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DeCicco RC, Luo L, Goroff NS. Exploiting Unsaturated Carbon-Iodine Compounds for the Preparation of Carbon-Rich Materials. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2080-2089. [PMID: 31368686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated carbon-rich materials have drawn much academic and industrial attention in recent years, due to their intriguing electronic and optical properties and potential applications including organic photovoltaics, flexible and wearable electronics, and chemical and biological sensors. Unsaturated carbon-iodine compounds, mainly the derivatives of iodoalkenes and iodoalkynes, are a class of molecules in which iodine atoms are directly connected to unsaturated carbons. These compounds provide unique advantages in the pursuit of carbon-rich materials, largely due to the Lewis acidity of iodine atoms and the lability of the carbon-iodine bonds. The Lewis acidity and electrophilicity of iodine in unsaturated carbon-iodine compounds make them excellent donors of halogen bonding, which is an attractive interaction between the electrophilic halogen atoms and Lewis basic species. Halogen bonding has emerged as a reliable building block in crystal engineering and supramolecular architectures. In this Account, we illustrate examples of the controlled assembly of diiodopolyynes within host-guest cocrystals that contain oxalamide or urea hosts with appropriate Lewis basic end groups and diiodobutadiyne or diiodohexatriyne guests. Halogen bonding interactions between the host and guest result in an ordered alignment of the diiodopolyynes that allows for a solid-state topochemical polymerization. We have used this approach to prepare poly(diiododiacetylene), PIDA, and poly(iodoethynyliododiacetylene), PIEDA, two conjugated polymers composed only of carbon and iodine. In addition, the polarity of the carbon-iodine bond gives unsaturated carbon-iodine compounds an electron-rich π-system, permitting electrophilic addition reactions with molecular halogens. The halogenated products of these additions can then serve as precursors to other conjugated carbon-rich systems. The lability of the carbon-iodine bond, together with the polarizability of iodine and the higher electronegativity of sp- and sp2-hybridized carbons, open up further possibilities in pursuing novel carbon nanomaterials from unsaturated carbon-iodine compounds. For example, we have developed an iterative method for the synthesis of longer symmetric polyynes from shorter diiodopolyynes, using Stille coupling to the iodine-capped polyynes. The iodination/coupling cycle symmetrically lengthens the polyyne chain by two carbon-carbon triple bonds. This method is particularly helpful for preparing polyynes with an odd number of carbon-carbon triple bonds. In addition, the lability of the carbon-iodine bonds of PIDA leads to facile carbonization by pyrolysis or laser irradiation. More strikingly, diiodoalkenes undergo quantitative elimination of iodine in the presence of Lewis bases. This reaction can be used to eliminate iodine at room temperature from PIDA, in which the carbon-iodine bonds are much more easily broken than in the diiodopolyynes, resulting in graphitic carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racquel C. DeCicco
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Wagner College, Staten Island, New York 10301, United States
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Nancy S. Goroff
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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2
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Fratesi G, Achilli S, Manini N, Onida G, Baby A, Ravikumar A, Ugolotti A, Brivio GP, Milani A, Casari CS. Fingerprints of sp¹ Hybridized C in the Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectra of Surface-Grown Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2556. [PMID: 30558338 PMCID: PMC6315668 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon structures comprising sp 1 chains (e.g., polyynes or cumulenes) can be synthesized by exploiting on-surface chemistry and molecular self-assembly of organic precursors, opening to the use of the full experimental and theoretical surface-science toolbox for their characterization. In particular, polarized near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) can be used to determine molecular adsorption angles and is here also suggested as a probe to discriminate sp 1 /sp 2 character in the structures. We present an ab initio study of the polarized NEXAFS spectrum of model and real sp 1 /sp 2 materials. Calculations are performed within density functional theory with plane waves and pseudopotentials, and spectra are computed by core-excited C potentials. We evaluate the dichroism in the spectrum for ideal carbynes and highlight the main differences relative to typical sp 2 systems. We then consider a mixed polymer alternating sp 1 C 4 units with sp 2 biphenyl groups, recently synthesized on Au(111), as well as other linear structures and two-dimensional networks, pointing out a spectral line shape specifically due to the the presence of linear C chains. Our study suggests that the measurements of polarized NEXAFS spectra could be used to distinctly fingerprint the presence of sp 1 hybridization in surface-grown C structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Fratesi
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simona Achilli
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Nicola Manini
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Onida
- ETSF and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Anu Baby
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Abhilash Ravikumar
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Aldo Ugolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo Brivio
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Haque A, Al-Balushi RA, Al-Busaidi IJ, Khan MS, Raithby PR. Rise of Conjugated Poly-ynes and Poly(Metalla-ynes): From Design Through Synthesis to Structure-Property Relationships and Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8474-8597. [PMID: 30112905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) constitute an important class of new materials with potential application in various domains of science. The key factors responsible for the diverse usage of these materials is their intriguing and tunable chemical and photophysical properties. This review highlights fascinating advances made in the field of conjugated organic poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) incorporating group 4-11 metals. This includes several important aspects of conjugated poly-ynes viz. synthetic protocols, bonding, electronic structure, nature of luminescence, structure-property relationships, diverse applications, and concluding remarks. Furthermore, we delineated the future directions and challenges in this particular area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rayya A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Idris Juma Al-Busaidi
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paul R Raithby
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
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4
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Wang X, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu C, Hu Y. In‐situ
Generated and Premade 1‐Copper(I) Alkynes in Cycloadditions. CHEM REC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xingyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Chulong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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Prenzel D, Kirschbaum RW, Chalifoux WA, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Drewello T, Tykwinski RR. Polymerization of acetylene: polyynes, but not carbyne. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00648e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of acetylene in the presence of sterically-hindered endgroups leads to polyynes, but with lengths shorter than by stepwise syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Rolf W. Kirschbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisclipinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisclipinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
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6
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Katoono R, Tanaka Y, Kusaka K, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Dynamic Figure Eight Chirality: Multifarious Inversions of a Helical Preference Induced by Complexation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7613-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Milani A, Tommasini M, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Lucotti A, Cataldo F, Casari CS. Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:480-91. [PMID: 25821689 PMCID: PMC4362090 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures have shown potential as candidates for advanced technological applications due to the different coordination of carbon atoms and to the possibility of π-conjugation. In this context, atomic-scale wires comprised of sp-hybridized carbon atoms represent ideal 1D systems to potentially downscale devices to the atomic level. Carbon-atom wires (CAWs) can be arranged in two possible structures: a sequence of double bonds (cumulenes), resulting in a 1D metal, or an alternating sequence of single-triple bonds (polyynes), expected to show semiconducting properties. The electronic and optical properties of CAWs can be finely tuned by controlling the wire length (i.e., the number of carbon atoms) and the type of termination (e.g., atom, molecular group or nanostructure). Although linear, sp-hybridized carbon systems are still considered elusive and unstable materials, a number of nanostructures consisting of sp-carbon wires have been produced and characterized to date. In this short review, we present the main CAW synthesis techniques and stabilization strategies and we discuss the current status of the understanding of their structural, electronic and vibrational properties with particular attention to how these properties are related to one another. We focus on the use of vibrational spectroscopy to provide information on the structural and electronic properties of the system (e.g., determination of wire length). Moreover, by employing Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering in combination with the support of first principles calculations, we show that a detailed understanding of the charge transfer between CAWs and metal nanoparticles may open the possibility to tune the electronic structure from alternating to equalized bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Cataldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università della Tuscia, Via Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
- Actinium Chemical Research srl, Via Casilina 1626A, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo S Casari
- NEMAS – Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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8
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Liu LL, Wu Y, Wang Z, Zhu J, Zhao Y. Mechanistic Insight into the Copper-Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Terminal Alkynes: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6816-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5007174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| | - Yile Wu
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zeshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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DeCicco RC, Black A, Li L, Goroff NS. An Iterative Method for the Synthesis of Symmetric Polyynes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cinquanta E, Ravagnan L, Castelli IE, Cataldo F, Manini N, Onida G, Milani P. Vibrational characterization of dinaphthylpolyynes: a model system for the study of end-capped sp carbon chains. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:194501. [PMID: 22112086 DOI: 10.1063/1.3660211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We perform a systematic investigation of the resonance and vibrational properties of naphthyl-terminated sp carbon chains (dinaphthylpolyynes) by combined multi-wavelength resonant Raman (MWRR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, plus ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that the MWWR and FT-IR spectroscopies are particularly suited to identify chains of different lengths and different terminations, respectively. By DFT calculations, we further extend those findings to sp carbon chains end-capped by other organic structures. The present analysis shows that combined MWRR and FT-IR provide a powerful tool to draw a complete picture of chemically stabilized sp carbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Cinquanta
- CIMAINA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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11
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Chen G, Mahmud I, Dawe LN, Daniels LM, Zhao Y. Synthesis and Properties of Conjugated Oligoyne-Centered π-Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Analogues and Related Macromolecular Systems. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2701-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Ilias Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Louise N. Dawe
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Lee M. Daniels
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, 9009 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
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12
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Deperasińska I, Szemik-Hojniak A, Osowska K, Rode M, Szczepanik A, Wiśniewski Ł, Lis T, Szafert S. Synthesis, photophysics and excited state structure of 1,8-di(p-tolyl)-1,3,5,7-octatetrayne. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Cataldo F, Ravagnan L, Cinquanta E, Castelli IE, Manini N, Onida G, Milani P. Synthesis, Characterization, and Modeling of Naphthyl-Terminated sp Carbon Chains: Dinaphthylpolyynes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14834-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104863v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cataldo
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
| | - Luca Ravagnan
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
| | - Eugenio Cinquanta
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
| | - Ivano Eligio Castelli
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
| | - Nicola Manini
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
| | - Giovanni Onida
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
| | - Paolo Milani
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626/A, I-00133 Rome, Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Osservatorio Astrofisica di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via
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