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López-Antoñanzas R, Mitchell J, Simões TR, Condamine FL, Aguilée R, Peláez-Campomanes P, Renaud S, Rolland J, Donoghue PCJ. Integrative Phylogenetics: Tools for Palaeontologists to Explore the Tree of Life. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1185. [PMID: 36009812 PMCID: PMC9405010 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The modern era of analytical and quantitative palaeobiology has only just begun, integrating methods such as morphological and molecular phylogenetics and divergence time estimation, as well as phenotypic and molecular rates of evolution. Calibrating the tree of life to geological time is at the nexus of many disparate disciplines, from palaeontology to molecular systematics and from geochronology to comparative genomics. Creating an evolutionary time scale of the major events that shaped biodiversity is key to all of these fields and draws from each of them. Different methodological approaches and data employed in various disciplines have traditionally made collaborative research efforts difficult among these disciplines. However, the development of new methods is bridging the historical gap between fields, providing a holistic perspective on organismal evolutionary history, integrating all of the available evidence from living and fossil species. Because phylogenies with only extant taxa do not contain enough information to either calibrate the tree of life or fully infer macroevolutionary dynamics, phylogenies should preferably include both extant and extinct taxa, which can only be achieved through the inclusion of phenotypic data. This integrative phylogenetic approach provides ample and novel opportunities for evolutionary biologists to benefit from palaeontological data to help establish an evolutionary time scale and to test core macroevolutionary hypotheses about the drivers of biological diversification across various dimensions of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel López-Antoñanzas
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (ISE-M, UMR 5554, CNRS/UM/IRD/EPHE), Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Mitchell
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University Institute of Technology, 410 Neville Street, Beckley, WV 25801, USA
| | - Tiago R. Simões
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (ISE-M, UMR 5554, CNRS/UM/IRD/EPHE), Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Robin Aguilée
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 5174, CNRS/IRD, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pablo Peláez-Campomanes
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabrina Renaud
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 5174, CNRS/IRD, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Asher RJ, Smith MR. Phylogenetic Signal and Bias in Paleontology. Syst Biol 2021; 71:986-1008. [PMID: 34469583 PMCID: PMC9248965 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented amount of evidence now illuminates the phylogeny of living mammals and birds on the Tree of Life. We use this tree to measure phylogenetic value of data typically used in paleontology (bones and teeth) from six datasets derived from five published studies. We ask three interrelated questions: 1) Can these data adequately reconstruct known parts of the Tree of Life? 2) Is accuracy generally similar for studies using morphology, or do some morphological datasets perform better than others? 3) Does the loss of non-fossilizable data cause taxa to occur in misleadingly basal positions? Adding morphology to DNA datasets usually increases congruence of resulting topologies to the well corroborated tree, but this varies among morphological datasets. Extant taxa with a high proportion of missing morphological characters can greatly reduce phylogenetic resolution when analyzed together with fossils. Attempts to ameliorate this by deleting extant taxa missing morphology are prone to decreased accuracy due to long-branch artefacts. We find no evidence that fossilization causes extinct taxa to incorrectly appear at or near topologically basal branches. Morphology comprises the evidence held in common by living taxa and fossils, and phylogenetic analysis of fossils greatly benefits from inclusion of molecular and morphological data sampled for living taxa, whatever methods are used for phylogeny estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Asher
- Department of Zoology, Downing St., University of Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Martin R Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Lower Mount Joy, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Chatterji RM, Hutchinson MN, Jones MEH. Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles (Chelonioidea). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chelonioidea (sea turtles) are a group where available morphological evidence for crown-group relationships are incongruent with those established using molecular data. However, morphological surveys of crown-group taxa tend to focus on a recurring subset of the extant species. The Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, is often excluded from comparisons and it is the most poorly known of the seven extant species of Chelonioidea. Previous descriptions of its skull morphology are limited and conflict. Here we describe three skulls of adult N. depressus and re-examine the phylogenetic relationships according to morphological character data. Using X-ray micro Computed Tomography we describe internal structures of the braincase and identify new phylogenetically informative characters not previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis using a Bayesian approach strongly supports a sister-group relationship between Chelonia mydas and N. depressus, a topology that was not supported by previous analyses of morphological data but one that matches the topology supported by analysis of molecular data. Our results highlight the general need to sample the morphological anatomy of crown-group taxa more thoroughly before concluding that morphological and molecular evidence are incongruous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray M Chatterji
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Mark N Hutchinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Marc E H Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA, Australia
- Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Billet G, Bardin J. Serial Homology and Correlated Characters in Morphological Phylogenetics: Modeling the Evolution of Dental Crests in Placentals. Syst Biol 2018; 68:267-280. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Billet
- CR2P, UMR 7207, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 8 rue Buffon 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Bardin
- CR2P, UMR 7207, Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, T.46-56, E.5, case 104, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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Halliday TJD, Upchurch P, Goswami A. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:521-550. [PMID: 28075073 PMCID: PMC6849585 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The 'Age of Mammals' began in the Paleocene epoch, the 10 million year interval immediately following the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction. The apparently rapid shift in mammalian ecomorphs from small, largely insectivorous forms to many small-to-large-bodied, diverse taxa has driven a hypothesis that the end-Cretaceous heralded an adaptive radiation in placental mammal evolution. However, the affinities of most Paleocene mammals have remained unresolved, despite significant advances in understanding the relationships of the extant orders, hindering efforts to reconstruct robustly the origin and early evolution of placental mammals. Here we present the largest cladistic analysis of Paleocene placentals to date, from a data matrix including 177 taxa (130 of which are Palaeogene) and 680 morphological characters. We improve the resolution of the relationships of several enigmatic Paleocene clades, including families of 'condylarths'. Protungulatum is resolved as a stem eutherian, meaning that no crown-placental mammal unambiguously pre-dates the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Our results support an Atlantogenata-Boreoeutheria split at the root of crown Placentalia, the presence of phenacodontids as closest relatives of Perissodactyla, the validity of Euungulata, and the placement of Arctocyonidae close to Carnivora. Periptychidae and Pantodonta are resolved as sister taxa, Leptictida and Cimolestidae are found to be stem eutherians, and Hyopsodontidae is highly polyphyletic. The inclusion of Paleocene taxa in a placental phylogeny alters interpretations of relationships and key events in mammalian evolutionary history. Paleocene mammals are an essential source of data for understanding fully the biotic dynamics associated with the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The relationships presented here mark a critical first step towards accurate reconstruction of this important interval in the evolution of the modern fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. D. Halliday
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
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Montoya‐Sanhueza G, Chinsamy A. Long bone histology of the subterranean rodent Bathyergus suillus (Bathyergidae): ontogenetic pattern of cortical bone thickening. J Anat 2017; 230:203-233. [PMID: 27682432 PMCID: PMC5244287 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of bone development in mammals are best known from terrestrial and cursorial groups, but there is a considerable gap in our understanding of how specializations for life underground affect bone growth and development. Likewise, studies of bone microstructure in wild populations are still scarce, and they often include few individuals and tend to be focused on adults. For these reasons, the processes generating bone microstructural variation at intra- and interspecific levels are not fully understood. This study comprehensively examines the bone microstructure of an extant population of Cape dune molerats, Bathyergus suillus (Bathyergidae), the largest subterranean mammal endemic to the Western Cape of South Africa. The aim of this study is to investigate the postnatal bone growth of B. suillus using undecalcified histological sections (n = 197) of the femur, humerus, tibia-fibula, ulna and radius, including males and females belonging to different ontogenetic and reproductive stages (n = 42). Qualitative histological features demonstrate a wide histodiversity with thickening of the cortex mainly resulting from endosteal and periosteal bone depositions, whilst there is scarce endosteal resorption and remodeling throughout ontogeny. This imbalanced bone modeling allows the tissues deposited during ontogeny to remain relatively intact, thus preserving an excellent record of growth. The distribution of the different bone tissues observed in the cortex depends on ontogenetic status, anatomical features (e.g. muscle attachment structures) and location on the bone (e.g. anterior or lateral). The type of bone microstructure and modeling is discussed in relation to digging behavior, reproduction and physiology of this species. This study is the first histological assessment describing the process of cortical thickening in long bones of a fossorial mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Montoya‐Sanhueza
- Department of Biological SciencesPalaeobiological Research GroupUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- Department of Biological SciencesPalaeobiological Research GroupUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Qiao T, King B, Long JA, Ahlberg PE, Zhu M. Early Gnathostome Phylogeny Revisited: Multiple Method Consensus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163157. [PMID: 27649538 PMCID: PMC5029804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of recent studies recovered consistent phylogenetic scenarios of jawed vertebrates, such as the paraphyly of placoderms with respect to crown gnathostomes, and antiarchs as the sister group of all other jawed vertebrates. However, some of the phylogenetic relationships within the group have remained controversial, such as the positions of Entelognathus, ptyctodontids, and the Guiyu-lineage that comprises Guiyu, Psarolepis and Achoania. The revision of the dataset in a recent study reveals a modified phylogenetic hypothesis, which shows that some of these phylogenetic conflicts were sourced from a few inadvertent miscodings. The interrelationships of early gnathostomes are addressed based on a combined new dataset with 103 taxa and 335 characters, which is the most comprehensive morphological dataset constructed to date. This dataset is investigated in a phylogenetic context using maximum parsimony (MP), Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) approaches in an attempt to explore the consensus and incongruence between the hypotheses of early gnathostome interrelationships recovered from different methods. Our findings consistently corroborate the paraphyly of placoderms, all 'acanthodians' as a paraphyletic stem group of chondrichthyans, Entelognathus as a stem gnathostome, and the Guiyu-lineage as stem sarcopterygians. The incongruence using different methods is less significant than the consensus, and mainly relates to the positions of the placoderm Wuttagoonaspis, the stem chondrichthyan Ramirosuarezia, and the stem osteichthyan Lophosteus-the taxa that are either poorly known or highly specialized in character complement. Given that the different performances of each phylogenetic approach, our study provides an empirical case that the multiple phylogenetic analyses of morphological data are mutually complementary rather than redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benedict King
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John A. Long
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Per E. Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Pattinson DJ, Thompson RS, Piotrowski AK, Asher RJ. Phylogeny, Paleontology, and Primates: Do Incomplete Fossils Bias the Tree of Life? Syst Biol 2014; 64:169-86. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Pattinson
- Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ; 2Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ; 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD; and 4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ; 2Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ; 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD; and 4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ; 2Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ; 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD; and 4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Richard S. Thompson
- Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ; 2Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ; 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD; and 4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Aleks K. Piotrowski
- Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ; 2Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ; 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD; and 4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Robert J. Asher
- Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ; 2Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ; 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD; and 4Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Dávalos LM, Velazco PM, Warsi OM, Smits PD, Simmons NB. Integrating Incomplete Fossils by Isolating Conflicting Signal in Saturated and Non-Independent Morphological Characters. Syst Biol 2014; 63:582-600. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sansom RS, Wills MA. Fossilization causes organisms to appear erroneously primitive by distorting evolutionary trees. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2545. [PMID: 23985991 PMCID: PMC3756334 DOI: 10.1038/srep02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossils are vital for calibrating rates of molecular and morphological change through geological time, and are the only direct source of data documenting macroevolutionary transitions. Many evolutionary studies therefore require the robust phylogenetic placement of extinct organisms. Here, we demonstrate that the inevitable bias of the fossil record to preserve just hard, skeletal morphology systemically distorts phylogeny. Removal of soft part characters from 78 modern vertebrate and invertebrate morphological datasets resulted in significant changes to phylogenetic signal; it caused individual taxa to drift from their original position, predominately downward toward the root of their respective trees. This last bias could systematically inflate evolutionary rates inferred from molecular data because first fossil occurrences will not be recognised as such. Stem-ward slippage, whereby fundamental taphonomic biases cause fossils to be interpreted as erroneously primitive, is therefore a ubiquitous problem for all biologists attempting to infer macroevolutionary rates or sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Sansom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew A. Wills
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Billet G, Martin T. No evidence for an afrotherian-like delayed dental eruption in South American notoungulates. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:509-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Prevosti FJ. Phylogeny of the large extinct South American Canids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae) using a “total evidence” approach. Cladistics 2010; 26:456-481. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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13
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De Bivort BL, Clouse RM, Giribet G. A morphometrics-based phylogeny of the temperate Gondwanan mite harvestmen (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Pettalidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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LEE MSY, CAMENS AB. Strong morphological support for the molecular evolutionary tree of placental mammals. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2243-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Springer MS, Meredith RW, Eizirik E, Teeling E, Murphy WJ. Morphology and Placental Mammal Phylogeny. Syst Biol 2008; 57:499-503. [DOI: 10.1080/10635150802164504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California
Riverside, CA 92521, USA; E-mail: (M.S.S.)
| | - Robert W. Meredith
- Department of Biology, University of California
Riverside, CA 92521, USA; E-mail: (M.S.S.)
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- Faculdade de Biociencias, PUCRS
Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Emma Teeling
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin Belfield
Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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