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Sharma N, Kurmi BD, Singh D, Mehan S, Khanna K, Karwasra R, Kumar S, Chaudhary A, Jakhmola V, Sharma A, Singh SK, Dua K, Kakkar D. Nanoparticles toxicity: an overview of its mechanism and plausible mitigation strategies. J Drug Target 2024; 32:457-469. [PMID: 38328920 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2316785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, nanoparticles have found great interest among scientists and researchers working in various fields within the realm of biomedicine including drug delivery, gene delivery, diagnostics, targeted therapy and biomarker mapping. While their physical and chemical properties are impressive, there is growing concern about the toxicological potential of nanoparticles and possible adverse health effects as enhanced exposure of biological systems to nanoparticles may result in toxic effects leading to serious contraindications. Toxicity associated with nanoparticles (nanotoxicity) may include the undesired response of several physiological mechanisms including the distressing of cells by external and internal interaction with nanoparticles. However, comprehensive knowledge of nanotoxicity mechanisms and mitigation strategies may be useful to overcome the hazardous situation while treating diseases with therapeutic nanoparticles. With the same objectives, this review discusses various mechanisms of nanotoxicity and provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the impact of nanotoxicity on biological control systems and organs including liver, brain, kidneys and lungs. An attempt also been made to present various approaches of scientific research and strategies that could be useful to overcome the effect of nanotoxicity during the development of nanoparticle-based systems including coating, doping, grafting, ligation and addition of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kushagra Khanna
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ritu Karwasra
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobhit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET), Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Chaudhary
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikash Jakhmola
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India
| | | | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dipti Kakkar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, India
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2
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Mobasher M, Ansari R, Castejon AM, Barar J, Omidi Y. Advanced nanoscale delivery systems for mRNA-based vaccines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130558. [PMID: 38185238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2024.130558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, especially those designed for COVID-19, relies heavily on sophisticated delivery systems that ensure efficient delivery of mRNA to target cells. A variety of nanoscale vaccine delivery systems (VDSs) have been explored for this purpose, including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles made from biocompatible polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), as well as viral vectors and lipid-polymer hybrid complexes. Among these, LNPs are particularly notable for their efficiency in encapsulating and protecting mRNA. These nanoscale VDSs can be engineered to enhance stability and facilitate uptake by cells. The choice of delivery system depends on factors like the specific mRNA vaccine, target cell types, stability requirements, and desired immune response. In this review, we shed light on recent advances in delivery mechanisms for self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines, emphasizing groundbreaking studies on nanoscale delivery systems aimed at improving the efficacy and safety of mRNA/saRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mobasher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Rais Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Ana M Castejon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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3
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Cai X, Dou R, Guo C, Tang J, Li X, Chen J, Zhang J. Cationic Polymers as Transfection Reagents for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051502. [PMID: 37242744 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapy can achieve lasting and even curative effects through gene augmentation, gene suppression, and genome editing. However, it is difficult for naked nucleic acid molecules to enter cells. As a result, the key to nucleic acid therapy is the introduction of nucleic acid molecules into cells. Cationic polymers are non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems with positively charged groups on their molecules that concentrate nucleic acid molecules to form nanoparticles, which help nucleic acids cross barriers to express proteins in cells or inhibit target gene expression. Cationic polymers are easy to synthesize, modify, and structurally control, making them a promising class of nucleic acid delivery systems. In this manuscript, we describe several representative cationic polymers, especially biodegradable cationic polymers, and provide an outlook on cationic polymers as nucleic acid delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaruo Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiajuan Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-Disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Toxicity of the polymeric excipients in geriatric polypharmacy. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121901. [PMID: 35688286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Geriatric polypharmacy is already a complicated issue in pharmacotherapy as multiple biological and pharmaceutical factors are involved. Given the fact that the geriatric population, in general, takes more than five medications for multiple diseases and most likely takes several supplements, there is a hidden issue with the types and amounts of the pharmaceutical inactive ingredients (polymers in particular) as they, as well as their impurities, may build up in an ill-performing body beyond their safety levels. In this commentary, we impart on biological factors, the importance of polymers, and the types and amounts of the impurities within each polymeric excipient that can potentially lead to severe pharmacological and biological impacts. Given the complex safety and toxicity issues in polypharmacy, we may need to revisit the safety standards and regulations on the inactive materials that are widely used in geriatric medications.
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Mallick AM, Tripathi A, Mishra S, Mukherjee A, Dutta C, Chatterjee A, Sinha Roy R. Emerging Approaches for Enabling RNAi Therapeutics. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200451. [PMID: 35689534 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a primitive evolutionary mechanism developed to escape incorporation of foreign genetic material. siRNA has been instrumental in achieving the therapeutic potential of RNAi by theoretically silencing any gene of interest in a reversible and sequence-specific manner. Extrinsically administered siRNA generally needs a delivery vehicle to span across different physiological barriers and load into the RISC complex in the cytoplasm in its functional form to show its efficacy. This review discusses the designing principles and examples of different classes of delivery vehicles that have proved to be efficient in RNAi therapeutics. We also briefly discuss the role of RNAi therapeutics in genetic and rare diseases, epigenetic modifications, immunomodulation and combination modality to inch closer in creating a personalized therapy for metastatic cancer. At the end, we present, strategies and look into the opportunities to develop efficient delivery vehicles for RNAi which can be translated into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha M Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Archana Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sukumar Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Asmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Chiranjit Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Present address:Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Block S2 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India.,Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
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6
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Kheraldine H, Rachid O, Habib AM, Al Moustafa AE, Benter IF, Akhtar S. Emerging innate biological properties of nano-drug delivery systems: A focus on PAMAM dendrimers and their clinical potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113908. [PMID: 34390777 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems or vectors are usually needed to improve the bioavailability and effectiveness of a drug through improving its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics at an organ, tissue or cellular level. However, emerging technologies with sensitive readouts as well as a greater understanding of physiological/biological systems have revealed that polymeric drug delivery systems are not biologically inert but can have innate or intrinsic biological actions. In this article, we review the emerging multiple innate biological/toxicological properties of naked polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer delivery systems in the absence of any drug cargo and discuss their correlation with the defined physicochemical properties of PAMAMs in terms of molecular size (generation), architecture, surface charge and chemistry. Further, we assess whether any of the reported intrinsic biological actions of PAMAMs such as their antimicrobial activity or their ability to sequester glucose and modulate key protein interactions or cell signaling pathways, can be exploited clinically such as in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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7
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Graphene-based multifunctional nanosystems for simultaneous detection and treatment of breast cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Alizadeh S, Esmaeili A, Barzegari A, Rafi MA, Omidi Y. Bioengineered smart bacterial carriers for combinational targeted therapy of solid tumours. J Drug Target 2020; 28:700-713. [PMID: 32116051 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1737087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite many endeavours for the development of new anticancer drugs, effective therapy of solid tumours remains a challenging issue. The current cancer chemotherapies may associate with two important limitations, including the lack/trivial specificity of treatment modalities towards diseased cells/tissues resulting in undesired side effects, and the emergence of drug-resistance mechanisms by tumour cells causing the failure of the treatment. Much attention, therefore, has currently been paid to develop smart and highly specific anticancer agents with maximal therapeutic impacts and minimal side effects. Among various strategies used to target cancer cells, bacteria-based cancer therapies (BCTs) have been validated as potential gene/drug delivery carriers, which can also be engineered to be used in diagnosis processes. They can be devised to selectively target the tumour microenvironment (TME), within which they may preferentially proliferate in the necrotic and anaerobic parts - often inaccessible to other therapeutics. BCTs are capable to sense and respond to the environmental signals, upon which they are considered as smart microrobots applicable in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents to the TME. In this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive insights into the potentials of the bioengineered bacteria as smart and targeted bio-carriers and discuss their applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Alizadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Vandghanooni S, Barar J, Eskandani M, Omidi Y. Aptamer-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Khalil IA, Sato Y, Harashima H. Recent advances in the targeting of systemically administered non-viral gene delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1037-1050. [PMID: 31432700 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1656196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Systemically administered non-viral gene delivery systems face multiple biological barriers that decrease their efficiency. These systems are rapidly cleared from the circulation and sufficient concentrations do not accumulate in diseased tissues. A number of targeting strategies can be used to provide for sufficient accumulation in the desired tissues to achieve a therapeutic effect. Areas covered: We discuss recent advances in the targeting of non-viral gene delivery systems to different tissues after systemic administration. We compare passive and active targeting applied for tumor delivery and propose some strategies that can be used to overcome the drawbacks of each case. We also discuss targeting the liver and lungs as two particularly important organs in gene therapy. Expert opinion: There is currently no optimum non-viral gene delivery system for targeting genes to specific tissues. The dose delivered to tumor tissues using passive targeting is low and shows a high patient variation. Although active targeting can enhance binding to specific cells, only a few reports are available to support its value in vivo. The design of smart nanocarriers for promoting active targeting is urgently needed and targeting the endothelium is a promising strategy for gene delivery to tumors as well as other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikramy A Khalil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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11
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Akhtar S, Chandrasekhar B, Yousif MH, Renno W, Benter IF, El-Hashim AZ. Chronic administration of nano-sized PAMAM dendrimers in vivo inhibits EGFR-ERK1/2-ROCK signaling pathway and attenuates diabetes-induced vascular remodeling and dysfunction. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 18:78-89. [PMID: 30844576 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether chronic administration of nano-sized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers can have beneficial effects on diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction by inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-ERK1/2-Rho kinase (ROCK)-a pathway known to be critical in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Daily administration of naked PAMAMs for up to 4 weeks to streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats inhibited EGFR-ERK1/2-ROCK signaling and improved diabetes-induced vascular remodeling and dysfunction in a dose, generation (G6 > G5) and surface chemistry-dependent manner (cationic > anionic > neutral). PAMAMs, AG1478 (a selective EGFR inhibitor), or anti-EGFR siRNA also inhibited vascular EGFR-ERK1/2-ROCK signaling in vitro. These data showed that naked PAMAM dendrimers have the propensity to modulate key (e.g. EGFR) cell signaling cascades with associated pharmacological consequences in vivo that are dependent on their physicochemical properties. Thus, PAMAMs, alone or in combination with vasculoprotective agents, may have a beneficial role in the potential treatment of diabetes-induced vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | | | - Mariam Hm Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Waleed Renno
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University.
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12
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Role of MicroRNAs in Renal Parenchymal Diseases-A New Dimension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061797. [PMID: 29914215 PMCID: PMC6032378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1993, numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in humans and other eukaryotic organisms, and their role as key regulators of gene expression is still being elucidated. It is now known that miRNAs not only play a central role in the processes that ensure normal development and physiology, but they are often dysregulated in various diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the role of miRNAs in normal renal development and physiology, in maladaptive renal repair after injury, and in the pathogenesis of renal parenchymal diseases. In addition, we describe methods used for their detection and their potential as therapeutic targets. Continued research on renal miRNAs will undoubtedly improve our understanding of diseases affecting the kidneys and may also lead to new therapeutic agents.
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13
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Gatta AK, Hariharapura RC, Udupa N, Reddy MS, Josyula VR. Strategies for improving the specificity of siRNAs for enhanced therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:709-725. [PMID: 29902093 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1480607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference has become a tool of choice in the development of drugs in various therapeutic areas of Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS). The critical element in developing successful RNAi therapeutics lies in designing small interfering RNA (siRNA) using an efficient algorithm satisfying the designing criteria. Further, translation of siRNA from bench-side to bedside needs an efficient delivery system and/or chemical modification. Areas covered: This review emphasizes the importance of dicer, the criteria for efficient siRNA design, the currently available algorithms and strategies to overcome off-target effects, immune stimulatory effects and endosomal trap. Expert opinion: Specificity and stability are the primary concerns for siRNA therapeutics. The design criteria and algorithms should be chosen rationally to have a siRNA sequence that binds to the corresponding mRNA as it happens in the Watson and Crick base pairing. However, it must evade a few more hurdles (Endocytosis, Serum stability etc.) to be functional in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kiran Gatta
- a Cell and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekhar Hariharapura
- a Cell and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Nayanabhirama Udupa
- b Research Directorate of Health Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Meka Sreenivasa Reddy
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Venkata Rao Josyula
- a Cell and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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14
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Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Recent advances in aptamer-armed multimodal theranostic nanosystems for imaging and targeted therapy of cancer. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:301-312. [PMID: 29499349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The side effects of chemotherapeutics during the course of cancer treatment limit their clinical outcomes. The most important mission of the modern cancer therapy modalities is the delivery of anticancer drugs specifically to the target cells/tissue in order to avoid/reduce any inadvertent non-specific impacts on the healthy normal cells. Nanocarriers decorated with a designated targeting ligand such as aptamers (Aps) and antibodies (Abs) are able to deliver cargo molecules to the target cells/tissue without affecting other neighboring cells, resulting in an improved treatment of cancer. For targeted therapy of cancer, different ligands (e.g., protein, peptide, Abs, Aps and small molecules) have widely been used in the development of different targeting drug delivery systems (DDSs). Of these homing agents, nucleic acid Aps show unique targeting potential with high binding affinity to a variety of biological targets (e.g., genes, peptides, proteins, and even cells and organs). Aps have widely been used as the targeting agent, in large part due to their unique 3D structure, simplicity in synthesis and functionalization, high chemical flexibility, low immunogenicity and toxicity, and cell/tissue penetration capability in some cases. Here, in this review, we provide important insights on Ap-decorated multimodal nanosystems (NSs) and discuss their applications in targeted therapy and imaging of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vandghanooni
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Dilnawaz F, Acharya S, Sahoo SK. Recent trends of nanomedicinal approaches in clinics. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:263-278. [PMID: 29339248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become the indispensable cutting edge science providing solutions to many problems associated with human being. The application of nanotechnology associated to human health "nanomedicine" has revolutionized the drug delivery system by providing improved pharmacological and therapeutic properties of drugs. These advantageous effects of drug loaded nanocarrier systems are embraced by the pharmaceutical industries for the development of different effective nanocarriers. Currently, several drug loaded nanoformulations are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and some of them are undergoing clinical trials for the human use. In this review, we have discussed the progress achieved so far for various drug loaded nanoformulations along with few emerging nanoformulations that are about to enter into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Dilnawaz
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sarbari Acharya
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India.
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16
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Hiwatashi N, Kraja I, Benedict PA, Dion GR, Bing R, Rousseau B, Amin MR, Nalband DM, Kirshenbaum K, Branski RC. Nanoparticle delivery of RNA-based therapeutics to alter the vocal fold tissue response to injury. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E178-E183. [PMID: 29238989 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Our laboratory and others hypothesized that Smad3 is a principle mediator of the fibrotic phenotype in the vocal folds (VFs), and we further posited that alteration of Smad3 expression through short interfering (si)RNA holds therapeutic promise, yet delivery remains challenging. To address this issue, we employed a novel synthetic oligomer, lipitoid, complexed with siRNA to improve stability and cellular uptake with the goal of increased efficiency of RNA-based therapeutics. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study and in vivo animal model. METHODS In vitro, lipitoid cytotoxicity was quantified via colorimetric and LIVE/DEAD assays in immortalized human VF fibroblasts and primary rabbit VF fibroblasts. In addition, optimal incubation interval and solution for binding siRNA to lipitoid for intracellular delivery were determined. In vivo, a rabbit model of VF injury was employed to evaluate Smad3 knockdown following locally injected lipitoid-complexed siRNA. RESULTS In vitro, lipitoid did not confer additional toxicity compared to commercially available reagents. In addition, 20-minute incubation in 1× phosphate-buffered saline resulted in maximal Smad3 knockdown. In vivo, Smad3 expression increased following VF injury. This response was significantly reduced in injured VFs at 4 and 24 hours following injection (P = .035 and .034, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to demonstrate targeted gene manipulation in the VFs as well as the potential utility of lipitoid for localized delivery of genetic material in vivo. Ideally, these data will serve as a platform for future investigation regarding the functional implications of therapeutic gene manipulation in the VFs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E178-E183, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hiwatashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Iv Kraja
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Benedict
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gregory R Dion
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Renjie Bing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Milan R Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Danielle M Nalband
- Department of Chemistry , New York University, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Kent Kirshenbaum
- Department of Chemistry , New York University, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Ryan C Branski
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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17
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Fathi M, Sahandi Zangabad P, Majidi S, Barar J, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Stimuli-responsive chitosan-based nanocarriers for cancer therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:269-277. [PMID: 29435435 PMCID: PMC5801539 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers offer unique advantages over the traditional drug delivery systems (DDSs) in terms of targeted drug delivery and on-demand release of cargo drug molecules. Of these, chitosan (CS)-based DDSs offer several advantages such as high compatibility with biological settings. Methods: In this study, we surveyed the literature in terms of the stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and discussed the most recent advancements in terms of CS-based nanosystems and their applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Results: These advanced DDSs are able to release the entrapped drugs in response to a specific endogenous stimulus (e.g., pH, glutathione concentration or certain enzymes) or exogenous stimulus (e.g., temperature, light, ultrasound, and magnetic field) at the desired time and target site. Dual-responsive nanocarriers by the combination of different stimuli have also been developed as efficient and improved DDSs. Among the stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, CS-based DDSs offer several advantages, including biocompatibility and biodegradability, antibacterial activity, ease of modification and functionalization, and non-immunogenicity. They are as one of the most ideal smart multifunction DDSs. Conclusion: The CS-based stimuli-responsive multifunctional nanosystems (NSs) offer unique potential for the targeted delivery of anticancer agents and provide great potential for on-demand and controlled-release of anticancer agents in response to diverse external/internal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Majidi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Erfan-Niya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Palmerston Mendes L, Pan J, Torchilin VP. Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:E1401. [PMID: 28832535 PMCID: PMC5600151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are highly branched polymers with easily modifiable surfaces. This makes them promising structures for functionalization and also for conjugation with drugs and DNA/RNA. Their architecture, which can be controlled by different synthesis processes, allows the control of characteristics such as shape, size, charge, and solubility. Dendrimers have the ability to increase the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. The drugs can be entrapped in the intramolecular cavity of the dendrimers or conjugated to their functional groups at their surface. Nucleic acids usually form complexes with the positively charged surface of most cationic dendrimers and this approach has been extensively employed. The presence of functional groups in the dendrimer's exterior also permits the addition of other moieties that can actively target certain diseases and improve delivery, for instance, with folate and antibodies, now widely used as tumor targeting strategies. Dendrimers have been investigated extensively in the medical field, and cancer treatment is one of the greatest areas where they have been most used. This review will consider the main types of dendrimer currently being explored and how they can be utilized as drug and gene carriers and functionalized to improve the delivery of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Palmerston Mendes
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, Brazil.
| | - Jiayi Pan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Rheiner S, Reichel D, Rychahou P, Izumi T, Yang HS, Bae Y. Polymer nanoassemblies with hydrophobic pendant groups in the core induce false positive siRNA transfection in luciferase reporter assays. Int J Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28629980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated polyethylenimine (PEG-PEI) is a widely studied cationic polymer used to develop non-viral vectors for siRNA therapy of genetic disorders including cancer. Cell lines stably expressing luciferase reporter protein typically evaluate the transfection efficacy of siRNA/PEG-PEI complexes, however recent findings revealed that PEG-PEI can reduce luciferase expression independent of siRNA. This study elucidates a cause of the false positive effect in luciferase assays by using polymer nanoassemblies (PNAs) made from PEG, PEI, poly-(l-lysine) (PLL), palmitate (PAL), and deoxycholate (DOC): PEG-PEI (2P), PEG-PEI-PAL (3P), PEG-PLL (2P'), PEG-PLL-PAL (3P'), and PEG-PEI-DOC (2PD). In vitro transfection and western blot assays of luciferase using a colorectal cancer cell line expressing luciferase (HT29/LUC) concluded that 2P and 2P' caused no luciferase expression reduction while hydrophobically modified PNAs induced a 35-50% reduction (3P'<2PD<3P). Although cell viability remained stagnant, 3P triggered cellular stress responses including increased membrane porosity and decreased ATP and cellular protein concentrations. Raman spectroscopy suggested that hydrophobic groups influence PNA conformation changes, which may have caused over-ubiquitination and degradation of luciferase in the cells. These results indicate that hydrophobically modified PEG-PEI induces cellular distress causing over-ubiquitination of the luciferase protein, producing false positive siRNA transfection in the luciferase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rheiner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Derek Reichel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Piotr Rychahou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, CC140, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tadahide Izumi
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hsin-Sheng Yang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, CC140, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Younsoo Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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20
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Bielski E, Zhong Q, Mirza H, Brown M, Molla A, Carvajal T, da Rocha SRP. TPP-dendrimer nanocarriers for siRNA delivery to the pulmonary epithelium and their dry powder and metered-dose inhaler formulations. Int J Pharm 2017; 527:171-183. [PMID: 28549971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of genes utilizing the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism via the delivery of synthetic siRNA has great potential in the treatment of a variety of lung diseases. However, the delivery of siRNA to the lungs is challenging due to the poor bioavailability of siRNA when delivered intraveneously, and difficulty in formulating and maintaining the activity of free siRNA when delivered directly to the lungs using inhalation devices. The use of non-viral vectors such as cationic dendrimers can help enhance the stability of siRNA and its delivery to the cell cytosol. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the ability of a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) modified generation 4 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (G4NH2-TPP) to enhance the in vitro transfection efficiency of siRNA in a model of the pulmonary epithelium and their aerosol formulations in pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Complexes of siRNA and G4NH2-TPP were prepared with varying TPP densities and increasing N/P ratios. The complexation efficiency was modulated by the presence of the TPP on the dendrimer surface, allowing for a looser complexation compared to unmodified dendrimer as determined by gel electrophoresis and polyanion competition assay. An increase in TPP density and N/P ratio led to an increase in the in vitro gene knockdown of stably green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expressing lung alveolar epithelial (A549) cells. G4NH2-12TPP dendriplexes (G4NH2 PAMAM dendrimers containing 12 TPP molecules on the surface complexed with siRNA) at N/P ratio 30 showed the highest in vitro gene knockdown efficiency. To assess the potential of TPP-dendriplexes for pulmonary use, we also developed micron particle technologies for both pMDIs and DPIs and determined their aerosol characteristics utilizing an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI). Mannitol microparticles encapsulating 12TPP-dendriplexes were shown to be effective in producing aerosols suitable for deep lung deposition for both pMDI formulations (fine particle fraction of 50-53%) and DPI formulations (fine particle fraction of 39%) with no impact on the in vitro gene knockdown efficiency of the siRNA. This work demonstrates the potential benefits of utilizing TPP-conjugated dendrimers in the formation of dendriplexes for siRNA delivery to the pulmonary epithelium and their aerosol formulation for local delivery to the lungs using portable inhalers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bielski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Qian Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Hamad Mirza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Matthew Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ashura Molla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Teresa Carvajal
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sandro R P da Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
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21
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Zeng Y, Kurokawa Y, Win-Shwe TT, Zeng Q, Hirano S, Zhang Z, Sone H. Effects of PAMAM dendrimers with various surface functional groups and multiple generations on cytotoxicity and neuronal differentiation using human neural progenitor cells. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:351-70. [PMID: 27193728 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have potential for biological applications as delivery systems for genes, drugs, and imaging agents into the brain, but their developmental neurotoxicity remains unknown. We investigated the effects of PAMAM dendrimers with various surface functional groups and multiple generations on neuronal differentiation using human neural progenitor cells at an equal mass concentration. Only PAMAM dendrimers containing amine (NH2) surface groups at concentrations of 10 μg/mL significantly reduced cell viability and neuronal differentiation, compared with non-amine-terminated dendrimers. PAMAM-NH2 with generation (G)3, G4, G5 G6, and G7 significantly decreased cell viability and inhibited neuronal differentiation from a concentration of 5 μg/mL, but G0, G1, and G2 dendrimers did not have any effect at this concentration. Cytotoxicity indices of PAMAM-NH2 dendrimers at 10 μg/mL correlated well with the zeta potentials of the particles. Surface group density and particle number in unit volume is more important characteristic than particle size to influence cytotoxicity for positive changed dendrimers. PAMAM-50% C12 at 1 μg/mL altered the expression level of the oxidative stress-related genes, ROR1, CYP26A1, and TGFB1, which is a DNA damage response gene. Our results indicate that PAMAM dendrimer exposure may have a surface charge-dependent adverse effect on neuronal differentiation, and that the effect may be associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage during development of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
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22
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Fathi M, Barar J. Perspective highlights on biodegradable polymeric nanosystems for targeted therapy of solid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:49-57. [PMID: 28546953 PMCID: PMC5439389 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) formulated using biodegradable polymers offer great potential for development of de novo drug delivery systems (DDSs) capable of delivering a wide range of bioactive agents. They can be engineered as advanced multifunctional nanosystems (NSs) for simultaneous imaging and therapy known as theranostics or diapeutics.
Methods: A brief prospective is provided on biomedical importance and applications of biodegradable polymeric NSs through reviewing the recently published literature.
Results: Biodegradable polymeric NPs present unique characteristics, including: nanoscaled structures, high encapsulation capacity, biocompatibility with non-thrombogenic and non-immunogenic properties, and controlled-/sustained-release profile for lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Once administered in vivo, all classes of biodegradable polymers (i.e., synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural polymers) are subjected to enzymatic degradation; and hence, transformation into byproducts that can be simply eliminated from the human body. Natural and semi-synthetic polymers have been shown to be highly stable, much safer, and offer a non-/less-toxic means for specific delivery of cargo drugs in comparison with synthetic polymers. Despite being biocompatible and enzymatically-degradable, there are some drawbacks associated with these polymers such as batch to batch variation, high production cost, structural complexity, lower bioadhesive potential, uncontrolled rate of hydration, and possibility of microbial spoilage. These pitfalls have bolded the importance of synthetic counterparts despite their somewhat toxicity.
Conclusion: Taken all, to minimize the inadvertent effects of these polymers and to engineer much safer NSs, it is necessary to devise biopolymers with desirable chemical and biochemical modification(s) and polyelectrolyte complex formation to improve their drug delivery capacity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Rahmanian N, Eskandani M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Recent trends in targeted therapy of cancer using graphene oxide-modified multifunctional nanomedicines. J Drug Target 2016; 25:202-215. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1238475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Rahmanian
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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24
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Campani V, Salzano G, Lusa S, De Rosa G. Lipid Nanovectors to Deliver RNA Oligonucleotides in Cancer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E131. [PMID: 28335259 PMCID: PMC5224597 DOI: 10.3390/nano6070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing knowledge on the mechanisms of gene silencing and gene regulation by non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), mainly small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), is providing a significant boost to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. However, the design of RNA-based therapeutics is hampered by biopharmaceutical issues, thus requiring the use of suitable delivery strategies. In this regards, lipid nanovectors have been successfully investigated to deliver RNA in different forms of cancer. Compared to other biomaterials, lipids offer advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy production, low cost, limited toxicity and immunogenicity. The possibility to formulate these materials in the form of nanovectors allows overcoming biopharmaceutical issues associated to the therapeutic use of RNA, with the possibility to target tumors. This review takes stock of the main lipid nanovectors proposed to deliver ncRNA. For each considered delivery strategy, the rational design and the most meaningful in vitro and in vivo results are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Campani
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Sara Lusa
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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25
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Xue HY, Guo P, Wen WC, Wong HL. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for RNA Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:3140-7. [PMID: 26027572 PMCID: PMC4618487 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150531164540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RNA-interference (RNAi) agents such as small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) have strong potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a broad range of diseases such as malignancies, infections, autoimmune diseases and neurological diseases that are associated with undesirable gene expression. In recent years, several clinical trials of RNAi therapeutics especially siRNAs have been conducted with limited success so far. For systemic administration of these poorly permeable and easily degradable macromolecules, it is obvious that a safe and efficient delivery platform is highly desirable. Because of high biocompatibility, biodegradability and solid track record for clinical use, nanocarriers made of lipids and/or phospholipids have been commonly employed to facilitate RNA delivery. In this article, the key features of the major sub-classes of lipid-based nanocarriers, e.g. liposomes, lipid nanoparticles and lipid nanoemulsions, will be reviewed. Focus of the discussion is on the various challenges researchers face when developing lipid-based RNA nanocarriers, such as the toxicity of cationic lipids and issues related to PEGylated lipids, as well as the strategies employed in tackling these challenges. It is hoped that by understanding more about the pros and cons of these most frequently used RNA delivery systems, the pharmaceutical scientists, biomedical researchers and clinicians will be more successful in overcoming some of the obstacles that currently limit the clinical translation of RNAi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ho Lun Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 19140.
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26
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Akhtar S, El-Hashim AZ, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Benter IF. Naked Polyamidoamine Polymers Intrinsically Inhibit Angiotensin II-Mediated EGFR and ErbB2 Transactivation in a Dendrimer Generation- and Surface Chemistry-Dependent Manner. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1575-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ibrahim F. Benter
- Faculty
of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
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27
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Akhtar S, Al-Zaid B, El-Hashim AZ, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Benter IF. Impact of PAMAM delivery systems on signal transduction pathways in vivo: Modulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase signaling in the normal and diabetic kidney. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:353-363. [PMID: 27032566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo impact of two generation 6 cationic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on cellular signaling via extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), as well as their relationship to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were studied in the normal and/or diabetic rat kidney. A single 10mg/kg/i.p administration of Polyfect (PF; with an intact branching architecture) or Superfect (SF; with a fragmented branching architecture) modulated renal ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in a dendrimer-specific and animal model-dependent manner. AG1478 treatment (a selective EGFR inhibitor) confirmed that renal ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling was downstream of EGFR. Surprisingly, both PAMAMs induced hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK (at 1 or 5mg/kg) despite inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation in the diabetic kidney. PAMAMs did not alter renal morphology but their effects on p38 MAPK and EGFR phosphorylation were reversed by ex vivo treatment of kidneys with the anti-oxidant, Tempol. Thus, PAMAMs can intrinsically modulate signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) depending on the type of dendrimer (fragmented vs intact branching architecture) and animal model (normal vs diabetic) used and likely occurs via an EGFR-independent and oxidative-stress dependent mechanism. These findings might have important toxicological implications for PAMAM-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Bashayer Al-Zaid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Bindu Chandrasekhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Sreeja Attur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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28
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Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Omidi Y. Solid lipid-based nanocarriers as efficient targeted drug and gene delivery systems. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:14-32. [PMID: 25663588 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited as a result of the rudimentary understanding of the specific molecules and processes that facilitate DNA transfer. METHODS Lipoplexes formed with Lipofectamine 2000 (LF2000) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to the HEK 293T cell line. After treating cells with lipoplexes, HG-U133 Affymetrix microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. RESULTS Relative to untreated cells 2 h after lipoplex treatment, only downregulated genes were identified ≥ 30-fold: ALMS1, ITGB1, FCGR3A, DOCK10 and ZDDHC13. Subsequently, relative to GFP- cells, the GFP+ cell population showed at least a five-fold upregulation of RAP1A and PACSIN3 (8 h) or HSPA6 and RAP1A (16 and 24 h). Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ALMS1, FCGR3A, and DOCK10 (involved in filopodia protrusions), ITGB1 (integrin signaling), ZDDHC13 (membrane trafficking) and PACSIN3 (proteolytic shedding of membrane receptors) were able to increase or decrease transgene production. CONCLUSIONS RAP1A, PACSIN3 and HSPA6 may help lipoplex-treated cells overcome a transcriptional shutdown due to treatment with lipoplexes and provide new targets for investigating molecular mechanisms of transfection or for enhancing transfection through cell priming or engineering of the nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to polymer-mediated transfection and profile comparison to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:33-53. [PMID: 25663627 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited by the rudimentary understanding of specific molecules that facilitate transfection. METHODS Polyplexes using 25-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to HEK 293T cells. After treating cells with polyplexes, microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h of exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. Differentially expressed genes in polyplex-mediated transfection were compared with those differentially expressed in lipoplex transfection to identify DNA carrier-dependent molecular factors. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes were RGS1, ARHGAP24, PDZD2, SNX24, GSN and IGF2BP1 after 2 h; RAP1A and ACTA1 after 8 h; RAP1A, WDR78 and ACTA1 after 16 h; and RAP1A, SCG5, ATF3, IREB2 and ACTA1 after 24 h. Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ARHGAP24, GSN, IGF2BP1, PDZD2 and RGS1 were able to increase or decrease transgene production. Comparing differentially expressed genes for polyplexes and lipoplexes, no common genes were identified at the 2-h time point, whereas, after the 8-h time point, RAP1A, ATF3 and HSPA6 were similarly expressed. SCG5 and PGAP1 were only upregulated in polyplex-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS The identified genes and pharmacologic agents provide targets for improving transfection systems, although polyplex or lipoplex dependencies must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Akhtar S, Al-Zaid B, El-Hashim AZ, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Yousif MHM, Benter IF. Cationic Polyamidoamine Dendrimers as Modulators of EGFR Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132215. [PMID: 26167903 PMCID: PMC4500564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are branch-like spherical polymers being investigated for a variety of applications in nanomedicine including nucleic acid drug delivery. Emerging evidence suggests they exhibit intrinsic biological and toxicological effects but little is known of their interactions with signal transduction pathways. We previously showed that the activated (fragmented) generation (G) 6 PAMAM dendrimer, Superfect (SF), stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase signaling-an important signaling cascade that regulates cell growth, survival and apoptosis- in cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. Here, we firstly studied the in vitro effects of Polyfect (PF), a non-activated (intact) G6 PAMAM dendrimer, on EGFR tyrosine kinase signaling via extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in cultured HEK 293 cells and then compared the in vivo effects of a single administration (10mg/kg i.p) of PF or SF on EGFR signaling in the kidneys of normal and diabetic male Wistar rats. Polyfect exhibited a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of EGFR, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in HEK-293 cells similar to AG1478, a selective EGFR inhibitor. Administration of dendrimers to non-diabetic or diabetic animals for 24h showed that PF inhibited whereas SF stimulated EGFR phosphorylation in the kidneys of both sets of animals. PF-mediated inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation as well as SF or PF-mediated apoptosis in HEK 293 cells could be significantly reversed by co-treatment with antioxidants such as tempol implying that both these effects involved an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism. These results show for the first time that SF and PF PAMAM dendrimers can differentially modulate the important EGFR signal transduction pathway in vivo and may represent a novel class of EGFR modulators. These findings could have important clinical implications for the use of PAMAM dendrimers in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Bashayer Al-Zaid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z. El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Bindu Chandrasekhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Sreeja Attur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Mariam H. M. Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F. Benter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
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Benter IF, Sarkhou F, Al-Khaldi AT, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Dhaunsi GS, Yousif MHM, Akhtar S. The dual targeting of EGFR and ErbB2 with the inhibitor Lapatinib corrects high glucose-induced apoptosis and vascular dysfunction by opposing multiple diabetes-induced signaling changes. J Drug Target 2015; 23:506-18. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1057150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Personalized cell-mediated immunotherapy and vaccination: combating detrimental uprisings of malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:65-9. [PMID: 26191499 PMCID: PMC4492186 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A large number of researchers worldwide have conducted various investigations to advance the cell-based immunotherapies and to examine their clinical benefits as an ultimate prevention and/or treatment modalities against life-threatening malignancies. This dominion needs integration of science and technology to change the face of treatment of diseases towards much more personalized medicines. It is now plausible to reprogram the human cells for the prevention and treatment of diseases through various mechanisms such as modulation of immune system, nonetheless we should understand the complexity of biological functions of the cells in a holistic way to be able to manipulate the central dogma of the life to prevent any inadvertent mistake. We should, if not must, comprehend the interrelations of the cellular components (e.g., transport machineries) in the developmental processes of diseases. Still, we do not have a complete image of life, perhaps as expressive barcodes, and many pieces are missing. While completing this puzzle to picture the whole image and examine new treatment modalities, we should take extra caution upon unknown/little-known biological phenomena because trifling modulation/ alteration in the complex systems of the life may result in tremendous impacts. In short, it seems we need to consider malignancies as complex systems and treat them in a holistic manner by targeting its hallmarks. Taken all, the immune system reinforcement would be one of the main foundations in combating detrimental malignancy uprising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Barar J, Kafil V, Majd MH, Barzegari A, Khani S, Johari-Ahar M, Asgari D, Coukos G, Cokous G, Omidi Y. Multifunctional mitoxantrone-conjugated magnetic nanosystem for targeted therapy of folate receptor-overexpressing malignant cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:26. [PMID: 25880772 PMCID: PMC4387580 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted delivery of anticancer chemotherapeutics such as mitoxantrone (MTX) can significantly intensify their cytotoxic effects selectively in solid tumors such as breast cancer. In the current study, folic acid (FA)-armed and MTX-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were engineered for targeted eradication of folate receptor (FR)-positive cancerous cells. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), FA and MTX were covalently conjugated onto the MNPs to engineer the PEGylated FA-MTX-MNPs. The internalization studies were performed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled FA-decorated MNPs (FA-FITC-MNPs) in both FR-positive MCF-7 cells and FR-negative A549 cells by means of fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The cellular and molecular impacts of FA-MTX-MNPs were examined using trypan blue cell viability and FITC-labeled annexin V apoptosis assays and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, DNA ladder and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Results The FR-positive MCF-7 cells showed significant internalization of the FA-FITC-MNPs, but not the FR-negative A549 cells. The FR-positive cells treated with the PEGylated FA-MTX-MNPs exhibited the IC50 values of 3 μg/mL and 1.7 μg/mL, 24 h and 48 h post-treatment, respectively. DAPI staining and DNA ladder assays revealed significant condensation of nucleus and fragmentation of genomic DNA in the FR-positive MCF-7 cells treated with the PEGylated FA-MTX-MNPs as compared to the FR-negative A549 cells. The FITC-labeled annexin V assay confirmed emergence of late apoptosis (>80%) in the FR-positive MCF-7 cells treated with the PEGylated FA-MTX-MNPs, but not in the FR-negative A549 cells. The qPCR analysis confirmed profound cytotoxic impacts via alterations of apoptosis-related genes induced by MTX-FA-MNPs in MCF-7 cells, but not in the A549 cells. Conclusion Our findings evince that the engineered PEGylated FA-MTX-MNPs can be specifically taken up by the FR-positive malignant cells and effectively demolish them through up-regulation of Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax) and Caspase 9 and down-regulation of AKt. Hence, the engineered nanosystem is proposed for simultaneous targeted imaging and therapy of various cancers overexpressing FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Vala Kafil
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | - Sajjad Khani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Davoud Asgari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Centre for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz, Iran. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Khanna M, Saxena L, Rajput R, Kumar B, Prasad R. Gene silencing: a therapeutic approach to combat influenza virus infections. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:131-40. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Selective gene silencing technologies such as RNA interference (RNAi) and nucleic acid enzymes have shown therapeutic potential for treating viral infections. Influenza virus is one of the major public health concerns around the world and its management is challenging due to a rapid increase in antiviral resistance. Influenza vaccine also has its limitations due to the emergence of new strains that may escape the immunity developed by the previous year's vaccine. Antiviral drugs are the primary mode of prevention and control against a pandemic and there is an urgency to develop novel antiviral strategies against influenza virus. In this review, we discuss the potential utility of several gene silencing mechanisms and their prophylactic and therapeutic potential against the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khanna
- Department of Respiratory Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Latika Saxena
- Department of Respiratory Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Roopali Rajput
- Department of Respiratory Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Respiratory Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Xue HY, Liu S, Wong HL. Nanotoxicity: a key obstacle to clinical translation of siRNA-based nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:295-312. [PMID: 24552562 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNAs have immense therapeutic potential for the treatment of various gene-related diseases ranging from cancer, viral infections and neuropathy to autoimmune diseases. However, their bench-to-bedside translation in recent years has faced several challenges, with inefficient siRNA delivery being one of the most frequently encountered issues. In order to improve the siRNA delivery especially for systemic treatment, nanocarriers made of polymers, lipids or inorganic materials have become almost essential. The 'negative' aspects of these carriers such as their nanotoxicity and immunogenicity thus can no longer be overlooked. In this article, we will extensively review the nanotoxicity of siRNA carriers. The strategies for mitigating the risks of nanotoxicity and the methodology for evaluating these strategies will also be discussed. By addressing this often overlooked but important issue, it will help clear the way for siRNAs to fulfill their promise as a versatile class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yi Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Mashinchian O, Johari-Ahar M, Ghaemi B, Rashidi M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Impacts of quantum dots in molecular detection and bioimaging of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:149-66. [PMID: 25337468 PMCID: PMC4204040 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A number of assays have so far been exploited for detection of cancer biomarkers in various malignancies. However, the expression of cancer biomarker(s) appears to be extremely low, therefore accurate detection demands sensitive optical imaging probes. While optical detection using conventional fluorophores often fail due to photobleaching problems, quantum dots (QDs) offer stable optical imaging in vitro and in vivo.
Methods: In this review, we briefly overview the impacts of QDs in biology and its applications in bioimaging of malignancies. We will also delineate the existing obstacles for early detection of cancer and the intensifying use of QDs in advancement of diagnostic devices.
Results: Of the QDs, unlike the II-VI type QDs (e.g., cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te)) that possess inherent cytotoxicity, the I-III-VI 2 type QDs (e.g., AgInS2, CuInS2, ZnS-AgInS2) appear to be less toxic bioimaging agents with better control of band-gap energies. As highly-sensitive bioimaging probes, advanced hybrid QDs (e.g., QD-QD, fluorochrome-QD conjugates used for sensing through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), quenching, and barcoding techniques) have also been harnessed for the detection of biomarkers and the monitoring of delivery of drugs/genes to the target sites. Antibody-QD (Ab-QD) and aptamer- QD (Ap-QD) bioconjugates, once target the relevant biomarker, can provide highly stable photoluminescence (PL) at the target sites. In addition to their potential as nanobiosensors, the bioconjugates of QDs with homing devices have successfully been used for the development of smart nanosystems (NSs) providing targeted bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Conclusion: Having possessed great deal of photonic characteristics, QDs can be used for development of seamless multifunctional nanomedicines, theranostics and nanobiosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Photonics, School of Engineering-Emerging Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Omidi Y, Barar J. Targeting tumor microenvironment: crossing tumor interstitial fluid by multifunctional nanomedicines. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2014; 4:55-67. [PMID: 25035848 PMCID: PMC4097973 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2014.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The genesis of cancer appears to be a complex matter, which is not simply based upon few genetic abnormalities/alteration. In fact, irregular microvasculature and aberrant interstitium of solid tumors impose significant pathophysiologic barrier functions against cancer treatment modalities, hence novel strategies should holistically target bioelements of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we provide some overview and insights on TME and important strategies used to control the impacts of such pathophysiologic barriers.
Methods: We reviewed all relevant literature for the impacts of tumor interstitium and microvasculature within the TME as well as the significance of the implemented strategies.
Results: While tumorigenesis initiation seems to be in close relation with an emergence of hypoxia and alterations in epigenetic/genetic materials, large panoplies of molecular events emerge as intricate networks during oncogenesis to form unique lenient TME in favor of tumor progression. Within such irregular interstitium, immune system displays defective surveillance functionalities against malignant cells. Solid tumors show multifacial traits with coadaptation and self-regulation potentials, which bestow profound resistance against the currently used conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy agents that target solely one face of the disease.
Conclusion: The cancerous cells attain unique abilities to form its permissive microenvironment, wherein (a) extracellular pH is dysregulated towards acidification, (b) extracellular matrix (ECM) is deformed, (c) stromal cells are cooperative with cancer cells, (d) immune system mechanisms are defective, (e) non-integrated irregular microvasculature with pores (120-1200 nm) are formed, and (h) interstitial fluid pressure is high. All these phenomena are against cancer treatment modalities. As a result, to control such abnormal pathophysiologic traits, novel cancer therapy strategies need to be devised using multifunctional nanomedicines and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cheng CJ, Saltzman WM, Slack FJ. Canonical and non-canonical barriers facing antimiR cancer therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:3582-93. [PMID: 23745563 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320290004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Once considered genetic "oddities", microRNAs (miRNAs) are now recognized as key epigenetic regulators of numerous biological processes, including some with a causal link to the pathogenesis, maintenance, and treatment of cancer. The crux of small RNA-based therapeutics lies in the antagonism of potent cellular targets; the main shortcoming of the field in general, lies in ineffective delivery. Inhibition of oncogenic miRNAs is a relatively nascent therapeutic concept, but as with predecessor RNA-based therapies, success hinges on delivery efficacy. This review will describes the canonical (e.g. pharmacokinetics and clearance, cellular uptake, endosome escape, etc.) and non-canonical (e.g. spatial localization and accessibility of miRNA, technical limitations of miRNA inhibition, off-target impacts, etc.) challenges to the delivery of antisense-based anti-miRNA therapeutics (i.e. antimiRs) for the treatment of cancer. Emphasis will be placed on how the current leading antimiR platforms-ranging from naked chemically modified oligonucleotides to nanoscale delivery vehicles-are affected by and overcome these barriers. The perplexity of antimiR delivery presents both engineering and biological hurdles that must be overcome in order to capitalize on the extensive pharmacological benefits of antagonizing tumor-associated miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Surface modified multifunctional nanomedicines for simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2014; 4:3-14. [PMID: 24790893 PMCID: PMC4005281 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2014.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, a growing number of advanced anticancer nanomedicines (e.g., Doxil(®), Lipoxal(®), DepoCyte(®)) have entered into different phases of clinical trials. However, most of these medicaments fail to differentiate between diseased and normal cells. They also do not have capability of real time monitoring of disease status trough on-demand imaging/sensing of target molecule(s). Multifunctional nanomedicines and theranostics can resolve such limitations, while formulation of these advanced seamless systems appear to involve various sophisticated process, exploiting several bioconjugations. METHODS Recent works upon multifunctional nanomedicines for simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer have been systematically reviewed, focusing on surface modification and application of advanced nanobiomaterials. RESULTS Ultimate therapy of malignancies, as complex systems, demands implementation of seamless nanosystems (NSs) that can specifically target the cancerous cells and smartly deliver the anticancer agent(s) into the desired target site. Engineering of such NSs requires in-situ coordination of various technologies (e.g., synthesis, surface modification and bioconjugation) in order to achieve improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics outcomes. CONCLUSION Seamless multimodal NSs have potential to simultaneously target and monitor the tumor cells through homing and imaging/sensing devices and deliver the therapeutic agents. However, to achieve superior pharmacokinetics with maximal efficacy and minimal side effects, these advanced NSs need to become much more intelligent to sense the disease condition and liberate therapeutics on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cell type and transfection reagent-dependent effects on viability, cell content, cell cycle and inflammation of RNAi in human primary mesenchymal cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 53:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Godinho BM, McCarthy DJ, Torres-Fuentes C, Beltrán CJ, McCarthy J, Quinlan A, Ogier JR, Darcy R, O'Driscoll CM, Cryan JF. Differential nanotoxicological and neuroinflammatory liabilities of non-viral vectors for RNA interference in the central nervous system. Biomaterials 2014; 35:489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dendrimers as carriers for siRNA delivery and gene silencing: a review. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:630654. [PMID: 24288498 PMCID: PMC3830781 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) was first literaturally reported in 1998 and has become rapidly a promising tool for therapeutic applications in gene therapy. In a typical RNAi process, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are used to specifically downregulate the expression of the targeted gene, known as the term "gene silencing." One key point for successful gene silencing is to employ a safe and efficient siRNA delivery system. In this context, dendrimers are emerging as potential nonviral vectors to deliver siRNA for RNAi purpose. Dendrimers have attracted intense interest since their emanating research in the 1980s and are extensively studied as efficient DNA delivery vectors in gene transfer applications, due to their unique features based on the well-defined and multivalent structures. Knowing that DNA and RNA possess a similar structure in terms of nucleic acid framework and the electronegative nature, one can also use the excellent DNA delivery properties of dendrimers to develop effective siRNA delivery systems. In this review, the development of dendrimer-based siRNA delivery vectors is summarized, focusing on the vector features (siRNA delivery efficiency, cytotoxicity, etc.) of different types of dendrimers and the related investigations on structure-activity relationship to promote safe and efficient siRNA delivery system.
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Network analysis of endogenous gene expression profiles after polyethyleneimine-mediated DNA delivery. J Gene Med 2013; 15:142-54. [PMID: 23526566 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA delivery systems, which transport exogenous DNA to cells, have applications that include gene therapy, tissue engineering and medical devices. Although the cationic nonviral DNA carrier polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been widely studied, the molecular factors and pathways underlying PEI-mediated DNA transfer remain largely unknown, preventing the design of more efficient delivery systems. METHODS HEK 293 T cells were treated with polyplexes formed with PEI and pEGFPLuc encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transfected cells expressing GFP were flow-separated from treated, untransfected cells. Gene expression profiles were obtained using Affymetrix HG-U133 2.0 microarrays and differentially expressed genes were identified using R/Bioconductor. Gene network analysis using EGAN (exploratory gene association network) bioinformatics tools was then used to find interaction among genes and enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to transfection. Genes identified by this method were perturbed using pharmacologic activators or inhibitors to assess their effect on DNA transfer. RESULTS Microarray analysis comparing transfected cells to untransfected cells revealed 215 genes to be differentially expressed, with the majority enriched to GO processes including metabolism, response to stimulus, cell cycle, biological regulation and cellular component organization or biogenesis pathways. Gene network analysis revealed a coordinated induction of RAP1A, SCG5, PGAP1, ATF3 and NEB genes implicated in cell stress, cell cycle and cytoskeletal processes. Altering pathways with pharmacologic agents confirmed the potential role of RAP1A, SCG5 and ATF3 in transfection. CONCLUSIONS Microarray and gene network analyses of the sorted, transfected cell population can identify potential mediators of transfection, providing a basis for the design of improved delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Intrinsic bio-signature of gene delivery nanocarriers may impair gene therapy goals. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2013; 3:105-9. [PMID: 24163801 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral lipid/polymeric vectors have widely been used as nanocarriers (NCs) for gene delivery. They possess large surface area to volume ratio and are able to interact with biomolecules through functional moieties, resulting in inadvertent biological impacts, in particular at genomic level. Thus, their genomic bio-signature needs to be investigated prior to use in vivo. Using high-throughput microarray and qPCR gene expression profiling techniques, we have reported the genomic impacts of lipid/polymeric NCs. Given the fact that the ultimate objectives of gene therapy may inevitably be impaired by nonspecific intrinsic genomic impacts of these NCs, here, we highlight their nonspecific genomic bio-signature. We envision that better understanding on the genotoxicity of gene delivery NCs, as guiding premise, will help us to develop much safer NCs and also to accelerate their translation into clinical use and to provide pivotal information on safety liabilities early in discovery and developments process prior to its inevitable consequences in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Current progress for the use of miRNAs in glioblastoma treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:757-68. [PMID: 23625340 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain cancer with the worst prognosis of any central nervous system disease despite intensive multimodal therapy. Inevitably, glioblastoma is fatal, with recurrence of treatment-resistant tumour growth at distal sites leading to an extremely low median survival rate of 12-15 months from the time of initial diagnosis. With the advent of microarray and gene profiling technology, researchers have investigated trends in genetic alterations and, in this regard, the role of dysregulated microRNAs (highly conserved endogenous small RNA molecules) in glioblastoma has been studied with a view to identifying novel mechanisms of acquired drug resistance and allow for development of microRNA (miRNA)-based therapeutics for GBM patients. Considering the development of miRNA research from initial association to GBM to commercial development of miR-based therapeutics in less than a decade, it is not beyond reasonable doubt to anticipate significant advancements in this field of study, hopefully with the ultimate conclusion of improved patient outcome. This review discusses the recent advancements in miRNA-based therapeutic development for use in glioblastoma treatment and the challenges faced with respect to in vivo and clinical application.
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Akhtar S, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Yousif MHM, Benter IF. On the nanotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers: Superfect® stimulates the EGFR-ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway via an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism in HEK 293 cells. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:239-46. [PMID: 23538097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are cationic branch-like macromolecules that may serve as drug delivery systems for gene-based therapies such as RNA interference. For their safe use in the clinic, they should ideally only enhance drug delivery to target tissues and exhibit no adverse effects. However, little is known about their toxicological profiles in terms of their interactions with cellular signal transduction pathways such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR is an important signaling cascade that regulates cell growth, differentiation, migration, survival and apoptosis. Here, we investigated the impact of naked, unmodified Superfect (SF), a commercially available generation 6 PAMAM dendrimer, on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase-extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. At concentrations routinely used for transfection, SF exhibited time and dose-dependent stimulation of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas AG1478, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase antagonist, inhibited EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling. SF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR for 1h was partly reversible upon removal of the dendrimer and examination of cells 24 later. Co-treatment of SF with epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand resulted in greater EGFR stimulation than either agent alone implying that the stimulatory effects of SF and the ligand are synergistic. Dendrimer-induced stimulation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling could be attenuated by the antioxidants apocynin, catalase and tempol implying that an oxidative stress dependent mechanism was involved. These results show for the first time that PAMAM dendrimers, aside from their ability to improve drug delivery, can modulate the important EGFR-ERK1/2 cellular signal transduction pathway - a novel finding that may have a bearing on their safe application as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Targeted Gene Therapy of Cancer: Second Amendment toward Holistic Therapy. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2013; 3:49-51. [PMID: 23878787 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It seems solid tumors are developing smart organs with specialized cells creating specified bio-territory, the so called "tumor microenvironment (TME)", in which there is reciprocal crosstalk among cancer cells, immune system cells and stromal cells. TME as an intricate milieu also consists of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that can resist against chemotherapies. In solid tumors, metabolism and vascularization appears to be aberrant and tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) functions as physiologic barrier. Thus, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and gene therapy often fail to provide cogent clinical outcomes. It looms that it is the time to accept the fact that initiation of cancer could be generation of another form of life that involves a cluster of thousands of genes, while we have failed to observe all aspects of it. Hence, the current treatment modalities need to be re-visited to cover all key aspects of disease using combination therapy based on the condition of patients. Perhaps personalized cluster of genes need to be simultaneously targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Translational Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Polycation-based nanoparticle delivery of RNAi therapeutics: adverse effects and solutions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1717-29. [PMID: 22800620 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) that silence genes by the process of RNA interference offers a new therapeutic modality for disease treatment. Polycation-based nanoparticles termed polyplexes have been developed to maximise extracellular and intracellular siRNA delivery, a key requirement for enabling the clinical translation of RNAi-based drugs. Medical applications are dependent on safety; therefore, detailed investigation into potential toxicity to the cell or organism is required. This review addresses potential adverse effects arising from cellular and tissue interactions, immune stimulation and altered gene expression that can be associated with the assembled polyplex or the polycation and siRNA component parts. A greater understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved allows design-based solutions for rationale development of safe, effective and clinically relevant polyplex-based RNAi drugs.
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Modeling of highly efficient drug delivery system induced by self-assembly of nanocarriers: A density functional study. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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