1
|
Brenick A, Zureiqi M, Wu R, Seraj M, Kelly MC, Berger R. Why step in? Shifting justifications for bystander behaviors through interventions with youth in the Middle East. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:352-365. [PMID: 38576095 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Research shows positive bystander intervention effectively mitigates bullying experiences. Yet, more evidence regarding bystander responses to bias-based social exclusion (BSE) is needed in intergroup contexts, especially in the majority world and in areas of intractable conflict. This study assessed the effectiveness of skills and skills + contact-based interventions for BSE among 148 Palestinian Citizens of Israel (Mage = 10.55) and 154 Jewish-Israeli (Mage = 10.54) early adolescents (Girls = 52.32%) in Tel Aviv-Yafo. Bystander responses were assessed by participants' reactions to hypothetical BSE scenarios over three time points. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed both interventions significantly increased positive and decreased negative bystander responses, with changes maintained at the follow-up. The opposite result pattern emerged for the control group. Findings suggest that both interventions can effectively encourage youth to publicly challenge BSE, even amidst intractable conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malak Zureiqi
- University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rui Wu
- University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maisha Seraj
- University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nassir Y, Diesendruck G. Priming group identities affects children's resource distribution among groups. Child Dev 2024; 95:409-427. [PMID: 37596797 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The present research investigated the effect of ethnic-national identity on intergroup attitudes among Israeli children. Between 2019 and 2020, 136 Arab Muslim and 136 Jewish 5- and 10-year-olds (boys and girls) participated in one of four ethnic-national identity conditions: ingroup, outgroup, common identity, and control. In each condition, participants were described a city whose residents were defined according to the condition. Then, children were asked to "release" positive and negative animals to an ingroup city, an outgroup city, or a zoo. The results showed that highlighting a common identity improved attitudes across all children, but effect of ingroup and outgroup emphases varied between Jewish and Arab children. These results highlight the different dynamics of social identities among majority and minority children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Nassir
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gil Diesendruck
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gavan L, Hartog K, Holland WC, Koppenol-Gonzalez G, Gronholm PC, Feddes AR, Kohrt BA, Jordans MJ, Peters RH. Assessing stigma in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of scales used with children and adolescents. Soc Sci Med 2022; 307:115121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Wolfowicz M, Hasisi B, Weisburd D. What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2022; 18:e1244. [PMID: 36913204 PMCID: PMC9175065 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most national counter-radicalization strategies identify the media, and particularly the Internet as key sources of risk for radicalization. However, the magnitude of the relationships between different types of media usage and radicalization remains unknown. Additionally, whether Internet-related risk factors do indeed have greater impacts than other forms of media remain another unknown. Overall, despite extensive research of media effects in criminology, the relationship between media and radicalization has not been systematically investigated. OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to (1) identify and synthesize the effects of different media-related risk factors at the individual level, (2) identify the relative magnitudes of the effect sizes for the different risk factors, and (3) compare the effects between outcomes of cognitive and behavioral radicalization. The review also sought to examine sources of heterogeneity between different radicalizing ideologies. SEARCH METHODS Electronic searches were carried out in several relevant databases and inclusion decisions were guided by a published review protocol. In addition to these searches, leading researchers were contacted to try and identify unpublished or unidentified research. Hand searches of previously published reviews and research were also used to supplement the database searches. Searches were carried out until August 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA The review included quantitative studies that examined at least one media-related risk factor (such as exposure to, or usage of a particular medium or mediated content) and its relationship to either cognitive or behavioral radicalization at the individual level. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Random-effects meta-analysis was used for each risk factor individually and risk factors were arranged in rank-order. Heterogeneity was explored using a combination of moderator analysis, meta-regression, and sub-group analysis. RESULTS The review included 4 experimental and 49 observational studies. Most of the studies were judged to be of low quality and suffer from multiple, potential sources of bias. From the included studies, effect sizes pertaining to 23 media-related risk factors were identified and analyzed for the outcome of cognitive radicalization, and two risk factors for the outcome of behavioral radicalization. Experimental evidence demonstrated that mere exposure to media theorized to increase cognitive radicalization was associated with a small increase in risk (g = 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.03, 19]). A slightly larger estimate was observed for those high in trait aggression (g = 0.13, 95% CI [0.01, 0.25]). Evidence from observational studies shows that for cognitive radicalization, risk factors such as television usage have no effect (r = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.09]). However, passive (r = 0.24, 95% CI [0.18, 0.31]) and active (r = 0.22, 95% CI [0.15, 0.29]) forms of exposure to radical content online demonstrate small but potentially meaningful relationships. Similar sized estimates for passive (r = 0.23, 95% CI [0.12, 0.33]) and active (r = 0.28, 95% CI [0.21, 0.36]) forms of exposure to radical content online were found for the outcome of behavioral radicalization. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Relative to other known risk factors for cognitive radicalization, even the most salient of the media-related risk factors have comparatively small estimates. However, compared to other known risk factors for behavioral radicalization, passive and active forms of exposure to radical content online have relatively large and robust estimates. Overall, exposure to radical content online appears to have a larger relationship with radicalization than other media-related risk factors, and the impact of this relationship is most pronounced for behavioral outcomes of radicalization. While these results may support policy-makers' focus on the Internet in the context of combatting radicalization, the quality of the evidence is low and more robust study designs are needed to enable the drawing of firmer conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolfowicz
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawHebrew University of JerusalemMount ScopusJerusalem91905Israel
| | - Badi Hasisi
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawHebrew University of JerusalemMount ScopusJerusalem91905Israel
| | - David Weisburd
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of LawHebrew University of JerusalemMount ScopusJerusalem91905Israel
- Department of Criminology, Law and SocietyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Essa F, Weinsdörfer A, Shilo R, Diesendruck G, Rakoczy H. Children explain in‐ and out‐group behavior differently. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Essa
- Department of Psychology & Gonda Brain Research Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Anika Weinsdörfer
- Department of Developmental Psychology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Reut Shilo
- Department of Psychology & Gonda Brain Research Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Gil Diesendruck
- Department of Psychology & Gonda Brain Research Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Hannes Rakoczy
- Department of Developmental Psychology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Santamaría-García H, Aragón I, Santamaría-García J, Herrera E, Ibáñez A, Sigman M. Transgression of cooperative helping norms outweighs children’s intergroup bias. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Teaching tolerance or acting tolerant? Evaluating skills- and contact-based prejudice reduction interventions among Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli youth. J Sch Psychol 2019; 75:8-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Lu J, Peng X, Liao C, Cui F. The stereotype of professional roles influences neural responses to moral transgressions: ERP evidence. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Alsamih M, Tenenbaum HR. Saudi Arabian children's reasoning about religion-based exclusion. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 36:508-513. [PMID: 29460485 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how Saudi Arabian children (M = 10.50 years, SD = 1.61, Range = 8-10 years) evaluate peer exclusion based on religion when the perpetrator of exclusion was a peer or a father. Children believed that it was more acceptable for fathers than for peers to enforce exclusion and were more likely to use social conventional reasons to justify exclusion when the perpetrator was a father. The discussion focuses on how social domain theory needs to take children's cultural community into account. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Research suggests that children do not defer to authority in making decisions about peer exclusion. Children tend to believe that authority figures should not order peer exclusion because it is a moral decision. What does this study add? Unlike children in other collectivist countries, children in Saudi Arabia support peer exclusion ordered by a father more than a peer. Saudi children use social conventional reasoning to justify fathers' support for peer exclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Alsamih
- University of Surrey, UK.,King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brenick A, Halgunseth LC. Brief note: Applying developmental intergroup perspectives to the social ecologies of bullying: Lessons from developmental social psychology. J Adolesc 2017; 59:90-95. [PMID: 28586695 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the field of bullying research has seen dramatic growth, notably with the integration of the social-ecological approach to understanding bullying. Recently, researchers (Hymel et al., 2015; Hawley & Williford, 2015) have called for further extension of the field by incorporating constructs of group processes into our investigation of the social ecologies of bullying. This brief note details the critical connections between power, social identity, group norms, social and moral reasoning about discrimination and victimization, and experiences of, evaluations of, and responses to bullying. The authors highlight a parallel development in the bridging of developmental social-ecological and social psychological perspectives utilized in the field of social exclusion that provides a roadmap for extending the larger field of bullying research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled [VSI: Bullying] IG000050.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Brenick
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 348 Mansfield Rd., U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269-1058, United States.
| | - Linda C Halgunseth
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 348 Mansfield Rd., U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269-1058, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miller-Graff LE, Cummings EM. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Effects on youth adjustment, available interventions, and future research directions. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Roberts SO, Gelman SA, Ho AK. So It Is, So It Shall Be: Group Regularities License Children's Prescriptive Judgments. Cogn Sci 2016; 41 Suppl 3:576-600. [PMID: 27914116 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When do descriptive regularities (what characteristics individuals have) become prescriptive norms (what characteristics individuals should have)? We examined children's (4-13 years) and adults' use of group regularities to make prescriptive judgments, employing novel groups (Hibbles and Glerks) that engaged in morally neutral behaviors (e.g., eating different kinds of berries). Participants were introduced to conforming or non-conforming individuals (e.g., a Hibble who ate berries more typical of a Glerk). Children negatively evaluated non-conformity, with negative evaluations declining with age (Study 1). These effects were replicable across competitive and cooperative intergroup contexts (Study 2) and stemmed from reasoning about group regularities rather than reasoning about individual regularities (Study 3). These data provide new insights into children's group concepts and have important implications for understanding the development of stereotyping and norm enforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold K Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brenick A, Romano K. Perceived Peer and Parent Out-Group Norms, Cultural Identity, and Adolescents’ Reasoning About Peer Intergroup Exclusion. Child Dev 2016; 87:1392-408. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Niwa EY, Boxer P, Dubow E, Huesmann LR, Shikaki K, Landau S, Gvirsman SD. Growing Up Amid Ethno-Political Conflict: Aggression and Emotional Desensitization Promote Hostility to Ethnic Outgroups. Child Dev 2016; 87:1479-92. [PMID: 27684400 PMCID: PMC5117462 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethno-political violence impacts thousands of youth and is associated with numerous negative outcomes. Yet little research examines adaptation to ethno-political violence over time or across multiple outcomes simultaneously. This study examines longitudinal patterns of aggressive behavior and emotional distress as they co-occur among Palestinian (n = 600) youth exposed to ethno-political violence over 3 years in three age cohorts (starting ages: 8, 11, and 14). Findings indicate distinct profiles of aggressive behavior and emotional distress, and unique joint patterns. Furthermore, youth among key joint profiles (e.g., high aggression-emotional desensitization) are more likely to endorse normative beliefs about aggression toward ethnic outgroups. This study offers a dynamic perspective on emotional and behavioral adaptation to ethno-political violence and the implications of those processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Boxer
- Rutgers University
- The University of Michigan
| | - Eric Dubow
- The University of Michigan
- Bowling Green State University
| | | | | | - Simha Landau
- Institute of Criminology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Yezreel Valley Academic College
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nasie M, Diamond AH, Bar-Tal D. Young Children in Intractable Conflicts. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 20:365-392. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868315607800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article examines the political socialization of young Jewish-Israeli children who live under the Israeli–Palestinian intractable conflict. It proposes arguments and presents empirical evidence to suggest that the way in which political socialization of young children happens in this context contributes to the development of conflict-supporting narratives of ethos of conflict and collective memory by the youngest generation. As a result, the conflict solidifies adherence to these narratives in adulthood, thereby serving as a major obstacle to the processes of peace-making and peace-building. Specifically, as evidence for showing how the political socialization works in Israel, a series of studies conducted in Israeli kindergartens and elementary schools are presented. These studies recount the contents acquired by young children, as well as contents delivered by teachers, related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. This indicates the serious consequences of acquiring conflict-supporting narratives at an early age in societies involved in intractable conflict.
Collapse
|
16
|
Berger R, Benatov J, Abu-Raiya H, Tadmor CT. Reducing prejudice and promoting positive intergroup attitudes among elementary-school children in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. J Sch Psychol 2016; 57:53-72. [PMID: 27425566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation tested the efficacy of the Extended Class Exchange Program (ECEP) in reducing prejudicial attitudes. Three hundred and twenty-two 3rd and 4th grade students from both Israeli-Jewish and Israeli-Palestinian schools in the ethnically mixed city of Jaffa were randomly assigned to either intervention or control classes. Members of the intervention classes engaged in ECEP's activities, whereas members of the control classes engaged in a social-emotional learning program. The program's outcomes were measured a week before, immediately after, and 15months following termination. Results showed that the ECEP decreased stereotyping and discriminatory tendencies toward the other group and increased positive feelings and readiness for social contact with the other group upon program termination. Additionally, the effects of the ECEP were generalized to an ethnic group (i.e., Ethiopians) with whom the ECEP's participants did not have any contact. Finally, the ECEP retained its significant effect 15months after the program's termination, despite the serious clashes between Israel and the Palestinians that occurred during that time. This empirical support for the ECEP'S utility in reducing prejudice makes it potentially applicable to other areas in the world, especially those that are characterized by ethnic tension and violent conflicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rony Berger
- Department of Emergency Medicine and PREPARED Center for Emergency Response Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brenick A, Killen M. Moral judgments about Jewish-Arab intergroup exclusion: the role of cultural identity and contact. Dev Psychol 2013; 50:86-99. [PMID: 24188040 DOI: 10.1037/a0034702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prejudice and discrimination as justifications for social exclusion are often viewed as violations of the moral principles of welfare, justice, and equality, but intergroup exclusion can also often be viewed as a necessary and legitimate means to maintain group identity and cohesion (Rutland, Killen, & Abrams, 2010). The current study was guided by the social reasoning developmental perspective (Killen & Rutland, 2011) to examine the moral judgments of social exclusion encounters, and the degree to which cultural identity and actual contact with members of other cultural groups is related to social evaluations. Surprisingly, no research has examined how intergroup contact bears on moral judgments about Jewish-Arab encounters in the United States. The current study surveyed 241 Jewish and 249 non-Arab/non-Jewish (comparison group) 14- and 17-year-olds to assess their cultural identification, intergroup contact, and moral judgments regarding intergroup peer social exclusion situations between Jewish and Arab youth in peer, home, and community contexts. Participants overwhelmingly rejected exclusion of an outgroup member explicitly because of their group membership. Context effects emerged, and exclusion was rated as most acceptable in the community context and least acceptable in the peer context. Three factors of identity (i.e., exploration, commitment, and concern for relationships) were explored. Generally, higher identity commitment and lower identity concern for relationships were related to more inclusive evaluations. Interactions between the identity factors and intergroup contact and cultural group, however, differentially predicted evaluations of intergroup exclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Brenick
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut
| | - Melanie Killen
- Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zebian S, Rochat P. Judgment of land ownership by young refugee Palestinian and U.S. children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025412450526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children’s sense and reasoning about territory and land ownership may develop differently in contexts of poverty and where narratives of dispossession are a part of daily life and are of political and historical significance, as is the case in the Palestinian refugee context in Lebanon. In this study we looked at how 3- and 5-year-old refugee Palestinian and American children distribute land among neighbors disputing over an unoccupied piece of land separating their properties. Children were required to make distributive justice decisions about 4 scripted scenarios that involved a pretend conflict between different types of neighbors (rich/poor; ingroup vs. outgroup; neighbors of the same material wealth and neighbors that were either poor or rich as well as ingroup members). Both 5-year-old Palestinian and American children showed inequality aversion, favoring the poor neighbor over the rich in their distributive justice decisions. This first finding suggests that being born into poverty does not make young children more sensitive to material inequity, even if the object of dispute is of particular cultural relevance. However, a second main finding suggests that extreme circumstances potentially translate into enhanced ingroup partialities, above and beyond the universal normative trend toward inequity aversion.
Collapse
|
19
|
Killen M, Rutland A, Ruck MD. Promoting Equity, Tolerance, and Justice in Childhood and commentaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2379-3988.2011.tb00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Ardila-Rey A, Killen M, Brenick A. Displaced and non-displaced Colombian children's evaluations of moral transgressions, retaliation, and reconciliation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2009; 18:181-209. [PMID: 25722543 PMCID: PMC4338991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the effects of displacement and exposure to violence on children's moral reasoning, Colombian children exposed to minimal violence (non-displaced or low-risk) (N = 99) and to extreme violence (displaced or high-risk) (N = 94), evenly divided by gender, at 6-, 9-, and 12 - years of age, were interviewed regarding their evaluation of peer-oriented moral transgressions (hitting and not sharing toys). The vast majority of children evaluated moral transgressions as wrong. Group and age differences were revealed, however, regarding provocation and retaliation. Children who were exposed to violence, in contrast to those with minimum exposure, judged it more legitimate to inflict harm or deny resources when provoked and judged it more okay to retaliate for reasons of retribution. Surprisingly, and somewhat hopefully, all children viewed reconciliation as feasible. The results are informative regarding theories of morality, culture, and the effects of violence on children's social development.
Collapse
|