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Al-Ruwad SH, Attia AI, Abdel Monem UM, Abdel-Maksoud A, Thagfan FA, Alqahtani HA, Alkahtani AM, Salah AS, Reda FM. Dietary supplementation with copper nanoparticles enhances broiler performance by improving growth, immunity, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiota. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104026. [PMID: 39067121 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to measure the influence of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on growth performance, carcass traits, renal and hepatic indices, immunity, lipid profile, antioxidant status, blood minerals, digestive enzymes, and cecal microbiota in broilers. 300 unsexed one-week-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks in total were randomly assigned into 5 treatment groups of 60 chicks per eachwhich were divided into 5 replicates of 12 chicks. The 1st group (G1) was given basal diet (only); the 2nd group (G2), the 3rd group (G3), the 4th group (G4) and the 5th group (G5) were given basal diet treated with CuNPs at a rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg diet, respectively. The result revealed a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in performance paramters where the best values of body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were achieved at 15 mg/kg diet (CuNPs). Moreover, CuNPs supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved carcass traits specially carcass, dressing, giblets, and liver percentage, particularly at 15 mg/kg diet which revealed the best results. Furthermore, CuNPs supplementation at all tested levels increased the immune organ's weight (spleen and thymus). Plasma total protein and globulin were increased with CuNPs supplementation at levels 10 to 20 mg/kg diet. CuNPs supplementation (10-20 mg/kg diet) significantly improved liver and renal function by lowering the levels of AST, creatinine and uric acid. Moreover, CuNPs supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved lipid profile indicated by decreased the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as malondialdehyde (MDA). CuNP supplementation significantly improved broiler immunity indicated by increased IgA, IgM, complement (C3) and lysozyme, where CuNPs at 15 and 20 mg/kg diet revealed the best results. CuNPs supplementation increased reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as increased blood minerals (Cu, Fe, P, and Ca). Also, the digestive enzymes of broiler chicks treated with CuNPs significantly increased (P < 0.05), such as lipase, protease, and amylase enzymes. The findings revealed a significant elevation in total bacterial count (TBC) and lactic acid bacteria and significantly decreased total yeast and mold count (TYMC), E. coli, Salmonella and Coliform. In conclusion, CuNPs supplementation significantly improves performance, carcass yield, renal and hepatic indices, lipid profile, immunity, antioxidants, blood minerals, digestive enzymes, and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan H Al-Ruwad
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Adel I Attia
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Usama M Abdel Monem
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Maksoud
- Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Felwa Abdullah Thagfan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alkahtani
- Department of Microbiology & Clinical Parasitology College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman S Salah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Fayiz M Reda
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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Issa HJ, Hassan MI, Mekkawy AM, El Sabry MI, Abousekken MSM. Benefit and potential risk: Effects of in ovo copper oxide nanoparticles supplementation on hatchability traits, organ weights and histological features of newly hatched chicks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38890818 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This investigation was directed to examine the influence of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on the hatchability traits, and chick quality of newly hatched broiler chicks. A total of 480 eggs were randomly divided into four treatment groups, each consisting of three duplicates. As a negative control (NC), the first group was not injected; the second group was injected with saline and served as a positive control (PC), the third and fourth groups were injected with 30 and 60 ppm of (CuO-NPs)/egg. Eggs were injected into the amniotic fluid on the eighteenth day of the incubation period. Results showed that the hatchability, chick yield %, yolk free-body mass (YFBM), chick length, shank length (SL), and relative weight of the heart, gizzard and intestine of day-old broiler chicks were all unaffected by the in ovo injection of CuO-NPs. The Pasgar Score was slightly improved compared to the NC and PC groups. Also, the in ovo administration of CuO-NPs (60 ppm/egg) significantly increased the intestine length. Both levels of CuO-NPs significantly increased the concentration of Cu ions in the hepatic tissue. Additionally, different levels of tissue damage were seen in the liver of the birds that were given low or high dosages of CuO-NPs. Conclusively, the in ovo injection of CuO-NPs has a good result on the appearance of the chicks (Pasgar score). However, negative effect of CuO-NPs on liver tissue may raise concerns about the potential risks of applying CuO-NPs in ovo administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussien Jamil Issa
- Department of Sustainability Development, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Hassan
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA- City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aya M Mekkawy
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I El Sabry
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Saad M Abousekken
- Department of Sustainability Development, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Elnesr SS, Mahmoud BY, da Silva Pires PG, Moraes P, Elwan HAM, El-Shall NA, El-Kholy MS, Alagawany M. Trace Minerals in Laying Hen Diets and Their Effects on Egg Quality. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04121-8. [PMID: 38424327 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
With the advancement in the egg industry sector, egg quality has assumed great significance in certain countries. Enhancements in the nutritional value of eggs may have direct affirmative consequences for daily nutrient intake and therefore for human health. Thus, affirmative improvement in egg quality boosts consumer preferences for eggs. Also, the improvement in eggshell quality can avoid the disposal of broken eggs and consequently economic losses. Therefore, poultry nutrition and mineral supplements have a significant impact on egg quality. Minerals are crucial in poultry feed for a number of biological processes, including catalytic, physiologic, and structural processes. For instance, they contribute to the biological processes necessary for forming and developing eggshells. To produce high-quality eggs for sale, diets must therefore contain the right amount of minerals. This review aims to highlight the role of both organic and inorganic minerals in improving egg quality, in addition to reviewing the interactions of mineral supplements with intestinal microbiota and subsequent effects on the egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt.
| | - Bothaina Y Mahmoud
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Agronomia, Campus Do ValeAv. Bento Gonçalves, 7712 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila Moraes
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias-CCA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346 Itacorub, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-000, Brazil
| | - Hamada A M Elwan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya, 61519, Egypt
| | - Nahed Ahmed El-Shall
- Department Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, El-Beheira, 22758, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S El-Kholy
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Abdelghani E, Fathi MA, Li Z, Dai P, Li Y, Li C. In ovo injection of soy isoflavones on hatching performance and intestinal development of newly hatched chicks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1381-1391. [PMID: 37391896 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of soy isoflavones (ISF) on hatchability, body weight, antioxidant status and intestinal development of newly hatched broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty fertile eggs were divided as follows: the control group, 3 mg/egg ISF (low dose) and 6 mg/egg ISF (high dose) on the 18th day of incubation. The results demonstrated that in ovo inclusion of 6 mg of ISF significantly increased hatchability and hatch weight. Both doses of ISF inclusion elevated the serum glutathione peroxidase and slightly decreased malondialdehyde compared to the control group. The high dose of ISF brings higher villus height and a higher villus/crypt ratio in chicks. Moreover, the mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor- α and interferon-gamma in the spleen were significantly decreased. The ISF treatments showed an improvement in intestinal enzyme expression levels of sucrose isomaltase and mucin 2 as well as tight junction protein (TJ) mRNA expression of claudin-1 at high doses of ISF (p < 0.05) when compared with the other groups. Furthermore, the mRNA level of IGF-1 was increased in the high doses of ISF compared to the control. Overall, these findings indicate that in ovo administration of ISF on the 18th day of incubation enhances hatchability, antioxidant status and intestinal morphometrics in hatched chicks and modulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TJs and insulin-like growth factor. In addition, the sustainability of antioxidants and other positive effects of ISF may increase chick viability and growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezaldeen Abdelghani
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed A Fathi
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Poultry Breeding Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zhaojian Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyuan Dai
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansen Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Andrieux C, Petit A, Collin A, Houssier M, Métayer-Coustard S, Panserat S, Pitel F, Coustham V. Early Phenotype Programming in Birds by Temperature and Nutrition: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.755842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early development is a critical period during which environmental influences can have a significant impact on the health, welfare, robustness and performance of livestock. In oviparous vertebrates, such as birds, embryonic development takes place entirely in the egg. This allows the effects of environmental cues to be studied directly on the developing embryo. Interestingly, beneficial effects have been identified in several studies, leading to innovative procedures to improve the phenotype of the animals in the long term. In this review, we discuss the effects of early temperature and dietary programming strategies that both show promising results, as well as their potential transgenerational effects. The timing, duration and intensity of these procedures are critical to ensure that they produce beneficial effects without affecting animal survival or final product quality. For example, cyclic increases in egg incubation temperature have been shown to improve temperature tolerance and promote muscular growth in chickens or fatty liver production in mule ducks. In ovo feeding has also been successfully used to enhance digestive tract maturation, optimize chick development and growth, and thus obtain higher quality chicks. In addition, changes in the nutritional availability of methyl donors, for example, was shown to influence offspring phenotype. The molecular mechanisms behind early phenotype programming are still under investigation and are probably epigenetic in nature as shown by recent work in chickens.
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Xu P, Cao M, Dong X, Yu Z, Liu J, Tan J, Wang Y, Li T, Zhao S. Nanosized copper particles induced mesangial cell toxicity via the autophagy pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12252. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Min Cao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xueqian Dong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Junzhen Tan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | - Tao Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Shuwu Zhao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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Rodrigues DR, Wilson KM, Bielke LR. Proper Immune Response Depends on Early Exposure to Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chicks. Front Physiol 2021; 12:758183. [PMID: 34721080 PMCID: PMC8554228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The successional changes in the early intestinal microbiota occur concomitantly with the development, expansion, and education of the mucosal immune system. Although great attention of researchers has been focused on understanding the linkage between microbiota and immune functions, many essential details of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal pioneer microbiota and the avian immune system remain to be discovered. This study was conducted to understand the impact of different early life intestinal colonizers on innate and adaptive immune processes in chicks and further identify immune-associated proteins expressed in the intestinal tissue. To accomplish it, we performed an in ovo application of two apathogenic Enterobacteriaceae isolates and lactic acid bacteria (L) to determine their influences on the intestinal proteome profile of broilers at the day of hatch (DOH) and at 10 days old. The results indicated that there were predicted biological functions of L-treated chicks associated with the activation and balanced function of the innate and adaptive immune systems. At the same time, the Enterobacteriaceae-exposed birds presented dysregulated immunological mechanisms or downregulated processes related to immune development. Those findings suggested that a proper immune function was dependent on specific gut microbiota exposure, in which the prenatal probiotic application may have favored the fitting programming of immune functions in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise R Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Inspection of Animal Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Kim M Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Hassan HA, Arafat AR, Farroh KY, Bahnas MS, El-Wardany I, Elnesr SS. Histological alterations of small intestine and growth performance of broiler chicks after in ovo copper injection at 10 days of embryogenesis period. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-8. [PMID: 34629030 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1985509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess impacts of early in ovo injection (at 10 days of incubation) of copper (sulfate, acetate, or nanoparticles) on histomorphometric parameters of small intestine and growth performance of post-hatched chicks. Fertile eggs (n = 462) were distributed to seven groups (3 replicates, 22 eggs in each). The first group as a control, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups injected with 100 µL deionized water containing 8 μg/egg of Cu (sulfate, acetate and nanoparticles, respectively), and the 5th, 6th and 7th groups injected with 100 µL deionized water containing 16 μg/egg of the same Cu sources above. Results illustrated that in ovo administration of Cu sulfate and Cu acetate significantly improved histological parameters of small intestine parts of newly hatched chicks compared with the control. Cu sulfate and nano-Cu significantly augmented body weight gain compared with the control. In ovo Cu injection showed a nonsignificant improvement in feed conversion ratio. The highest level (16 μg/egg) of different sources was better than the lowest level (8 μg/egg) in most results. In conclusion, it is recommended that in ovo injection of Cu (16 μg/egg) can improve the growth performance (Cu sulfate and nano-Cu) and the small intestine histomorphometry parameters (Cu sulfate and Cu acetate) of broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan A Hassan
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Arafat
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Khaled Y Farroh
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Center Lab, Agriculture Research Central, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Bahnas
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim El-Wardany
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Abdelnour SA, Alagawany M, Hashem NM, Farag MR, Alghamdi ES, Hassan FU, Bilal RM, Elnesr SS, Dawood MAO, Nagadi SA, Elwan HAM, ALmasoudi AG, Attia YA. Nanominerals: Fabrication Methods, Benefits and Hazards, and Their Applications in Ruminants with Special Reference to Selenium and Zinc Nanoparticles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071916. [PMID: 34203158 PMCID: PMC8300133 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanomaterials can contribute to the sustainability of the livestock sector through improving the quantitative and qualitative production of safe, healthy, and functional animal products. Given the diverse nanotechnology applications in the animal nutrition field, the administration of nanominerals can substantially enhance the bioavailability of respective minerals by increasing cellular uptake and avoiding mineral antagonism. Nanominerals are also helpful for improving reproductive performance and assisted reproductive technologies outcomes of animals. Despite the promising positive effects of nanominerals on animal performance (growth, feed utilization, nutrient bioavailability, antioxidant status, and immune response), there are various challenges related to nanominerals, including their metabolism and fate in the animal’s body. Thus, the economic, legal, and ethical implications of nanomaterials must also be considered by the authority. Abstract Nanotechnology is one of the major advanced technologies applied in different fields, including agriculture, livestock, medicine, and food sectors. Nanomaterials can help maintain the sustainability of the livestock sector through improving quantitative and qualitative production of safe, healthy, and functional animal products. Given the diverse nanotechnology applications in the animal nutrition field, the use of nanomaterials opens the horizon of opportunities for enhancing feed utilization and efficiency in animal production. Nanotechnology facilitates the development of nano vehicles for nutrients (including trace minerals), allowing efficient delivery to improve digestion and absorption for better nutrient metabolism and physiology. Nanominerals are interesting alternatives for inorganic and organic minerals for animals that can substantially enhance the bioavailability and reduce pollution. Nanominerals promote antioxidant activity, and improve growth performance, reproductive performance, immune response, intestinal health, and the nutritional value of animal products. Nanominerals are also helpful for improving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcomes by enriching media for cryopreservation of spermatozoa, oocytes, and embryos with antioxidant nanominerals. Despite the promising positive effects of nanominerals on animal performance and health, there are various challenges related to nanominerals, including their metabolism and fate in the animal’s body. Thus, the economic, legal, and ethical implications of nanomaterials must also be considered by the authority. This review highlights the benefits of including nanominerals (particularly nano-selenium and nano-zinc) in animal diets and/or cryopreservation media, focusing on modes of action, physiological effects, and the potential toxicity of their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A. Abdelnour
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (N.M.H.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (N.M.H.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Etab S. Alghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faiz Ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal & Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Rana M. Bilal
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Sameer A. Nagadi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamada A. M. Elwan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya 61519, Egypt;
| | - Abeer G. ALmasoudi
- Food Science Department, College of Science, Branch of the College at Turbah, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (N.M.H.); (Y.A.A.)
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