Aughton
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jason K C Mak
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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3
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Main A, Boguslavskyi A, Howie J, Kuo CW, Rankin A, Burton FL, Smith GL, Hajjar R, Baillie GS, Campbell KS, Shattock MJ, Fuller W. Dynamic but discordant alterations in zDHHC5 expression and palmitoylation of its substrates in cardiac pathologies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1023237. [PMID: 36277202 PMCID: PMC9581287 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is an essential lipid modification catalysed by zDHHC-palmitoyl acyltransferases that regulates the localisation and activity of substrates in every class of protein and tissue investigated to date. In the heart, S-palmitoylation regulates sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX1) inactivation, phospholemman (PLM) inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase, Nav1.5 influence on membrane excitability and membrane localisation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. The cell surface localised enzyme zDHHC5 palmitoylates NCX1 and PLM and is implicated in injury during anoxia/reperfusion. Little is known about how palmitoylation remodels in cardiac diseases. We investigated expression of zDHHC5 in animal models of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure (HF), along with HF tissue from humans. zDHHC5 expression increased rapidly during onset of LVH, whilst HF was associated with decreased zDHHC5 expression. Paradoxically, palmitoylation of the zDHHC5 substrate NCX1 was significantly reduced in LVH but increased in human HF, while palmitoylation of the zDHHC5 substrate PLM was unchanged in all settings. Overexpression of zDHHC5 in rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes did not alter palmitoylation of its substrates or overall cardiomyocyte contractility, suggesting changes in zDHHC5 expression in disease may not be a primary driver of pathology. zDHHC5 itself is regulated by post-translational modifications, including palmitoylation in its C-terminal tail. We found that in HF palmitoylation of zDHHC5 changed in the same manner as palmitoylation of NCX1, suggesting additional regulatory mechanisms may be involved. This study provides novel evidence that palmitoylation of cardiac substrates is altered in the setting of HF, and that expression of zDHHC5 is dysregulated in both hypertrophy and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andri Boguslavskyi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Rankin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hajjar
- Flagship Pioneering, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael J Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Chamberlain LH, Shipston MJ, Gould GW. Regulatory effects of protein S-acylation on insulin secretion and insulin action. Open Biol 2021; 11:210017. [PMID: 33784857 PMCID: PMC8061761 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination are well-studied events with a recognized importance in all aspects of cellular function. By contrast, protein S-acylation, although a widespread PTM with important functions in most physiological systems, has received far less attention. Perturbations in S-acylation are linked to various disorders, including intellectual disability, cancer and diabetes, suggesting that this less-studied modification is likely to be of considerable biological importance. As an exemplar, in this review, we focus on the newly emerging links between S-acylation and the hormone insulin. Specifically, we examine how S-acylation regulates key components of the insulin secretion and insulin response pathways. The proteins discussed highlight the diverse array of proteins that are modified by S-acylation, including channels, transporters, receptors and trafficking proteins and also illustrate the diverse effects that S-acylation has on these proteins, from membrane binding and micro-localization to regulation of protein sorting and protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Main A, Fuller W. Protein S-Palmitoylation: advances and challenges in studying a therapeutically important lipid modification. FEBS J 2021; 289:861-882. [PMID: 33624421 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lipid post-translational modification S-palmitoylation is a vast developing field, with the modification itself and the enzymes that catalyse the reversible reaction implicated in a number of diseases. In this review, we discuss the past and recent advances in the experimental tools used in this field, including pharmacological tools, animal models and techniques to understand how palmitoylation controls protein localisation and function. Additionally, we discuss the obstacles to overcome in order to advance the field, particularly to the point at which modulating palmitoylation may be achieved as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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6
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Montigny C, Huang DL, Beswick V, Barbot T, Jaxel C, le Maire M, Zheng JS, Jamin N. Sarcolipin alters SERCA1a interdomain communication by impairing binding of both calcium and ATP. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1641. [PMID: 33452371 PMCID: PMC7810697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcolipin (SLN), a single-spanning membrane protein, is a regulator of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1a). Chemically synthesized SLN, palmitoylated or not (pSLN or SLN), and recombinant wild-type rabbit SERCA1a expressed in S. cerevisiae design experimental conditions that provide a deeper understanding of the functional role of SLN on the regulation of SERCA1a. Our data show that chemically synthesized SLN interacts with recombinant SERCA1a, with calcium-deprived E2 state as well as with calcium-bound E1 state. This interaction hampers the binding of calcium in agreement with published data. Unexpectedly, SLN has also an allosteric effect on SERCA1a transport activity by impairing the binding of ATP. Our results reveal that SLN significantly slows down the E2 to Ca2.E1 transition of SERCA1a while it affects neither phosphorylation nor dephosphorylation. Comparison with chemically synthesized SLN deprived of acylation demonstrates that palmitoylation is not necessary for either inhibition or association with SERCA1a. However, it has a small but statistically significant effect on SERCA1a phosphorylation when various ratios of SLN-SERCA1a or pSLN-SERCA1a are tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Montigny
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Dong Liang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Veronica Beswick
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Physics, Evry-Val-d'Essonne University, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Thomas Barbot
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Jaxel
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc le Maire
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Nadège Jamin
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Gök C, Fuller W. Topical review: Shedding light on molecular and cellular consequences of NCX1 palmitoylation. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Zmuda F, Chamberlain LH. Regulatory effects of post-translational modifications on zDHHC S-acyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14640-14652. [PMID: 32817054 PMCID: PMC7586229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human zDHHC S-acyltransferase family comprises 23 enzymes that mediate the S-acylation of a multitude of cellular proteins, including channels, receptors, transporters, signaling molecules, scaffolds, and chaperones. This reversible post-transitional modification (PTM) involves the attachment of a fatty acyl chain, usually derived from palmitoyl-CoA, to specific cysteine residues on target proteins, which affects their stability, localization, and function. These outcomes are essential to control many processes, including synaptic transmission and plasticity, cell growth and differentiation, and infectivity of viruses and other pathogens. Given the physiological importance of S-acylation, it is unsurprising that perturbations in this process, including mutations in ZDHHC genes, have been linked to different neurological pathologies and cancers, and there is growing interest in zDHHC enzymes as novel drug targets. Although zDHHC enzymes control a diverse array of cellular processes and are associated with major disorders, our understanding of these enzymes is surprisingly incomplete, particularly with regard to the regulatory mechanisms controlling these enzymes. However, there is growing evidence highlighting the role of different PTMs in this process. In this review, we discuss how PTMs, including phosphorylation, S-acylation, and ubiquitination, affect the stability, localization, and function of zDHHC enzymes and speculate on possible effects of PTMs that have emerged from larger screening studies. Developing a better understanding of the regulatory effects of PTMs on zDHHC enzymes will provide new insight into the intracellular dynamics of S-acylation and may also highlight novel approaches to modulate S-acylation for clinical gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Zmuda
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Plain F, Howie J, Kennedy J, Brown E, Shattock MJ, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Control of protein palmitoylation by regulating substrate recruitment to a zDHHC-protein acyltransferase. Commun Biol 2020; 3:411. [PMID: 32737405 PMCID: PMC7395175 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although palmitoylation regulates numerous cellular processes, as yet efforts to manipulate this post-translational modification for therapeutic gain have proved unsuccessful. The Na-pump accessory sub-unit phospholemman (PLM) is palmitoylated by zDHHC5. Here, we show that PLM palmitoylation is facilitated by recruitment of the Na-pump α sub-unit to a specific site on zDHHC5 that contains a juxtamembrane amphipathic helix. Site-specific palmitoylation and GlcNAcylation of this helix increased binding between the Na-pump and zDHHC5, promoting PLM palmitoylation. In contrast, disruption of the zDHHC5-Na-pump interaction with a cell penetrating peptide reduced PLM palmitoylation. Our results suggest that by manipulating the recruitment of specific substrates to particular zDHHC-palmitoyl acyl transferases, the palmitoylation status of individual proteins can be selectively altered, thus opening the door to the development of molecular modulators of protein palmitoylation for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Plain
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer Kennedy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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10
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Anthrax toxin requires ZDHHC5-mediated palmitoylation of its surface-processing host enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1279-1288. [PMID: 30610172 PMCID: PMC6347675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812588116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins exploit numerous pathways of their host cells to gain cellular entry and promote intoxication. Therefore, studying the action of toxins allows us to better understand basic mechanisms in cell biology. In this study, we found that ZDHHC5, an enzyme that adds a lipid posttranslational modification to cysteines of proteins, is responsible for allowing anthrax toxin to enter cells. This enzyme acts on proprotein convertases that are needed to cleave these toxins to their active forms. ZDHHC5 does not affect the enzymatic activity of these proteases, but allows them to encounter the toxin by favoring their partitioning in microdomains on the cell surface, domains where the toxin has previously been shown to preferentially reside. The protein acyl transferase ZDHHC5 was recently proposed to regulate trafficking in the endocytic pathway. Therefore, we explored the function of this enzyme in controlling the action of bacterial toxins. We found that ZDHHC5 activity is required for two very different toxins: the anthrax lethal toxin and the pore-forming toxin aerolysin. Both of these toxins have precursor forms, the protoxins, which can use the proprotein convertases Furin and PC7 for activation. We show that ZDHHC5 indeed affects the processing of the protoxins to their active forms. We found that Furin and PC7 can both be S-palmitoylated and are substrates of ZDHHC5. The impact of ZDHHC5 on Furin/PC7-mediated anthrax toxin cleavage is dual, having an indirect and a direct component. First, ZDHHC5 affects the homeostasis and trafficking of a subset of cellular proteins, including Furin and PC7, presumably by affecting the endocytic/recycling pathway. Second, while not inhibiting the protease activity per se, ZDHHC5-mediated Furin/PC7 palmitoylation is required for the cleavage of the anthrax toxin. Finally, we show that palmitoylation of Furin and PC7 promotes their association with plasma membrane microdomains. Both the receptor-bound toxin and the convertases are of very low abundance at the cell surface. Their encounter is unlikely on reasonable time scales. This work indicates that palmitoylation drives their encounter in specific domains, allowing processing and thereby intoxication of the cell.
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Wang X, Bakanina Kissanga GM, Li E, Li Q, Yao J. The catalytic mechanism of S-acyltransferases: acylation is triggered on by a loose transition state and deacylation is turned off by a tight transition state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12163-12172. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of S-acyltransferase is characterized by a loose transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | | | - E. Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
| | - Jianzhuang Yao
- School of Biological Science and Technology
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
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12
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Zaballa ME, van der Goot FG. The molecular era of protein S-acylation: spotlight on structure, mechanisms, and dynamics. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:420-451. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1488804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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