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Knox AM, McGuire AC, Natoli RM, Kacena MA, Collier CD. Methodology, selection, and integration of fracture healing assessments in mice. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2295-2309. [PMID: 34436797 PMCID: PMC8542592 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Long bone fractures are one of the most common and costly medical conditions encountered after trauma. Characterization of the biology of fracture healing and development of potential medical interventions generally involves animal models of fracture healing using varying genetic or treatment groups, then analyzing relative repair success via the synthesis of diverse assessment methodologies. Murine models are some of the most widely used given their low cost, wide variety of genetic variants, and rapid breeding and maturation. This review addresses key concerns regarding fracture repair investigations in mice and may serve as a guide in conducting and interpreting such studies. Specifically, this review details the procedures, highlights relevant parameters, and discusses special considerations for the selection and integration of the major modalities used for quantifying fracture repair in such studies, including X-ray, microcomputed tomography, histomorphometric, biomechanical, gene expression and biomarker analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Knox
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Anthony C. McGuire
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Roman M. Natoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA
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2
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Bemenderfer TB, Harris JS, Condon KW, Li J, Kacena MA. Processing and Sectioning Undecalcified Murine Bone Specimens. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2230:231-257. [PMID: 33197018 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of mineralized tissue specimens for bone-specific staining encompasses a critical sequence of histological techniques that provides visualization of tissue and cellular morphology. Bone specimens are fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), dehydrated in graded ethanol (EtOH) solutions (and optionally cleared in xylene), infiltrated and embedded in polymethyl methacrylate (methyl methacrylate or MMA), classically sliced into 4-10 micrometer (μm) sections, and stained with bone-specific histological stains such as von Kossa (with either nuclear fast red solution counterstain or MacNeal's tetrachrome counterstain), modified Goldner's trichrome, Alizarin Red S, Safranin O, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain. Here, we describe the tissue processing of mineralized mouse bones from dissection to staining for histological analysis by light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Bemenderfer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan S Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keith W Condon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Pfaff MJ, Xue K, Li L, Horowitz MC, Steinbacher DM, Eswarakumar JVP. FGFR2c-mediated ERK-MAPK activity regulates coronal suture development. Dev Biol 2016; 415:242-250. [PMID: 27034231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) signaling is critical for proper craniofacial development. A gain-of-function mutation in the 2c splice variant of the receptor's gene is associated with Crouzon syndrome, which is characterized by craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial vault sutures, leading to craniofacial maldevelopment. Insight into the molecular mechanism of craniosynostosis has identified the ERK-MAPK signaling cascade as a critical regulator of suture patency. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of FGFR2c-induced ERK-MAPK activation in the regulation of coronal suture development. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function Fgfr2c mutant mice have overlapping phenotypes, including coronal synostosis and craniofacial dysmorphia. In vivo analysis of coronal sutures in loss-of-function and gain-of-function models demonstrated fundamentally different pathogenesis underlying coronal suture synostosis. Calvarial osteoblasts from gain-of-function mice demonstrated enhanced osteoblastic function and maturation with concomitant increase in ERK-MAPK activation. In vitro inhibition with the ERK protein inhibitor U0126 mitigated ERK protein activation levels with a concomitant reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity. This study identifies FGFR2c-mediated ERK-MAPK signaling as a key mediator of craniofacial growth and coronal suture development. Furthermore, our results solve the apparent paradox between loss-of-function and gain-of-function FGFR2c mutants with respect to coronal suture synostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles J Pfaff
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Derek M Steinbacher
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacob V P Eswarakumar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Comparison of Free Fibular Flaps With Reamer-Irrigator-Aspirator Bone Grafts for the Reconstruction of Critical-Sized Mandibular Defects. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25:1953-8. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Bemenderfer TB, Harris JS, Condon KW, Kacena MA. Tips and techniques for processing and sectioning undecalcified murine bone specimens. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1130:123-147. [PMID: 24482170 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-989-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of mineralized tissue specimens for bone-specific staining encompasses a critical sequence of histological techniques that provides visualization of tissue and cellular morphology. Bone specimens are fixed in 10 % neutral-buffered formalin, dehydrated in graded ethanol (EtOH) solutions (and optionally cleared in xylene), infiltrated and embedded in polymethyl methacrylate (methyl methacrylate), classically sliced into 4-10 micrometer (μm) sections, and stained with bone-specific histological stains such as von Kossa (with either nuclear fast red solution counterstain or MacNeal's tetrachrome counterstain), modified Goldner's trichrome, and alizarin red S stain. Here, we describe the tissue processing of mineralized mouse bones from dissection to staining for histological analysis by light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith W Condon
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Kacena MA, Halfon JK, Coady CE, Nelson T, Troiano NW. Optimization of Methylmethacrylate Infiltration Duration in Undecalcified Murine Bone Specimens. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2006.29.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Cosby CN, Troiano NW, Kacena MA. The Effects of Storage Conditions on the Preservation of Enzymatic Activity in Bone. J Histotechnol 2013; 31:169-173. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2008.31.4.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cryptic diversity with wide salinity tolerance in the putative euryhalineTestudinella clypeata(Rotifera, Monogononta). Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hydroxyapatite-associated arthropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14867-72. [PMID: 21856950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory and catabolic cytokine IL-1β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by mediating synovial inflammation and cartilage degeneration. Although synovial macrophages are suggested to be the source of IL-1β, the mechanism remains unclear. Ectopic deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals in joints is closely associated with OA and other arthropathies, but the precise role of HA in arthritis pathogenesis has not been clearly demonstrated. Here we show that HA crystals of a particular size and shape can stimulate robust secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 from murine macrophages in a NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. HA-induced inflammasome activation is dependent on potassium efflux, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lysosomal damage, but independent of cell death. Mice lacking the inflammasome components are protected against HA-induced neutrophilic inflammation in the air-pouch model of synovitis, and they show decreased joint pathology accompanying spontaneous HA deposition in the ank-deficient mouse model of arthritis. Moreover, calcium crystal positive synovial fluids from some OA patients exhibited inflammasome-stimulatory activity in vitro. These results demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates the pathological effect of HA crystals in vitro and in vivo and suggest a critical role for the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of OA.
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Melrose J, Smith SM, Smith MM, Little CB. The use of Histochoice for histological examination of articular and growth plate cartilages, intervertebral disc and meniscus. Biotech Histochem 2008; 83:47-53. [PMID: 18568676 DOI: 10.1080/10520290801990414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histochoice is a proprietary nontoxic, non-cross-linking fixative designed by the manufacturer to replace formaldehyde based fixation protocols. We compared Histochoice and formalin fixation for several cartilaginous tissues including, articular and growth plate cartilage, meniscus and intervertebral disc. The tissues were stained with general histology stains including toluidine blue for tissue proteoglycans, picrosirius red to evaluate collagenous organization, and hematoxylin and eosin to assess cell morphology. The chondroitin sulfate and heparin sulfate substituted proteoglycans aggrecan and perlecan were also immunolocalized in some of the tissues to provide a comparison. Histochoice did not fix deep into the tissue blocks resulting in focal loss of aggrecan and other matrix components from the more central regions of the blocks. This was evident in toluidine blue stained sections of immature tibial articular cartilage where loss of glycosaminoglycan was significant in Histochoice fixed tissues. Histochoice fixation worked well, however, in the aggrecan and perlecan immunohistology applications where its non-cross-linking traits were conducive to epitope retrieval and identification by primary antibodies to extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone & Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Leonards, NSW, Australia.
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