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Menéndez V, Solórzano JL, García-Cosío M, Alonso-Alonso R, Rodríguez M, Cereceda L, Fernández S, Díaz E, Montalbán C, Estévez M, Piris MA, García JF. Immune and stromal transcriptional patterns that influence the outcome of classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:710. [PMID: 38184757 PMCID: PMC10771441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by a rich immune microenvironment as the main tumor component. It involves a broad range of cell populations, which are largely unexplored, even though they are known to be essential for growth and survival of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. We profiled the gene expression of 25 FFPE cHL samples using NanoString technology and resolved their microenvironment compositions using cell-deconvolution tools, thereby generating patient-specific signatures. The results confirm individual immune fingerprints and recognize multiple clusters enriched in refractory patients, highlighting the relevance of: (1) the composition of immune cells and their functional status, including myeloid cell populations (M1-like, M2-like, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, etc.), CD4-positive T cells (exhausted, regulatory, Th17, etc.), cytotoxic CD8 T and natural killer cells; (2) the balance between inflammatory signatures (such as IL6, TNF, IFN-γ/TGF-β) and MHC-I/MHC-II molecules; and (3) several cells, pathways and genes related to the stroma and extracellular matrix remodeling. A validation model combining relevant immune and stromal signatures identifies patients with unfavorable outcomes, producing the same results in an independent cHL series. Our results reveal the heterogeneity of immune responses among patients, confirm previous findings, and identify new functional phenotypes of prognostic and predictive utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Menéndez
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España. Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Solórzano
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España. Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, C/Arturo Soria, 270, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Cosío
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Alonso-Alonso
- Pathology Department, IIS Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez
- Pathology Department, IIS Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cereceda
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España. Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, C/Arturo Soria, 270, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Fernández
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España. Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, C/Arturo Soria, 270, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España. Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Montalbán
- Hematology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Estévez
- Hematology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Pathology Department, IIS Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F García
- Translational Research, Fundación MD Anderson International España. Madrid, 28033, Madrid, Spain.
- Pathology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, C/Arturo Soria, 270, 28033, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Verma RS, Singh G, Singh A, Singh P. Assessment of tumor microenvironment expression and clinical significance of immune inhibitory molecule CTLA-4, ligand B7-1, and tumor-infiltrating regulatory cells in Hodgkin lymphoma. J Med Life 2023; 16:599-609. [PMID: 37305822 PMCID: PMC10251379 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma represents a paradigm of tumor cell-microenvironment interactions as the neoplastic Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells typically constitute less than 1% of the total tumor volume. CTLA-4, a member of the CD28/B7 immunoglobulin superfamily, and CD28 and their ligands B7-1 and B7-2 are critically important for the initial activation of naive T cells. Strategies aimed at interfering with the crosstalk between tumoral Reed-Sternberg cells and their cellular partners have been taken into account in the development of new immunotherapies that target different cell components of the HL microenvironment. The study included 50 histopathological confirmed cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. IHC staining for CTLA-4 and B7-1 was performed on archival paraffin-embedded biopsy. SPSS version 17 was used for statistical analysis. CTLA-4 IHC expression in HRS cells was negative in all cases, while in immune cells, CTLA-4 expression was observed in 45 (90%) cases. CD80 expression was present in all cases, both in HRS and immune cells. There was a significant association between HRS cell percentage and IPS score (p-value=0.001). Mean survival duration was longer in <50% immune cells compared to >50% groups, with an overall mean survival of 67.633 months. Considering the CTLA4 expression in immune cells within the microenvironment and the availability of targeted drugs like Iplimumab, which act through CTLA4 blockade, it may be appropriate to use this as targeted therapy in HL cases, particularly in those with refractory disease who are unable to achieve cure prior to ASCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey Shyam Verma
- Department of Pathology, Maharaja SuhelDev Autonomous State Medical College, MaharshiBalark Hospital, Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradyuman Singh
- Department of Pathology, Dr Ram ManoharLohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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A new approach to the study of Hodgkin lymphoma by flow cytometry. Pathology 2023; 55:86-93. [PMID: 36137774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) appears to originate from germinal centre B cells but lacks expression of most B cell markers. In contrast to non-Hodgkin B lymphomas, HL is not routinely diagnosed using flow cytometry techniques, and diagnosis is mainly based on immunohistochemical and cytomorphological pathology studies. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells are large and fragile, making them difficult to study by flow cytometry. The aim of this study was to characterise the CD71 expression pattern on CD4+ T cells from HL patients and to design a simple flow cytometry algorithm to complement the histopathological diagnosis of HL. The present study suggests the utility of a conventional staining protocol with a simple panel of seven markers (CD15, CD30, CD4, CD8, CD71, CD3, and CD45) and a well-defined analysis strategy. The proposed algorithm uses the CD71 ratio (calculated as the percentage of CD71+ CD4+ T cells divided by the percentage of CD71+ CD45+ CD3- lymphocytes), with a cut-off of 0.5 to establish diagnosis groups as suggestive (≥0.5) or not suggestive (<0.5) of HL. In HL, CD71 expression is higher on CD4+ T lymphocytes than on non-T lymphocytes. In addition, the CD4+ T cell population is increased in HL patients, with no change in amounts of CD8+ T cells. Application of the CD71 ratio algorithm yielded a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 87%, with 84.61% of patients correctly diagnosed. Although histopathology remains the gold standard for definitive HL diagnosis, the proposed flow cytometry method provides a rapid method to guide the study that would allow a more robust and integrated diagnosis. Moreover, the procedure is easily applicable in most clinical laboratories as it does not require state-of-the-art cytometers and uses standard reagents.
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4
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Ingravallo G, Tamma R, Opinto G, Annese T, Gaudio F, Specchia G, Perrone T, Musto P, Cazzato G, Bellitti E, Capodiferro S, Maiorano E, Ribatti D. The Effect of the Tumor Microenvironment on Lymphoid Neoplasms Derived from B Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:573. [PMID: 35328127 PMCID: PMC8947733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are characteristic tumors surrounded by an inflammatory microenvironment. The cells of the microenvironment are essential for the growth and survival of neoplastic cells and are recruited through the effect of cytokines/chemokines. Lymphomas include heterogeneous groups of neoplasms infiltrating various lymphoid structures which may arise from B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells at various stages of their differentiation state. In this review article, we analyze the literature data concerning the involvement of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the progression of lymphomas and the recent advances in the analysis of microenvironment components in the most common forms: some mature B cell lymphoma neoplasms and classic Hodgkin lymphomas. The complex crosstalk between the TME and tumor cells led to the discovery of many mechanisms usable as molecular-targeted therapy through the control of diverse elements of the TME, varying from inhibitors of angiogenic cytokines and their receptors to the regulation of cells' activities and the novel immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Giuseppina Opinto
- Haematology and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Francesco Gaudio
- Hematology Section, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Tommasina Perrone
- Hematology Section, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Hematology Section, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Emilio Bellitti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Saverio Capodiferro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (E.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico-Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (T.A.); (D.R.)
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5
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Abstract
Although CAR T-cell therapy is US Food and Drug Administration-approved for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, the development of adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) has not accelerated at a similar pace. Adoptive T-cell therapy with Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD30 CAR T cells have demonstrated significant clinical responses in early clinical trials of patients with cHL. Additionally, CD19 and CD123 CAR T cells that target the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in cHL have also been investigated. Here we discuss the landscape of clinical trials of adoptive immunotherapy for patients with cHL with a view toward current challenges and novel strategies to improve the development of CAR T-cell therapy for cHL.
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6
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Opinto G, Agostinelli C, Ciavarella S, Guarini A, Maiorano E, Ingravallo G. Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Special Microenvironment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4665. [PMID: 34682791 PMCID: PMC8541076 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is one of the most particular lymphomas for the few tumor cells surrounded by an inflammatory microenvironment. Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (H) cells reprogram and evade antitumor mechanisms of the normal cells present in the microenvironment. The cells of microenvironment are essential for growth and survival of the RS/H cells and are recruited through the effect of cytokines/chemokines. We summarize recent advances in gene expression profiling (GEP) analysis applied to study microenvironment component in cHL. We also describe the main therapies that target not only the neoplastic cells but also the cellular components of the background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Opinto
- Haematology and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.O.); (S.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabino Ciavarella
- Haematology and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.O.); (S.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Attilio Guarini
- Haematology and Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.O.); (S.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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7
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Xue T, Budde LE. Immunotherapies Targeting CD123 for Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2020; 34:575-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Economides MP, McCue D, Lane AA, Pemmaraju N. Tagraxofusp, the first CD123-targeted therapy and first targeted treatment for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:941-946. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1662297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minas P. Economides
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas School of Health Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah McCue
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew A. Lane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Mulder TA, Wahlin BE, Österborg A, Palma M. Targeting the Immune Microenvironment in Lymphomas of B-Cell Origin: From Biology to Clinical Application. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070915. [PMID: 31261914 PMCID: PMC6678966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In lymphomas of B-cell origin, cancer cells orchestrate an inflammatory microenvironment of immune and stromal cells that sustain the tumor cell survival and growth, known as a tumor microenvironment (TME). The features of the TME differ between the different lymphoma types, ranging from extremely inflammatory, such as in Hodgkin lymphoma, to anergic, leading to immune deficiency and susceptibility to infections, such as in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Understanding the characteristic features of the TME as well as the interactions between cancer and TME cells has given insight into the pathogenesis of most lymphomas and contributed to identify novel therapeutic targets. Here, we summarize the preclinical data that contributed to clarifying the role of the immune cells in the TME of different types of lymphomas of B-cell origin, and explain how the understanding of the biological background has led to new clinical applications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the clinical results of trials that assessed the safety and efficacy of drugs directly targeting TME immune cells in lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Mulder
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Wahlin
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marzia Palma
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Aldinucci D, Borghese C, Casagrande N. Formation of the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma and Therapeutic Approaches to Counter It. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102416. [PMID: 31096713 PMCID: PMC6566335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by a few tumor cells surrounded by a protective, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment composed of normal cells that are an active part of the disease. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells evade the immune system through a variety of different mechanisms. They evade antitumor effector T cells and natural killer cells and promote T cell exhaustion. Using cytokines and extracellular vesicles, they recruit normal cells, induce their proliferation and "educate" (i.e. reprogram) them to become immunosuppressive and protumorigenic. Therefore, alternative treatment strategies are being developed to target not only tumor cells but also the tumor microenvironment. Here we summarize current knowledge on the ability of HRS cells to build their microenvironment and to educate normal cells to become immunosuppressive. We also describe therapeutic strategies to counteract formation of the tumor microenvironment and related processes leading to T cell exhaustion and repolarization of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Aldinucci
- Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Cinzia Borghese
- Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Naike Casagrande
- Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
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11
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Garces S, Yin CC, Patel KP, Khoury JD, Manning JT, Li S, Xu J, Pina-Oviedo S, Johnson MR, González S, Molgó M, Ruiz-Cordero R, Medeiros LJ. Focal Rosai-Dorfman disease coexisting with lymphoma in the same anatomic site: a localized histiocytic proliferation associated with MAPK/ERK pathway activation. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:16-26. [PMID: 30323237 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic disorder shown to have gene mutations that activate the MAPK/ERK pathway in at least one-third of cases. Most patients with Rosai-Dorfman disease present with bulky lymphadenopathy or extranodal disease, but rarely Rosai-Dorfman disease is detected concomitantly with lymphoma in the same biopsy specimen. The underlying molecular mechanisms of focal Rosai-Dorfman disease occurring in the setting of lymphoma have not been investigated. We report 12 cases of Rosai-Dorfman disease and lymphoma involving the same anatomic site. There were five men and seven women (age, 23 to 77 years) who underwent lymph node (n = 11) or skin (n = 1) biopsy; the lymphomas included nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 6), classical Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 4), small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 1) and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (n = 1). The foci of Rosai-Dorfman disease in all cases had S100 protein-positive histiocytes undergoing emperipolesis. No patients had Rosai-Dorfman disease at other anatomic sites at initial diagnosis and at last follow-up (median, 40 months). We performed immunohistochemical analysis to assess activity of the MAPK/ERK pathway in the Rosai-Dorfman disease foci. We also micro-dissected disease foci and analyzed 146 genes using next-generation sequencing in four cases with adequate DNA; the panel included genes previously reported to be mutated in Rosai-Dorfman disease. All cases were negative for gene mutations. Nevertheless, all cases were positive for cyclin D1 and most cases showed p-ERK expression indicating that the MAPK/ERK pathway is active in the histiocytes of focal Rosai-Dorfman disease. We conclude that focal Rosai-Dorfman disease coexisting with lymphoma is a clinically benign and localized histiocytic proliferation. These data also indicate that the MAPK/ERK pathway is active in focal Rosai-Dorfman disease although we did not identify activating mutations. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of focal Rosai-Dorfman disease is different from that of usual cases of Rosai-Dorfman disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Garces
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Cameron Yin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaoying Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Pina-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Malisha R Johnson
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sergio González
- Department of Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Molgó
- Department of Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Cordero
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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12
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Ruella M, Klichinsky M, Kenderian SS, Shestova O, Ziober A, Kraft DO, Feldman M, Wasik MA, June CH, Gill S. Overcoming the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment of Hodgkin Lymphoma Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1154-1167. [PMID: 28576927 PMCID: PMC5628114 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with otherwise treatment-resistant Hodgkin lymphoma could benefit from chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy. However, Hodgkin lymphoma lacks CD19 and contains a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). We hypothesized that in Hodgkin lymphoma, CART should target both malignant cells and the TME. We demonstrated CD123 on both Hodgkin lymphoma cells and TME, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). In vitro, Hodgkin lymphoma cells convert macrophages toward immunosuppressive TAMs that inhibit T-cell proliferation. In contrast, anti-CD123 CART recognized and killed TAMs, thus overcoming immunosuppression. Finally, we showed in immunodeficient mouse models that CART123 eradicated Hodgkin lymphoma and established long-term immune memory. A novel platform that targets malignant cells and the microenvironment may be needed to successfully treat malignancies with an immunosuppressive milieu.Significance: Anti-CD123 chimeric antigen receptor T cells target both the malignant cells and TAMs in Hodgkin lymphoma, thereby eliminating an important immunosuppressive component of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Discov; 7(10); 1154-67. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Klichinsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy Ziober
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel O Kraft
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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13
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Sullivan JM, Rizzieri DA. Treatment of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2016; 2016:16-23. [PMID: 27913457 PMCID: PMC6142460 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare myeloid malignancy with no defined standard of care. BPDCN presents most commonly with skin lesions with or without extramedullary organ involvement before leukemic dissemination. As a result of its clinical ambiguity, differentiating BPDCN from benign skin lesions or those of acute myeloid leukemia with leukemia cutis is challenging. BPDCN is most easily defined by the phenotype CD4+CD56+CD123+lineage-MPO-, although many patients will present with variable expression of CD4, CD56, or alternate plasmacytoid markers, which compounds the difficulty in differentiating BPDCN from other myeloid or lymphoid malignancies. Chromosomal aberrations are frequent, and the mutational landscape of BPDCN is being rapidly characterized although no obvious molecular target for chemoimmunotherapy has been identified. Chemotherapy regimens developed for acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome have all been used to treat BPDCN. Relapse is frequent, and overall survival is quite poor. Allogeneic transplantation offers a chance at prolonged remission and possible cure for those who are eligible; unfortunately, relapse remains high ranging from 30% to 40%. Novel therapies such as SL-401, a diphtheria toxin conjugated to interleukin-3 (IL-3) is commonly overexpressed in BPDCN and other aggressive myeloid malignancies and has shown considerable promise in ongoing clinical trials. Future work with SL-401 will define its place in treating relapsed or refractory disease as well as its role as a first-line therapy or bridge to transplantation.
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14
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Aldinucci D, Celegato M, Casagrande N. Microenvironmental interactions in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and their role in promoting tumor growth, immune escape and drug resistance. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:243-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Wein F, Küppers R. The role of T cells in the microenvironment of Hodgkin lymphoma. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:45-50. [PMID: 26320264 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0315-136r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment in HL is dominated by a mixed infiltrate of inflammatory cells with typically only 1 or a few percent of HRS tumor cells. HRS cells orchestrate this infiltrate by the secretion of a multitude of chemokines. T cells are usually the largest population of cells in the HL tissue, encompassing Th cells, T(regs), and CTLs. Th cells and T(regs) presumably provide essential survival signals for the HRS cells, and the T(regs) also play an important role in rescuing HRS cells from an attack by CTLs and NK cells. The interference with this complex interplay of HRS cells with other immune cells in the microenvironment may provide novel strategies for targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Wein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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Frolova O, Benito J, Brooks C, Wang RY, Korchin B, Rowinsky EK, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Frankel AE, Konopleva M. SL-401 and SL-501, targeted therapeutics directed at the interleukin-3 receptor, inhibit the growth of leukaemic cells and stem cells in advanced phase chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:862-74. [PMID: 24942980 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly efficacious in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), some patients become refractory to these therapies. After confirming that interleukin-3 receptor (IL3R, CD123) is highly expressed on CD34(+) /CD38(-) BCR-ABL1(+) CML stem cells, we investigated whether targeting IL3R with diphtheria toxin (DT)-IL3 fusion proteins SL-401 (DT388 -IL3) and SL-501 (DT388 -IL3[K116W]) could eradicate these stem cells. SL-401 and SL-501 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in the KBM5 cell line and its TKI-resistant KBM5-STI subline. Combinations of imatinib with these agents increased apoptosis in KBM5 and in primary CML cells. In six primary CML samples, including CML cells harbouring the ABL1 T315I mutation, SL-401 and SL-501 decreased the absolute numbers of viable CD34(+) /CD38(-) /CD123(+) CML progenitor cells by inducing apoptosis. IL3-targeting agents reduced clonogenic growth and diminished the fraction of primitive long-term culture-initiating cells in samples from patients with advanced phase CML that were resistant to TKIs or harboured an ABL1 mutation. Survival was also extended in a mouse model of primary TKI-resistant CML blast crisis. These data suggest that the DT-IL3 fusion proteins, SL-401 and SL-501, deplete CML stem cells and may increase the effectiveness of current CML treatment, which principally targets tumour bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Frolova
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Fabricius D, Nußbaum B, Busch D, Panitz V, Mandel B, Vollmer A, Westhoff MA, Kaltenmeier C, Lunov O, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Jahrsdörfer B, Debatin KM. Antiviral Vaccines License T Cell Responses by Suppressing Granzyme B Levels in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1144-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Liu F, Zhang G, Liu F, Zhou X, Chen X, Han X, Wu Z, Zhao T. Effect of shRNA targeting mouse CD99L2 gene in a murine B cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1405-14. [PMID: 23338758 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse CD99 antigen-like 2 (mCD99L2) has previously been confirmed to be expressed in murine B lymphoma (A20) cells by our group. The present study aimed to establish a mCD99L2‑downregulated A20 cell line and to investigate the effect of shRNA targeting mCD99L2 in A20 cells in vitro and in vivo. Four pLenti6/mCD99L2 expression vectors containing the mCD99L2 shRNA-expressing cassette were constructed, transfected into A20 cells and stable mCD99L2-downregulated A20 subclones, termed A20-mCD99L2- cells, were established and identified by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Light and transmission electron microscopy, MTT assay, flow cytometry and immunofluorenscence labeling were used to observe the morphological, biological and phenotypic characteristics in vitro. Some of the A20-mCD99L2- cells exhibited H/RS‑cell like morphology, a decreased proliferative ability, a prolonged G2 phase and increased CD30 and CD15 expression. Upon injecting cells into nude or immunocompetent BALB/c mice, tumorigenesis, tumor growth, morphology and phenotypes in vivo were observed. A20-mCD99L2- cells induced tumors in nude and BALB/c mice, but with less potency in the latter compared with the controls. Similar morphological, biological and phenotypic characteristics were observed in the A20-mCD99L2- cell-induced tumors as those in vitro. Several cytokines including CD30T, IL-12p40/p70, IL-3, IFN-γ, CXCL16, MIP-1α and CD40 were upregulated following mCD99L2 downregulation when detected using antibody arrays. The results from western blot analysis indicated that the regulation of mCD99L2 expression may involve the activated nuclear factor-κB pathway in the murine B lymphoma cells. The present study provides data for further investigation into the mCD99L2 gene in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
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19
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de la Cruz-Merino L, Lejeune M, Nogales Fernández E, Henao Carrasco F, Grueso López A, Illescas Vacas A, Pulla MP, Callau C, Álvaro T. Role of immune escape mechanisms in Hodgkin's lymphoma development and progression: a whole new world with therapeutic implications. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:756353. [PMID: 22927872 PMCID: PMC3426211 DOI: 10.1155/2012/756353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma represents one of the most frequent lymphoproliferative syndromes, especially in young population. Although HL is considered one of the most curable tumors, a sizeable fraction of patients recur after successful upfront treatment or, less commonly, are primarily resistant. This work tries to summarize the data on clinical, histological, pathological, and biological factors in HL, with special emphasis on the improvement of prognosis and their impact on therapeutical strategies. The recent advances in our understanding of HL biology and immunology show that infiltrated immune cells and cytokines in the tumoral microenvironment may play different functions that seem tightly related with clinical outcomes. Strategies aimed at interfering with the crosstalk between tumoral Reed-Sternberg cells and their cellular partners have been taken into account in the development of new immunotherapies that target different cell components of HL microenvironment. This new knowledge will probably translate into a change in the antineoplastic treatments in HL in the next future and hopefully will increase the curability rates of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de la Cruz-Merino
- Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain.
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20
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Aldinucci D, Gloghini A, Pinto A, Colombatti A, Carbone A. The role of CD40/CD40L and interferon regulatory factor 4 in Hodgkin lymphoma microenvironment. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:195-201. [PMID: 21756027 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.605190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer are two independent biological events that can play an interdependent role. The model of such interaction is represented by Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), where the microenvironment is dominated by an extensive mixed, potentially cellular inflammatory infiltrate that plays a decisive role in the pathobiology of HL. In this review we summarize updated information on the complex interactions between Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells and their tissue microenvironment, highlighting the functional role of CD40/CD40L and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Aldinucci
- Experimental Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
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21
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Jakovic LR, Mihaljevic BS, Perunicic Jovanovic MD, Bogdanovic AD, Andjelic BM, Bumbasirevic VZ. The prognostic relevance of tumor associated macrophages in advanced stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1913-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.580026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Steidl C, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD. Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Increasing Evidence of the Importance of the Microenvironment. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:1812-26. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.32.8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) represents the most common subtype of malignant lymphoma in young people in the Western world. Most patients can be cured with modern treatment strategies, although approximately 20% will die after relapse or progressive disease. The histologic hallmark of the disease is the presence of the characteristic Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical HL and so-called lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells in nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL. HL is unique among all cancers because malignant cells are greatly outnumbered by reactive cells in the tumor microenvironment and make up only approximately 1% of the tumor. Expression of a variety of cytokines and chemokines by the HRS and LP cells is believed to be the driving force for an abnormal immune response, perpetuated by additional factors secreted by reactive cells in the microenvironment that help maintain the inflammatory milieu. The malignant HRS and LP cells manipulate the microenvironment, permitting them to develop their malignant phenotype fully and evade host immune attack. Gene expression signatures derived from non-neoplastic cells correlate well with response to initial and subsequent therapies, reflecting their functional relevance. Recent biomarker studies have added texture to clinical outcome predictors, and their incorporation into prognostic models may improve our understanding of the biologic correlates of treatment failure. Moreover, recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment represents a promising therapeutic target, raising hope that novel treatment strategies focused on the interface between malignant and reactive cells will soon emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steidl
- From the British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Connors
- From the British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- From the British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Shiao SL, Coussens LM. The tumor-immune microenvironment and response to radiation therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:411-21. [PMID: 21161342 PMCID: PMC3011087 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) are standard therapeutic modalities for patients with cancer, including breast cancer. Historic studies examining tissue and cellular responses to RT have predominantly focused on damage caused to proliferating malignant cells leading to their death. However, there is increasing evidence that RT also leads to significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment, particularly with respect to effects on immune cells infiltrating tumors. This review focuses on tumor-associated immune cell responses following RT and discusses how immune responses may be modified to enhance durability and efficacy of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Shiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW450C, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW450C, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW450C, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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24
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T-Cell Traffic Jam in Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications. Adv Hematol 2010; 2011:501659. [PMID: 20975771 PMCID: PMC2957104 DOI: 10.1155/2011/501659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In hematologic malignancies, the microenvironment is often characterized by nonneoplastic cells with peculiar phenotypic and functional features. This is particularly true in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), in which T lymphocytes surrounding Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cells are essentially polarized towards a memory T-helper type 2 phenotype. In this paper we will first evaluate the main processes modulating T-cell recruitment towards the lymph node microenvironment in HL, especially focusing on the role played by cytokines. We will then consider the most relevant mechanisms of immune escape exerted by neoplastic cells in order to evade antitumor immunity. The potential pathogenetic and prognostic impact of regulatory T cells in such a context will be also described. We will finally overview some of the strategies of cellular immunotherapy applied in patients with HL.
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25
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Aldinucci D, Gloghini A, Pinto A, De Filippi R, Carbone A. The classical Hodgkin's lymphoma microenvironment and its role in promoting tumour growth and immune escape. J Pathol 2010; 221:248-63. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are crucially involved in the modulation of adaptive T-cell responses in the course of neoplastic, viral, and autoimmune disorders. In several of these diseases elevated extracellular levels of the serine protease granzyme B (GrB) are observed. Here we demonstrate that human pDCs can be an abundant source of GrB and that such GrB(+) pDCs potently suppress T-cell proliferation in a GrB-dependent, perforin-independent manner, a process reminiscent of regulatory T cells. Moreover, we show that GrB expression is strictly regulated on a transcriptional level involving Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and STAT5 and that interleukin-3 (IL-3), a cytokine secreted by activated T cells, plays a central role for GrB induction. Moreover, we find that the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 enhances, while Toll-like receptor agonists and CD40 ligand strongly inhibit, GrB secretion by pDCs. GrB-secreting pDCs may play a regulatory role for immune evasion of tumors, antiviral immune responses, and autoimmune processes. Our results provide novel information about the complex network of pDC-T-cell interactions and may contribute to an improvement of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations.
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27
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Appraisal of immune response in lymphoproliferative syndromes: A systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 70:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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