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Thapa R, Gupta G, Bhat AA, Almalki WH, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Saleem S, Khan R, Altwaijry N, Dureja H, Singh SK, Dua K. A review of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitors for cancers therapies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127375. [PMID: 37839597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The intricate molecular pathways governing cancer development and progression have spurred intensive investigations into novel therapeutic targets. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3), a complex serine/threonine kinase, has emerged as a key player with intricate roles in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Harnessing GSK3 inhibitors as potential candidates for cancer therapy has garnered significant interest due to their ability to modulate key signalling pathways that drive oncogenesis. The review encompasses a thorough examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying GSK3's involvement in cancer progression, shedding light on its interaction with critical pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB. Through these interactions, GSK3 exerts influence over tumour growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, rendering it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The discussion includes preclinical and clinical studies, showcasing the inhibitors efficacy across a spectrum of cancer types, including pancreatic, ovarian, lung, and other malignancies. Insights from recent studies highlight the potential synergistic effects of combining GSK3 inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents or targeted therapies, opening avenues for innovative combinatorial approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research surrounding GSK3 inhibitors as promising agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Asif Ahmad Bhat
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year for the Health Colleges, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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2
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Lees J, Hay J, Moles MW, Michie AM. The discrete roles of individual FOXO transcription factor family members in B-cell malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179101. [PMID: 37275916 PMCID: PMC10233034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) class O (FOXO) proteins are a dynamic family of transcription factors composed of four family members: FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6. As context-dependent transcriptional activators and repressors, the FOXO family regulates diverse cellular processes including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, metabolism, longevity and cell fate determination. A central pathway responsible for negative regulation of FOXO activity is the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signalling pathway, enabling cell survival and proliferation. FOXO family members can be further regulated by distinct kinases, both positively (e.g., JNK, AMPK) and negatively (e.g., ERK-MAPK, CDK2), with additional post-translational modifications further impacting on FOXO activity. Evidence has suggested that FOXOs behave as 'bona fide' tumour suppressors, through transcriptional programmes regulating several cellular behaviours including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, an alternative paradigm has emerged which indicates that FOXOs operate as mediators of cellular homeostasis and/or resistance in both 'normal' and pathophysiological scenarios. Distinct FOXO family members fulfil discrete roles during normal B cell maturation and function, and it is now clear that FOXOs are aberrantly expressed and mutated in discrete B-cell malignancies. While active FOXO function is generally associated with disease suppression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia for example, FOXO expression is associated with disease progression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma, an observation also seen in other cancers. The opposing functions of the FOXO family drives the debate about the circumstances in which FOXOs favour or hinder disease progression, and whether targeting FOXO-mediated processes would be effective in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Here, we discuss the disparate roles of FOXO family members in B lineage cells, the regulatory events that influence FOXO function focusing mainly on post-translational modifications, and consider the potential for future development of therapies that target FOXO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alison M. Michie
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Urdeitx P, Mousavi SJ, Avril S, Doweidar MH. Computational modeling of multiple myeloma interactions with resident bone marrow cells. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106458. [PMID: 36599211 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of multiple myeloma with bone marrow resident cells plays a key role in tumor progression and the development of drug resistance. The tumor cell response involves contact-mediated and paracrine interactions. The heterogeneity of myeloma cells and bone marrow cells makes it difficult to reproduce this environment in in-vitro experiments. The use of in-silico established tools can help to understand these complex problems. In this article, we present a computational model based on the finite element method to define the interactions of multiple myeloma cells with resident bone marrow cells. This model includes cell migration, which is controlled by stress-strain equilibrium, and cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A series of computational experiments were performed to validate the proposed model. Cell proliferation by the growth factor IGF-1 is studied for different concentrations ranging from 0-10 ng/mL. Cell motility is studied for different concentrations of VEGF and fibronectin in the range of 0-100 ng/mL. Finally, cells were simulated under a combination of IGF-1 and VEGF stimuli whose concentrations are considered to be dependent on the cancer-associated fibroblasts in the extracellular matrix. Results show a good agreement with previous in-vitro results. Multiple myeloma growth and migration are shown to correlate linearly to the IGF-1 stimuli. These stimuli are coupled with the mechanical environment, which also improves cell growth. Moreover, cell migration depends on the fiber and VEGF concentration in the extracellular matrix. Finally, our computational model shows myeloma cells trigger mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts, in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Urdeitx
- School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - S Jamaleddin Mousavi
- Mines Saint-Étienne, University of Lyon, University of Jean Monnet, INSERM, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Stephane Avril
- Mines Saint-Étienne, University of Lyon, University of Jean Monnet, INSERM, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France; Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Mohamed H Doweidar
- School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
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4
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Mark C, Callander NS, Chng K, Miyamoto S, Warrick J. Timelapse viability assay to detect division and death of primary multiple myeloma cells in response to drug treatments with single cell resolution. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:49-61. [PMID: 35653717 PMCID: PMC9175638 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity among cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is thought to be a significant contributor to the heterogeneity of clinical therapy response observed between patients and can evolve over time. A primary example of this is multiple myeloma (MM), a generally incurable cancer where such heterogeneity contributes to the persistent evolution of drug resistance. However, there is a paucity of functional assays for studying this heterogeneity in patient samples or for assessing the influence of the patient TME on therapy response. Indeed, the population-averaged data provided by traditional drug response assays and the large number of cells required for screening remain significant hurdles to advancement. To address these hurdles, we developed a suite of accessible technologies for quantifying functional drug response to a panel of therapies in ex vivo three-dimensional culture using small quantities of a patient's own cancer and TME components. This suite includes tools for label-free single-cell identification and quantification of both cell division and death events with a standard brightfield microscope, an open-source software package for objective image analysis and feasible data management of multi-day timelapse experiments, and a new approach to fluorescent detection of cell death that is compatible with long-term imaging of primary cells. These new tools and capabilities are used to enable sensitive, objective, functional characterization of primary MM cell therapy response in the presence of TME components, laying the foundation for future studies and efforts to enable predictive assessment drug efficacy for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mark
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Natalie S Callander
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kenny Chng
- McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory of Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jay Warrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Salus Discovery, LLC, 110 E. Main St. Suite 815, Madison, WI 53703, USA
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5
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Pathobiology and Therapeutic Relevance of GSK-3 in Chronic Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111812. [PMID: 35681507 PMCID: PMC9180032 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes. GSK-3 comprises two isoforms (α and β) which were originally discovered in 1980 as enzymes involved in glucose metabolism via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Differently from other proteins kinases, GSK-3 isoforms are constitutively active in resting cells, and their modulation mainly involves inhibition through upstream regulatory networks. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 isoforms were implicated as key players in cancer cell pathobiology. Active GSK-3 facilitates the destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins which include β-catenin and Master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism (c-Myc). Therefore, GSK-3 was initially considered to be a tumor suppressor. Consistently, GSK-3 is often inactivated in cancer cells through dysregulated upstream signaling pathways. However, over the past 10–15 years, a growing number of studies highlighted that in some cancer settings GSK-3 isoforms inhibit tumor suppressing pathways and therefore act as tumor promoters. In this article, we will discuss the multiple and often enigmatic roles played by GSK-3 isoforms in some chronic hematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas) which are among the most common blood cancer cell types. We will also summarize possible novel strategies targeting GSK-3 for innovative therapies of these disorders.
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6
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Zhang X, Huo C, Liu Y, Su R, Zhao Y, Li Y. Mechanism and Disease Association With a Ubiquitin Conjugating E2 Enzyme: UBE2L3. Front Immunol 2022; 13:793610. [PMID: 35265070 PMCID: PMC8899012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.793610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 is an important component of the post-translational protein ubiquitination pathway, which mediates the transfer of activated ubiquitin to substrate proteins. UBE2L3, also called UBcH7, is one of many E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes that participate in the ubiquitination of many substrate proteins and regulate many signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB, GSK3β/p65, and DSB repair pathways. Studies on UBE2L3 have found that it has an abnormal expression in many diseases, mainly immune diseases, tumors and Parkinson's disease. It can also promote the occurrence and development of these diseases. Resultantly, UBE2L3 may become an important target for some diseases. Herein, we review the structure of UBE2L3, and its mechanism in diseases, as well as diseases related to UBE2L3 and discuss the related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengdong Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiliang Su
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Cancer Biology and Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061388. [PMID: 32503133 PMCID: PMC7349761 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with more than 100 substrates and interacting molecules. GSK3β is normally active in cells and negative regulation of GSK3β activity via phosphorylation of its serine 9 residue is required for most normal cells to maintain homeostasis. Aberrant expression and activity of GSK3β contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of common recalcitrant diseases such as glucose intolerance, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Despite recognized roles against several proto-oncoproteins and mediators of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, deregulated GSK3β also participates in tumor cell survival, evasion of apoptosis, proliferation and invasion, as well as sustaining cancer stemness and inducing therapy resistance. A therapeutic effect from GSK3β inhibition has been demonstrated in 25 different cancer types. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that GSK3β inhibition protects normal cells and tissues from the harmful effects associated with conventional cancer therapies. Here, we review the evidence supporting aberrant GSK3β as a hallmark property of cancer and highlight the beneficial effects of GSK3β inhibition on normal cells and tissues during cancer therapy. The biological rationale for targeting GSK3β in the treatment of cancer is also discussed at length.
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8
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Targeting GSK3 and Associated Signaling Pathways Involved in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051110. [PMID: 32365809 PMCID: PMC7290852 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine (S/T) protein kinase. Although GSK-3 originally was identified to have functions in regulation of glycogen synthase, it was subsequently determined to have roles in multiple normal biochemical processes as well as various disease conditions. GSK-3 is sometimes referred to as a moonlighting protein due to the multiple substrates and processes which it controls. Frequently, when GSK-3 phosphorylates proteins, they are targeted for degradation. GSK-3 is often considered a component of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK-3/mTORC1 pathway as GSK-3 is frequently phosphorylated by AKT which regulates its inactivation. AKT is often active in human cancer and hence, GSK-3 is often inactivated. Moreover, GSK-3 also interacts with WNT/β-catenin signaling and β-catenin and other proteins in this pathway are targets of GSK-3. GSK-3 can modify NF-κB activity which is often expressed at high levels in cancer cells. Multiple pharmaceutical companies developed small molecule inhibitors to suppress GSK-3 activity. In addition, various natural products will modify GSK-3 activity. This review will focus on the effects of small molecule inhibitors and natural products on GSK-3 activity and provide examples where these compounds were effective in suppressing cancer growth.
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9
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Kuroki H, Anraku T, Kazama A, Bilim V, Tasaki M, Schmitt D, Mazar AP, Giles FJ, Ugolkov A, Tomita Y. 9-ING-41, a small molecule inhibitor of GSK-3beta, potentiates the effects of anticancer therapeutics in bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19977. [PMID: 31882719 PMCID: PMC6934761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine kinase, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of a small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor, 9-ING-41, currently in clinical studies in patients with advanced cancer, in bladder cancer cell lines. We found that treatment with 9-ING-41 leads to cell cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine potentiated the antitumor effects of 9-ING-41 when tested in combination studies. Our findings also demonstrate that 9-ING-41 enhanced the growth inhibitory effects of gemcitabine or cisplatin when used in combination in bladder cancer cells. Finally, we found that 9-ING-41 sensitized bladder cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of human immune effector cells. Our results provide a rationale for the inclusion of patients with advanced bladder cancer in clinical studies of 9-ING-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Kuroki
- Department of Urology, Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Anraku
- Department of Urology, Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akira Kazama
- Department of Urology, Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Vladimir Bilim
- Department of Urology, Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Kameda Daiichi Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tasaki
- Department of Urology, Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Department of Urology, Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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10
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Rizk M, Rizq O, Oshima M, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Koide S, Saraya A, Isshiki Y, Chiba T, Yamazaki S, Ma A, Jin J, Iwama A, Mimura N. Akt inhibition synergizes with polycomb repressive complex 2 inhibition in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3695-3707. [PMID: 31571328 PMCID: PMC6890440 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) components, EZH2 and its homolog EZH1, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway are focal points as therapeutic targets for multiple myeloma. However, the exact crosstalk between their downstream targets remains unclear. We herein elucidated some epigenetic interactions following Akt inhibition and demonstrated the efficacy of the combined inhibition of Akt and PRC2. We found that TAS-117, a potent and selective Akt inhibitor, downregulated EZH2 expression at the mRNA and protein levels via interference with the Rb-E2F pathway, while EZH1 was compensatively upregulated to maintain H3K27me3 modifications. Consistent with these results, the dual EZH2/EZH1 inhibitor, UNC1999, but not the selective EZH2 inhibitor, GSK126, synergistically enhanced TAS-117-induced cytotoxicity and provoked myeloma cell apoptosis. RNA-seq analysis revealed the activation of the FOXO signaling pathway after TAS-117 treatment. FOXO3/4 mRNA and their downstream targets were upregulated with the enhanced nuclear localization of FOXO3 protein after TAS-117 treatment. ChIP assays confirmed the direct binding of FOXO3 to EZH1 promoter, which was enhanced by TAS-117 treatment. Moreover, FOXO3 knockdown repressed EZH1 expression. Collectively, the present results reveal some molecular interactions between Akt signaling and epigenetic modulators, which emphasize the benefits of targeting PRC2 full activity and the Akt pathway as a therapeutic option for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rizk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ola Rizq
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koide
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsunori Saraya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Isshiki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anqi Ma
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Zhu FX, Wang XT, Zeng HQ, Yin ZH, Ye ZZ. A predicted risk score based on the expression of 16 autophagy-related genes for multiple myeloma survival. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5310-5324. [PMID: 31612041 PMCID: PMC6781562 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has an important role in the pathogenesis of plasma cell development and multiple myeloma (MM); however, the prognostic role of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in MM remains undefined. In the present study, the expression profiles of 234 ARGs were obtained from a Gene Expression Omnibus dataset (accession GSE24080), which contains 559 samples of patients with MM analyzed with 54,675 probes. Univariate Cox regression analysis identified 55 ARGs that were significantly associated with event-free survival of MM. Furthermore, a risk score with 16 survival-associated ARGs was developed using multivariate Cox regression analysis, including ATIC, BNIP3L, CALCOCO2, DNAJB1, DNAJB9, EIF4EBP1, EVA1A, FKBP1B, FOXO1, FOXO3, GABARAP, HIF1A, NCKAP1, PRKAR1A and SUPT20H, was constructed. Using this prognostic signature, patients with MM could be separated into high- and low-risk groups with distinct clinical outcomes. The area under the curve values for the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.740, 0.741 and 0.712 for 3, 5 and 10 years prognosis predictions, respectively. Notably, the prognostic role of this risk score could be validated with another four independent cohorts (accessions: GSE57317, GSE4581, GSE4452 and GSE4204). In conclusion, ARGs may serve vital roles in the progression of MM, and the ARGs-based prognostic model may provide novel ideas for clinical applications in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Qiong Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, P.R. China
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Wu X, Stenson M, Abeykoon J, Nowakowski K, Zhang L, Lawson J, Wellik L, Li Y, Krull J, Wenzl K, Novak AJ, Ansell SM, Bishop GA, Billadeau DD, Peng KW, Giles F, Schmitt DM, Witzig TE. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 for therapeutic benefit in lymphoma. Blood 2019; 134:363-373. [PMID: 31101621 PMCID: PMC6659256 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018874560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the B-cell receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR signaling pathways has shown meaningful, but incomplete, antitumor activity in lymphoma. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) α and β are 2 homologous and functionally overlapping serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate multiple protein substrates in several key signaling pathways. To date, no agent targeting GSK3 has been approved for lymphoma therapy. We show that lymphoma cells abundantly express GSK3α and GSK3β compared with normal B and T lymphocytes at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Utilizing a new GSK3 inhibitor 9-ING-41 and by genetic deletion of GSK3α and GSK3β genes using CRISPR/CAS9 knockout, GSK3 was demonstrated to be functionally important to lymphoma cell growth and proliferation. GSK3β binds to centrosomes and microtubules, and lymphoma cells treated with 9-ING-41 become arrested in mitotic prophase, supporting the notion that GSK3β is necessary for the progression of mitosis. By analyzing recently published RNA sequencing data on 234 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients, we found that higher expression of GSK3α or GSK3β correlates well with shorter overall survival. These data provide rationale for testing GSK3 inhibitors in lymphoma patient trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
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13
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Schulz L, Pries R, Lanka AS, Drenckhan M, Rades D, Wollenberg B. Inhibition of GSK3α/β impairs the progression of HNSCC. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27630-27644. [PMID: 29963225 PMCID: PMC6021246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and there is an enormous need for innovative therapy approaches. Several recent studies suggest tumor entity specific roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in different human cancers, acting as tumor suppressor or as tumor promoter. Here we describe the role of GSK3 with respect to different parameters within HNSCC progression. Methods Base line expression and activity profiles of p-GSK3α/β (Ser21/9) and p-GSK3α/β (Tyr279/216) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Four different permanent HNSCC cell lines were exposed to the potent GSK3α/β inhibitor SB 216763. Cell viability was controlled via the MTT test. Cell migration was quantified with the Real Time Cell Analyzer (RCTA) xCELLigence. Regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was measured with the Human Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array and scratch assays. Taqman probes were used to detect the specific gene expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines Interleukin IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNFα and IFNβ. Results Exposure of permanent HNSCC cell lines to the specific GSK3α/β inhibitor SB 216763 leads to significant growth inhibition, inhibition of migration and decreased levels of active GSK3α/β in a dose dependent manner.Exposure of HNSCC lines to SB 216763 also resulted in a markable shift of EMT markers and functional EMT dysregulation. Functionally GSK3 differentially mediates the expression of TLR4- and TLR3-induced inflammatory cytokines in HNSCC, whereas no effect of SB 216763 on the NFkB activity was noticed. Conclusion GSK3α/β plays a crucial role in a variety of regulatory networks for HNSCC cancer progression as it drives proliferation or migration and thus GSK3 could serve as an interesting target for clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schulz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Ralph Pries
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Aruna Sree Lanka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Maren Drenckhan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Dirk Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
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Ushmorov A, Wirth T. FOXO in B-cell lymphopoiesis and B cell neoplasia. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 50:132-141. [PMID: 28774833 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
FOX O family transcription factors are important for differentiation and function of multiple cell types. In B lymphocytes they play a critical role. The activity of FOXOs is directly regulated both by signaling from B cell receptor (BCR) and cytokine receptors. FOXO1 action controls the transition between differentiation stages of B cell development. In comparison to other FOXO family members, FOXO1 plays a superior role in the regulation of early stages of B-cell differentiation. Although being known as a negative regulator of cell proliferation and therefore potential tumor suppressor, FOXO1 is downregulated only in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) subtypes. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) entities its expression is maintained at significant levels, raising the question on the role of FOXO-transcription factors in the proliferation and survival programs in the process of B cell differentiation as well as their contribution to the oncogenic programs of B-cell lymphomas. In particular, we discuss molecular mechanisms that might determine the switch between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival effects of FOXO1 and their interplay with specific differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ushmorov
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Bong IPN, Ng CC, Fakiruddin SK, Lim MN, Zakaria Z. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells: A preliminary study. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:268-275. [PMID: 27754828 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of B lymphocytes or plasma cells. Our array-based comparative genomic hybridization findings revealed chromosomal gains at 7q22.3 and 1q42.3, where nicotinamide (NAM) phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) genes are localized, respectively. This led us to further study the functions of these genes in myeloma cells. NAMPT is a key enzyme involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage pathway, and it is frequently overexpressed in human cancers. In contrast, little is known about the function of LYST in cancer. The expression of LYST is shown to affect lysosomal size, granule size, and autophagy in human cells. In this study, the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of NAMPT and LYST on cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated in RPMI 8226 myeloma cells. Transfection efficiencies were determined by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR. Cell proliferation was determined using MTT assay, while apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay. The NAMPT protein expression in siRNA-treated cells was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed that NAMPT and LYST were successfully knockdown by siRNA transfection (p < 0.05). NAMPT or LYST gene silencing significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in RPMI 8226 cells (p < 0.05). Silencing of NAMPT gene also decreased NAMPT protein levels (p < 0.01). Our study demonstrated that NAMPT and LYST play pivotal roles in the molecular pathogenesis of MM. This is the first report describing the possible functions of LYST in myelomagenesis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivyna Pau Ni Bong
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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de Blas E, Estañ MC, Del Carmen Gómez de Frutos M, Ramos J, Del Carmen Boyano-Adánez M, Aller P. Selected polyphenols potentiate the apoptotic efficacy of glycolytic inhibitors in human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Regulation by protein kinase activities. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:70. [PMID: 27610044 PMCID: PMC5015235 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is a safe, potentially useful anti-tumour drug, but its efficacy is normally low when used alone. Recent studies indicated that 2-DG stimulates the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK defensive pathways, which limits the apoptotic efficacy in tumour cell lines. We hypothesized that co-treatment with selected polyphenols could improve 2-DG-provoked apoptosis by preventing defensive kinase activation. Methods Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting or the MTT assay. Cell cycle, apoptosis and necrosis were determined by propidium iodide staining and/or annexin V labeling followed by flow cytometry. Mitochondria pore transition and depolarization were determined by calcein-ATM or rhodamine 123 labeling followed flow cytometry. Intracellular reactive oxygen species and GSH were determined by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate or monochlorobimane labeling followed by flow cytometry or fluorimetry. Expression and phosphorylation of protein kinases were analyzed by the Western blot. Results (i) 2-DG-provoked apoptosis was greatly potentiated by co-treatment with the sub-lethal concentrations of the flavonoid quercetin in human HL60 acute myeloblastic leukemia cells. Allowing for quantitative differences, apoptosis potentiation was also obtained using NB4 promyelocytic and THP-1 promonocytic cells, using curcumin or genistein instead of quercetin, and using lonidamine instead of 2-DG, but not when 2-DG was substituted by incubation in glucose-free medium. (ii) Quercetin and 2-DG rapidly elicited the opening of mitochondria pore transition, which preceded the trigger of apoptosis. (iii) Treatments did not affect GSH levels, and caused disparate effects on reactive oxygen species generation, which did not match the changes in lethality. (iv) 2-DG and lonidamine stimulated defensive Akt and ERK phosphorylation/activation, while glucose starvation was ineffective. Polyphenols prevented the stimulation of Akt phosphorylation, and in some cases also ERK phosphorylation. In addition, quercetin and 2-DG stimulated GSK-3α,β phosphorylation/inactivation, although with different isoform specificity. The use of pharmacologic inhibitors confirmed the importance of these kinase modifications for apoptosis. Conclusions The present in vitro observations suggest that co-treatment with low concentrations of selected polyphenols might represent a manner of improving the poor anti-tumour efficacy of some glycolytic inhibitors, and that apoptosis potentiation may be at least in part explained by the regulation of defensive protein kinase activities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-016-0345-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Blas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cristina Estañ
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain ; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Gómez de Frutos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain ; Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain ; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Boyano-Adánez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricio Aller
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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McCubrey JA, Rakus D, Gizak A, Steelman LS, Abrams SL, Lertpiriyapong K, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Montalto G, Cervello M, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Scalisi A, Torino F, Fenga C, Neri LM, Marmiroli S, Cocco L, Martelli AM. Effects of mutations in Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and PI3K pathways on GSK-3 activity-Diverse effects on cell growth, metabolism and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2942-2976. [PMID: 27612668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in an array of critical cellular processes. GSK-3 was first characterized as an enzyme that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. However, subsequent studies have revealed that this moon-lighting protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that regulate not only metabolism but also have roles in: apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell renewal, differentiation, embryogenesis, migration, regulation of gene transcription, stem cell biology and survival. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in various diseases as well as how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and TP53. Mutations that occur in these and other pathways can alter the effects that natural GSK-3 activity has on regulating these signaling circuits that can lead to cancer as well as other diseases. The novel roles that microRNAs play in regulation of the effects of GSK-3 will also be evaluated. Targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways may improve therapy and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steve L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Scalisi
- Unit of Oncologic Diseases, ASP-Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section - Policlinico "G. Martino" - University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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NISHIMURA HIDEKI, NAKAMURA OSAMU, YAMAGAMI YOSHIKI, MORI MASAKI, HORIE RYOSUKE, FUKUOKA NATSUKO, YAMAMOTO TETSUJI. GSK-3 inhibitor inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2348-54. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ma C, Zeng C, Jin L, Yang Y, Li P, Chen L, Wang J. GSK3β mediates the carcinogenic effect of HPV16 in cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16555. [PMID: 26560046 PMCID: PMC4642308 DOI: 10.1038/srep16555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent and fatal cancers among women and infection of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor. This study investigated how HPV16 regulated GSK3β expression and function to promote cervical cancers. The expression of GSK3β was analyzed by quantitative PCR and western blot. The proliferation, invasion, and clonogenic survival of cells with different E6/E7 levels were measured by MTT, transwell invasion assays, and soft agar colony-forming assays, respectively. The levels of GSK3β were correlated with the copy numbers and expression levels of HPV16 E6/E7 genes. HPV16 E6/E7 genes regulated GSK3β transcription through an element located in the promoter 85 and 250 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. The abilities of cell proliferation, invasion, and clonogenic survival were increased in C33A cells by ectopic HPV16 E6/E7 and decreased in CaSki cells by knocking down HPV16 E6/E7 levels. Meanwhile, LiCl increased GSK3β transcript levels and the proliferation of CaSki cells in a HPV16-dependent manner. These data indicated that GSK3β may participated in HPV16 mediated deregulation of wnt/β-catenin and other signaling pathways promoting the progression and invasion of cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Chenglong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Liangfeng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
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20
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NKG2D and DNAM-1 Ligands: Molecular Targets for NK Cell-Mediated Immunotherapeutic Intervention in Multiple Myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:178698. [PMID: 26161387 PMCID: PMC4486747 DOI: 10.1155/2015/178698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal strategy to improve NK cell-mediated antitumor activity involves the upregulation of activating ligands on tumor cells. Enhancement of NK cell-mediated recognition of multiple myeloma cells was reported by us and others showing increased surface expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on tumor cells following treatment with a number of chemotherapeutic agents, such as genotoxic drugs or inhibitors of proteasome, histone deacetylases, GSK3, and HSP-90. These compounds have the capability to affect tumor survival but also to activate specific transduction pathways associated with the upregulation of different NK cell activating ligands on the tumor cells. Here, we will summarize and discuss the molecular pathways whereby these drugs can regulate the expression of NK cell activating ligands in multiple myeloma cells.
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21
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Goc A, Al-Husein B, Katsanevas K, Steinbach A, Lou U, Sabbineni H, DeRemer DL, Somanath PR. Targeting Src-mediated Tyr216 phosphorylation and activation of GSK-3 in prostate cancer cells inhibit prostate cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2015; 5:775-87. [PMID: 24519956 PMCID: PMC3996673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a positive correlation between glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activation and tumor growth. Currently, it is unclear how both Akt that inhibits GSK-3 and active GSK-3 are maintained concurrently in tumor cells. We investigated the role of GSK-3 and the existence of an Akt-resistant pathway for GSK-3 activation in prostate cancer cells. Our data show that Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation leading to its activation even when Akt is active. Experiments involving mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking cSrc, Yes and Fyn, as well as Src activity modulation in prostate cancer cells with constitutively active (CA-Src) and dominant negative Src (DN-Src) plasmids demonstrated the integral role of Src in Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation and activity modulation. Inhibition of GSK-3 with SB415286 in PC3 cells resulted in impaired motility, proliferation and colony formation. Treatment of PC3 cells with the Src inhibitor dasatinib reduced Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation and inhibited proliferation, invasion and micrometastasis in vitro. Dasatinib treatment of athymic nude mice resulted in impaired growth of PC3 cell tumor xenograft. Together, we provide novel insight into the Src-mediated Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation and activation in prostate cancer cells and reveal the potential benefits of targeting Src-GSK-3 axis using drugs such as dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA
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Alexandrakis MG, Pappa CA, Kolovou A, Kyriakaki S, Vyzoukaki R, Devetzoglou M, Tsirakis G. Circulating levels of soluble Fas ligand reflect disease progression in multiple myeloma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:953. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zeng J, Liu D, Qiu Z, Huang Y, Chen B, Wang L, Xu H, Huang N, Liu L, Li W. GSK3β overexpression indicates poor prognosis and its inhibition reduces cell proliferation and survival of non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91231. [PMID: 24618715 PMCID: PMC3949982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) is centrally involved in diverse cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of GSK3β expression on the prognosis of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the effects of GSK3β inhibition in NSCLC cell lines. METHODS Immunohistochemical and western blot assays were used to evaluate the GSK3β expression level in human NSCLC tissues. Lentiviral RNA interference was performed to inhibit the expression of GSK3β in the A549, H292, H1299 and SK-MES-1 cell lines. Cell survival, apoptosis and motility were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The levels of GSK3β were greater in NSCLC tissues (n = 211) than in control tissues (n = 194) (P<0.001). The 5-year follow-up analysis showed that positive GSK3β expression was indicative of poor prognosis (P = 0.006). Furthermore, knockdown of GSK3β in NSCLC cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, arrested tumor cells in G0/G1 phase, induced apoptosis and reduced cell motility. A xenograft model showed that the deregulation of GSK3β attenuated tumorigenesis, as confirmed by reduced cell proliferation based on Ki-67 and significantly increased apoptotic cell death. The inhibition of GSK3β had inconsistent effects on the expression of β-catenin, depending on the cell type examined. CONCLUSION Aberrant expression of GSK3β serves as an independent marker of poor prognosis for NSCLC. The inhibition of GSK3β suppressed tumorigenesis by attenuating cell proliferation, increasing apoptosis and restraining cell motility. These results identify GSK3β as a tumor promoter and a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bojiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β in immunity and cell cycle: implications in esophageal cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:131-44. [PMID: 24276788 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal malignancies, possessing an insidious onset and a poor prognosis. Numerous transcription factors and inflammatory mediators have been reported to play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of this cancer. However, the specifics of the signaling network responsible for said factors, especially which elements are the critical regulators, are still being elucidated. Glycogen synthesis kinases 3 (GSK3)β was originally regarded as a kinase regulating glucose metabolism. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that it also played an essential role in a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, motility, and survival by regulating various transcription factors such as c-Jun, AP-1, β-catenin, CREB, and NF-κB. Aberrant regulation of GSK3β has been shown to promote cell growth in some cancers, while suppressing it in others, and thus may play an important role in the development of EC. This review will discuss our current understanding of GSK3β signaling, and its control of the expression and activation of various transcription factors that mediate the inflammatory response. We will also explore some of the known mediators of EC progression, and based on current literature, elucidate the potential roles and implications of GSK3 in this disease.
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25
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Hayashi Y, Asuzu DT, Gibbons SJ, Aarsvold KH, Bardsley MR, Lomberk GA, Mathison AJ, Kendrick ML, Shen KR, Taguchi T, Gupta A, Rubin BP, Fletcher JA, Farrugia G, Urrutia RA, Ordog T. Membrane-to-nucleus signaling links insulin-like growth factor-1- and stem cell factor-activated pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76822. [PMID: 24116170 PMCID: PMC3792098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (mouse: Kitl, human: KITLG) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), acting via KIT and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), respectively, are critical for the development and integrity of several tissues. Autocrine/paracrine KITLG-KIT and IGF1-IGF1R signaling are also activated in several cancers including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), the most common sarcoma. In murine gastric muscles, IGF1 promotes Kitl-dependent development of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), the non-neoplastic counterpart of GIST, suggesting cooperation between these pathways. Here, we report a novel mechanism linking IGF1-IGF1R and KITLG-KIT signaling in both normal and neoplastic cells. In murine gastric muscles, the microenvironment for ICC and GIST, human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2), a model for cancer niches, and GIST cells, IGF1 stimulated Kitl/KITLG protein and mRNA expression and promoter activity by activating several signaling pathways including AKT-mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition (GSK3i). GSK3i alone also stimulated Kitl/KITLG expression without activating mitogenic pathways. Both IGF1 and GSK3i induced chromatin-level changes favoring transcriptional activation at the Kitl promoter including increased histone H3/H4 acetylation and H3 lysine (K) 4 methylation, reduced H3K9 and H3K27 methylation and reduced occupancy by the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. By pharmacological or RNA interference-mediated inhibition of chromatin modifiers we demonstrated that these changes have the predicted impact on KITLG expression. KITLG knock-down and immunoneutralization inhibited the proliferation of GIST cells expressing wild-type KIT, signifying oncogenic autocrine/paracrine KITLG-KIT signaling. We conclude that membrane-to-nucleus signaling involving GSK3i establishes a previously unrecognized link between the IGF1-IGF1R and KITLG-KIT pathways, which is active in both physiologic and oncogenic contexts and can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David T. Asuzu
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Aarsvold
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Bardsley
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gwen A. Lomberk
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Mathison
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Kendrick
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - K. Robert Shen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Takahiro Taguchi
- Division of Human Health and Medical Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Anu Gupta
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Rubin
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Raul A. Urrutia
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Fionda C, Malgarini G, Soriani A, Zingoni A, Cecere F, Iannitto ML, Ricciardi MR, Federico V, Petrucci MT, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 increases NKG2D ligand MICA expression and sensitivity to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells: role of STAT3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6662-72. [PMID: 23686482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of NKG2D and DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1) receptors on lymphocytes plays an important role for anticancer response and represents an interesting therapeutic target for pharmacological modulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibitors targeting the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) on the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. GSK3 is a pleiotropic serine-threonine kinase point of convergence of numerous cell-signaling pathways, able to regulate the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, including MM. We found that inhibition of GSK3 upregulates both MICA protein surface and mRNA expression in MM cells, with little or no effects on the basal expression of the MICB and DNAM-1 ligand poliovirus receptor/CD155. Moreover, exposure to GSK3 inhibitors renders myeloma cells more efficient to activate NK cell degranulation and to enhance the ability of myeloma cells to trigger NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We could exclude that increased expression of β-catenin or activation of the heat shock factor-1 (transcription factors inhibited by active GSK3) is involved in the upregulation of MICA expression, by using RNA interference or viral transduction of constitutive active forms. On the contrary, inhibition of GSK3 correlated with a downregulation of STAT3 activation, a negative regulator of MICA transcription. Both Tyr(705) phosphorylation and binding of STAT3 on MICA promoter are reduced by GSK3 inhibitors; in addition, overexpression of a constitutively active form of STAT3 significantly inhibits MICA upregulation. Thus, we provide evidence that regulation of the NKG2D-ligand MICA expression may represent an additional immune-mediated mechanism supporting the antimyeloma activity of GSK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation-Pasteur Institute, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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27
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Eisenlöffel C, Schmöle AC, Pews-Davtyan A, Brennführer A, Kuznetsov SA, Hübner R, Frech S, Schult C, Junghanss C, Beller M, Rolfs A, Frech MJ. Interference of a novel indolylmaleimide with microtubules induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human progenitor and cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:763-71. [PMID: 23274302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indolylmaleimides display a broad spectrum of biological activity and offer great opportunity to influence several aspects of cell fate, as proliferation and differentiation. In this study we describe the effect of PDA-66, a newly synthesised indolylmaleimide, showing a strong dose dependent anti-proliferative effect on immortalised human progenitor and cancer cells. We demonstrated a highly depolymerizing effect on in vitro tubulin assembly and conclude that PDA-66 acts as microtubule destabilising agent. In addition we found that PDA-66 induces mitotic arrest of cells in the G₂/M phase of the cell cycle. Subsequently cells undergo apoptosis, indicating the major mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect. To prove a potential anti-cancer activity of PDA-66 we examined the effect of PDA-66 on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and A-459 lung cancer cells, showing a significant reduction in cancer cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Thus PDA-66 is a new anti-mitotic compound with an indole-core with the potential to be used for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eisenlöffel
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Center for Mental Health, University of Rostock, Germany.
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28
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Piazza F, Manni S, Semenzato G. Novel players in multiple myeloma pathogenesis: role of protein kinases CK2 and GSK3. Leuk Res 2012; 37:221-7. [PMID: 23174190 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy, which causes a significant morbidity due to organ damage and bone tissue destruction. In recent years, novel drugs have become available for MM therapy thanks to a more deepened knowledge of this disease's pathogenesis. The perspective of employing targeted therapies has considerably changed the expectations on the clinical outcome for patients affected by this malignancy and among the targetable molecules identified for MM therapy are several protein kinases, which have been proven to play relevant roles in supporting malignant plasma cell growth by regulating critical signaling cascades and by sustaining oncogenic mechanisms. Protein kinase CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase 2) and GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) are two multifaceted serine-threonine kinases whose task in the pathogenesis of malignant cell growth is increasingly emerging both in solid and blood tumors. In hematologic malignancies, CK2 and GSK3 have been shown to play an oncogenic function in chronic and acute leukemias as well as in MM. They have been demonstrated to act by impinging on pivotal signaling pathways that control malignant clone growth. We will herein briefly review the more recent advancements on the role of these two kinases in regulating the NF-κB, STAT3 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling in MM and discuss the rationale of using small selective inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy to hamper the growth of malignant plasma cells or to improve the MM-associated bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piazza
- Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology Laboratory, Hematologic Malignancies Unit, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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29
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Darrington RS, Campa VM, Walker MM, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Gorrono-Etxebarria I, Uysal-Onganer P, Kawano Y, Waxman J, Kypta RM. Distinct expression and activity of GSK-3α and GSK-3β in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E872-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Zhou W, Wang L, Gou SM, Wang TL, Zhang M, Liu T, Wang CY. ShRNA silencing glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 316:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Banerji V, Frumm SM, Ross KN, Li LS, Schinzel AC, Hahn CK, Kakoza RM, Chow KT, Ross L, Alexe G, Tolliday N, Inguilizian H, Galinsky I, Stone RM, DeAngelo DJ, Roti G, Aster JC, Hahn WC, Kung AL, Stegmaier K. The intersection of genetic and chemical genomic screens identifies GSK-3α as a target in human acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:935-47. [PMID: 22326953 DOI: 10.1172/jci46465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults. Long-term survival of patients with AML has changed little over the past decade, necessitating the identification and validation of new AML targets. Integration of genomic approaches with small-molecule and genetically based high-throughput screening holds the promise of improved discovery of candidate targets for cancer therapy. Here, we identified a role for glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK-3α) in AML by performing 2 independent small-molecule library screens and an shRNA screen for perturbations that induced a differentiation expression signature in AML cells. GSK-3 is a serine-threonine kinase involved in diverse cellular processes, including differentiation, signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and proliferation. We demonstrated that specific loss of GSK-3α induced differentiation in AML by multiple measurements, including induction of gene expression signatures, morphological changes, and cell surface markers consistent with myeloid maturation. GSK-3α-specific suppression also led to impaired growth and proliferation in vitro, induction of apoptosis, loss of colony formation in methylcellulose, and anti-AML activity in vivo. Although the role of GSK-3β has been well studied in cancer development, these studies support a role for GSK-3α in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Versha Banerji
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston 02215, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults. Unfortunately, the standard therapeutic agents used for this disease have high toxicities and poor efficacy. The one exception to these poor outcomes is the use of the retinoid, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), for a rare subtype of AML (APL). The use of the differentiation agent, ATRA, in combination with low-dose chemotherapy leads to the long-term survival and presumed cure of 75-85% of patients. Unfortunately ATRA has not been clinically useful for other subtypes of AML. Though many non-APL leukemic cells respond to ATRA, they require significantly higher concentrations of ATRA for effective differentiation. Here we show that the combination of ATRA with glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition significantly enhances ATRA-mediated AML differentiation and growth inhibition. These studies have revealed that ATRA's receptor, the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), is a novel target of GSK3 phosphorylation and that GSK3 can impact the expression and transcriptional activity of the RAR. Overall, our studies suggest the clinical potential of ATRA and GSK3 inhibition for AML and provide a mechanistic framework to explain the promising activity of this combination regimen.
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33
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Mirlashari MR, Randen I, Kjeldsen-Kragh J. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibition induces apoptosis in leukemic cells through mitochondria-dependent pathway. Leuk Res 2011; 36:499-508. [PMID: 22177455 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in cell survival and apoptosis are controversial. We examined the effect of a specific GSK-3 inhibitor (SB-415286) on the regulation of leukemic cells proliferation and apoptosis. SB-415286 (40 μM) induced cell growth inhibition, β-catenin stabilization, cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M phase, cyclin B1 downregulation, and apoptosis in leukemic cell lines KG1a, K562, and CMK. Blocking the death receptor pathway by using a specific inhibitor of caspase-8, did not inhibit SB-415286-induced apoptosis. This indicates that activation of caspase-8 is part of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and occurs downstream of mitochondria membrane potential depolarization mediated by other caspases. Furthermore, we found that depolarization of mitochondria membrane caused by GSK-3 inhibition is regulated by dephosphorylation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bcl-xL. Thus, inhibition of GSK-3-induced apoptosis of leukemic cells could be an attractive target for treatment of leukemia.
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34
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Mills CN, Nowsheen S, Bonner JA, Yang ES. Emerging roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in the treatment of brain tumors. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:47. [PMID: 22275880 PMCID: PMC3223722 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutively active protein glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), a serine/threonine kinase, acts paradoxically as a tumor suppressor in some cancers while potentiates growth in others. Deciphering what governs its actions is vital for understanding many pathological conditions, including brain cancer. What are seemingly disparate roles of GSK3 stems from the complex regulation of many cellular functions by GSK3. This review focuses on the regulation of GSK3, its role in survival, apoptosis and DNA damage, and finally its potential therapeutic impact in brain cancer. A thorough understanding of this versatile protein is critical for improving the outcome of various diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline N Mills
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham, AL, USA
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35
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Myatt SS, Brosens JJ, Lam EWF. Sense and sensitivity: FOXO and ROS in cancer development and treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:675-87. [PMID: 20649462 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are at the center of an emerging paradigm that links longevity, cell fate, and tumor development. Key to these processes is the ability of FOXO to regulate, and be regulated by, oxidative stress. Perturbation of the mechanisms that tightly couple reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress signaling, and FOXO activity to the subsequent cellular response is a pivotal step in cancer development and progression. Consequently, the ROS-FOXO pathway is a major therapeutic target in cancer, not only as it mediates the cellular response to chemotherapy, but also because it underpins drug resistance. As the intimate and reciprocal relation between FOXO and ROS is being unravelled, new opportunities arise to develop more-effective cancer treatments that circumvent resistance to the conventional cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Myatt
- Cancer Research-UK Labs, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, England, United Kingdom
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36
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Pharmaceutical inhibition of glycogen synthetase kinase-3β reduces multiple myeloma-induced bone disease in a novel murine plasmacytoma xenograft model. Blood 2010; 117:1641-51. [PMID: 21123822 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-308171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. MM is incurable with approximately 100 000 patients currently in the United States and 20 000 new cases diagnosed yearly. The malignancy causes displacement of hematopoiesis and formation of osteolytic bone lesions also known as myeloma bone disease (MBD). At diagnosis, 79% of patients suffer from MBD associated with severe pain and increased mortality. Wnt inhibitors secreted by MM cells inhibit osteogenesis and promote osteoclastogenesis, therefore rapid targeting of Wnt inhibitors is necessary to prevent potentially irreversible effects on the stroma, which could lead to incurable MBD. Inhibition of glycogen synthetase kinase-3β (GSK3β) causes accelerated Wnt signaling and enhanced osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, irrespective of the extracellular concentration of Wnt inhibitors. Our primary goal of this study was to evaluate a GSK3β inhibitor (6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime BIO) for amelioration of bone destruction in a murine model of MBD. When measured using histomorphometry, peritumoral BIO administration improved bone quality at the bone-tumor interface and, surprisingly, increased histologically apparent tumor necrosis. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrated a proapoptotic effect on numerous MM cell lines. These preliminary data suggest that pharmaceutical GSK3β inhibition may improve bone quality in myeloma and other malignant bone diseases.
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37
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Aguilar-Morante D, Morales-Garcia JA, Sanz-SanCristobal M, Garcia-Cabezas MA, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. Inhibition of glioblastoma growth by the thiadiazolidinone compound TDZD-8. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13879. [PMID: 21079728 PMCID: PMC2975629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiadiazolidinones (TDZD) are small heterocyclic compounds first described as non-ATP competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). In this study, we analyzed the effects of 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8), on murine GL261 cells growth in vitro and on the growth of established intracerebral murine gliomas in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our data show that TDZD-8 decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis of GL261 glioblastoma cells in vitro, delayed tumor growth in vivo, and augmented animal survival. These effects were associated with an early activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and increased expression of EGR-1 and p21 genes. Also, we observed a sustained activation of the ERK pathway, a concomitant phosphorylation and activation of ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and an inactivation of GSK-3β by phosphorylation at Ser 9. Finally, treatment of glioblastoma stem cells with TDZD-8 resulted in an inhibition of proliferation and self-renewal of these cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that TDZD-8 uses a novel mechanism to target glioblastoma cells, and that malignant progenitor population could be a target of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sanz-SanCristobal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angel Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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38
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Wang Z, Iwasaki M, Ficara F, Lin C, Matheny C, Wong SHK, Smith KS, Cleary ML. GSK-3 promotes conditional association of CREB and its coactivators with MEIS1 to facilitate HOX-mediated transcription and oncogenesis. Cancer Cell 2010; 17:597-608. [PMID: 20541704 PMCID: PMC2919232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemias induced by MLL chimeric oncoproteins are among the subset of cancers distinguished by a paradoxical dependence on GSK-3 kinase activity for sustained proliferation. We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CREB-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/physiology
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/prevention & control
- Maleimides/pharmacology
- Maleimides/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/physiology
- Pre-B-Cell Leukemia Transcription Factor 1
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Masayuki Iwasaki
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Francesca Ficara
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Chenwei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Christina Matheny
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Stephen H. K. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Kevin S. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
| | - Michael L. Cleary
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, Ph: 650-723-5471, Fax: 650-498-6222
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39
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Mishra R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: can it be a target for oral cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:144. [PMID: 20537194 PMCID: PMC2906469 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in treatment approaches for oral cancer, there has been only modest improvement in patient outcomes in the past three decades. The frequent treatment failure is due to the failure to control tumor recurrence and metastasis. These failures suggest that new targets should be identified to reverse oral epithelial dysplastic lesions. Recent developments suggest an active role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 β) in various human cancers either as a tumor suppressor or as a tumor promoter. GSK3β is a Ser/Thr protein kinase, and there is emerging evidence that it is a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. The evidence suggests a link between key players in oral cancer that control transcription, accelerated cell cycle progression, activation of invasion/metastasis and anti-apoptosis, and regulation of these factors by GSK3β. Moreover, the major upstream kinases of GSK3β and their oncogenic activation by several etiological agents of oral cancer support this hypothesis. In spite of all this evidence, a detailed analysis of the role of GSK3β in oral cancer and of its therapeutic potential has yet to be conducted by the scientific community. The focus of this review is to discuss the multitude of roles of GSK3β, its possible role in controlling different oncogenic events and how it can be targeted in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Dept, of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Bldg 102, Maywood, IL-60153, USA.
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40
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Zeng FY, Dong H, Cui J, Liu L, Chen T. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates PAX3-FKHR-mediated cell proliferation in human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1049-55. [PMID: 19995556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) have poorer response to conventional chemotherapy and lower survival rates than those with embryonal RMS (ERMS). To identify compounds that preferentially block the growth of ARMS, we conducted a small-scale screen of 160 kinase inhibitors against the ARMS cell line Rh30 and ERMS cell line RD and identified inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), including TWS119 as ARMS-selective inhibitors. GSK3 inhibitors inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis more effectively in Rh30 than RD cells. Ectopic expression of fusion protein PAX3-FKHR in RD cells significantly increased their sensitivity to TWS119. Down-regulation of GSK3 by GSK3 inhibitors or siRNA significantly reduced the transcriptional activity of PAX3-FKHR. These results suggest that GSK3 is directly involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of PAX3-FKHR. Also, GSK3 phosphorylated PAX3-FKHR in vitro, suggesting that GSK3 might regulate PAX3-FKHR activity via phosphorylation. These findings support a novel mechanism of PAX3-FKHR regulation by GSK3 and provide a novel strategy to develop GSK inhibitors as anti-ARMS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yue Zeng
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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