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Shu D, Zhang C, Dai S, Wang S, Liu J, Ding J. Acute Effects of Foam Rolling on Hamstrings After Half-Marathon: A Muscle Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723092. [PMID: 34690798 PMCID: PMC8526727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Foam rolling (FR) is widely used for post-exercise muscle recovery; yet, the effects of FR on skeletal muscle inflammation and microvascular perfusion following prolonged exercise are poorly understood. We aim to address the gap in knowledge by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 mapping and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) sequences to study the acute effects of FR on hamstrings following half-marathon running in recreational runners. Methods: Sixteen healthy recreational marathon runners were recruited. After half-marathon running, FR was performed on the hamstrings on the dominant side, while the other limb served as a control. MRI T2 and IVIM scans were performed bilaterally at baseline (pre-run), 2–3 h after running (post-run), immediately after FR (post-FR0), 30 min after FR (post-FR30) and 60 min after FR (post-FR60). T2, a marker for inflammatory edema, as well as IVIM microvascular perfusion fraction index f for biceps femoris long head (BFL), semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) were determined. Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale score was also collected. Results: Both T2 and f were higher at post-run compared to pre-run in all hamstrings on both sides (all p < 0.05; all d > 1.0). For the FR side, T2 decreased, and f increased significantly at post-FR0 and post-FR30 compared to post-run in all muscles (p < 0.05; all d > 0.4) except for f at BFL and SM at post-FR30 (both p > 0.05), though f at BFL was still marginally elevated at post-FR30 (p = 0.074, d = 0.91). Both parameters for all muscles returned to post-run level at post-FR60 (all p > 0.05; all d < 0.4) except for T2 at SM (p = 0.037). In contrast, most MRI parameters were not changed at post-FR0, post-FR30 and post-FR60 compared to post-run for the control side (p < 0.05; d < 0.2). TQR scores were elevated at post-FR0 and post-FR30 compared to post-run (both p < 0.05; both d > 1.0), and returned to the post-run level at post-FR60 (p > 0.99; d = 0.09). Changes in TQR scores compared to post-run at any time points after FR were correlated to T2 for ST at post-FR30 (r = 0.50, p = 0.047) but not T2 for other muscles and any changes in f values. Conclusions: Hamstrings inflammatory edema and microvascular perfusion were elevated following half-marathon running, which were detectable with MRI T2 mapping and IVIM sequences. FR resulted in acute alleviation in inflammation and greater microvascular perfusion; however, the effects seemed to last only for a short period of time (30–60 min). FR can provide short-term benefits to skeletal muscle after prolonged running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbo Shu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Sport Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Dai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Sport Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Sport Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Sport Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Rankin P, Lawlor MJ, Hills FA, Bell PG, Stevenson EJ, Cockburn E. The effect of milk on recovery from repeat-sprint cycling in female team-sport athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:113-122. [PMID: 28972854 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of milk following eccentric exercise attenuates the effects of muscle damage in team-sport athletes. However, participation in team sport involves both concentric-eccentric loading and metabolic stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of postexercise milk consumption on recovery from a cycling protocol designed to simulate the metabolic demands of team sport. Ten female team-sport athletes participated in a randomised crossover investigation. Upon completion of the protocol participants consumed 500 mL of milk (MILK) or 500 mL of an energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) drink. Muscle function (peak torque, rate of force development, countermovement jump, 20-m sprint), muscle soreness and tiredness, serum creatine kinase, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and measures of oxidative stress (protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio) were determined at pre-exercise and 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postexercise. MILK had a possible beneficial effect in attenuating losses in peak torque (180°/s) from baseline to 24 h (3.2% ± 7.8% vs. -6.2% ± 7.5%, MILK vs. CHO) and a possible beneficial effect in minimising soreness (baseline-48 h; baseline-72 h) and tiredness (baseline-24 h; baseline-72 h). There was no change in oxidative stress following the exercise protocol, though a likely benefit of milk was observed for GSH/GSSG ratio at baseline-24 h (0.369 ×/÷ 1.89, 1.103 ×/÷ 3.96, MILK vs. CHO). MILK had an unclear effect on all other variables. Consumption of 500 mL of milk after repeat sprint cycling had little to no benefit in minimising losses in peak torque or minimising increases in soreness and tiredness and had no effect on serum markers of muscle damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rankin
- a Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow R93 V960, Ireland.,b School of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,c London Institute of Sport, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Michael J Lawlor
- a Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow R93 V960, Ireland
| | - Frank A Hills
- d Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Phillip G Bell
- e GlaxoSimthKline Human Performance Laboratory, Brentford, London TW8 9DA, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- f Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma Cockburn
- b School of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,c London Institute of Sport, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
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Wadley AJ, Killer SC, Svendsen IS, Gleeson M. The impact of intensified training with a high or moderate carbohydrate feeding strategy on resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1757-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hillman AR, Turner MC, Peart DJ, Bray JW, Taylor L, McNaughton LR, Siegler JC. A Comparison of Hyperhydration Versus Ad Libitum Fluid Intake Strategies on Measures of Oxidative Stress, Thermoregulation, and Performance. Res Sports Med 2013; 21:305-17. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2013.825796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Hillman
- a Department of Health and Physical Education , Marywood University , Scranton , Pennsylvania , USA
- b Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science , The University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Turner
- c School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Peart
- b Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science , The University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
| | - James W. Bray
- b Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science , The University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
| | - Lee Taylor
- d Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), The University of Bedfordshire , Bedford , United Kingdom
| | - Lars R. McNaughton
- e Sport and Physical Activity Department , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , United Kingdom
| | - Jason C. Siegler
- f School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Campus , Penrith , Australia
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Kerasioti E, Kiskini A, Veskoukis A, Jamurtas A, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis AM, Koutedakis Y, Stagos D, Kouretas D, Karathanos V. Effect of a special carbohydrate-protein cake on oxidative stress markers after exhaustive cycling in humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2805-10. [PMID: 22538083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been associated with oxidative stress that is correlated with muscle fatigue and reduced exercise performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a special cake (consisting of carbohydrate to whey protein 3.5:1) vs an isocaloric carbohydrate cake on biomarkers of oxidative stress in 9 males after exhaustive cycling. A randomized single-blind cross-over study was completed. They performed one trial involving a 2-h exercise on a cycle ergometer at 60-65% VO(2)max followed by a 4-h recovery and then a second trial involved an 1-h exercise at 60-65% VO(2)max which was increased at 95% VO(2)max (time trial). The subjects received 4 experimental or placebo cakes after the first trial (the first immediately after and then one every hour). Blood samples were collected at eight time intervals: pre-exercise, 30 min, 1.5 h and 4 h post-exercise, post time Trial, 1 h, 24 h and 48 h post time Trial. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase and glutathione (GSH) were determined spectrophotometrically. The mean time to exhaustion did not differ upon cake consumption. Consumption of the special cake reduced TBARS significantly, but had no effect on other oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41221, Greece.
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McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Dumke CL, Shooter LA, Henson DA, Utter AC, Milne G, McAnulty SR. Effect of blueberry ingestion on natural killer cell counts, oxidative stress, and inflammation prior to and after 2.5 h of running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:976-84. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blueberries are rich in antioxidants known as anthocyanins, which may exhibit significant health benefits. Strenous exercise is known to acutely generate oxidative stress and an inflammatory state, and serves as an on-demand model to test antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. The purpose of this study was to examine whether 250 g of blueberries per day for 6 weeks and 375 g given 1 h prior to 2.5 h of running at ∼72% maximal oxygen consumption counters oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune changes. Twenty-five well-trained subjects were recruited and randomized into blueberry (BB) (N = 13) or control (CON) (N = 12) groups. Blood, muscle, and urine samples were obtained pre-exercise and immediately postexercise, and blood and urine 1 h postexercise. Blood was examined for F2-isoprostanes for oxidative stress, cortisol, cytokines, homocysteine, leukocytes, T-cell function, natural killer (NK), and lymphocyte cell counts for inflammation and immune system activation, and ferric reducing ability of plasma for antioxidant capacity. Muscle biopsies were examined for glycogen and NFkB expression to evaluate stress and inflammation. Urine was tested for modification of DNA (8-OHDG) and RNA (5-OHMU) as markers of nucleic acid oxidation. A 2 (treatment) × 3 (time) repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Increases in F2-isoprostanes and 5-OHMU were significantly less in BB and plasma IL-10 and NK cell counts were significantly greater in BB vs. CON. Changes in all other markers did not differ. This study indicates that daily blueberry consumption for 6 weeks increases NK cell counts, and acute ingestion reduces oxidative stress and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. McAnulty
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - David C. Nieman
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Charles L. Dumke
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Lesli A. Shooter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Dru A. Henson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Alan C. Utter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Steven R. McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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Lushchak VI. Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:13-30. [PMID: 21074869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1387] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an unenviable part of aerobic life. Their steady-state concentration is a balance between production and elimination providing certain steady-state ROS level. The dynamic equilibrium can be disturbed leading to enhanced ROS level and damage to cellular constituents which is called "oxidative stress". This review describes the general processes responsible for ROS generation in aquatic animals and critically analyses used markers for identification of oxidative stress. Changes in temperature, oxygen levels and salinity can cause the stress in natural and artificial conditions via induction of disbalance between ROS production and elimination. Human borne pollutants can also enhance ROS level in hydrobionts. The role of transition metal ions, such as copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic, and pesticides, namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides along with oil products in induction of oxidative stress is highlighted. Last years the research in biology of free radicals was refocused from only descriptive works to molecular mechanisms with particular interest to ones enhancing tolerance. The function of some transcription regulators (Keap1-Nrf2 and HIF-1α) in coordination of organisms' response to oxidative stress is discussed. The future directions in the field are related with more accurate description of oxidative stress, the identification of its general characteristics and mechanisms responsible for adaptation to the stress have been also discussed. The last part marks some perspectives in the study of oxidative stress in hydrobionts, which, in addition to classic use, became more and more popular to address general biological questions such as development, aging and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Vrabas IS. F2-isoprostane formation, measurement and interpretation: The role of exercise. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:89-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Karelis AD, Smith JW, Passe DH, Péronnet F. Carbohydrate administration and exercise performance: what are the potential mechanisms involved? Sports Med 2010; 40:747-63. [PMID: 20726621 DOI: 10.2165/11533080-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that carbohydrate (CHO) administration increases performance during prolonged exercise in humans and animals. The mechanism(s), which could mediate the improvement in exercise performance associated with CHO administration, however, remain(s) unclear. This review focuses on possible underlying mechanisms that could explain the increase in exercise performance observed with the administration of CHO during prolonged muscle contractions in humans and animals. The beneficial effect of CHO ingestion on performance during prolonged exercise could be due to several factors including (i) an attenuation in central fatigue; (ii) a better maintenance of CHO oxidation rates; (iii) muscle glycogen sparing; (iv) changes in muscle metabolite levels; (v) reduced exercise-induced strain; and (vi) a better maintenance of excitation-contraction coupling. In general, the literature indicates that CHO ingestion during exercise does not reduce the utilization of muscle glycogen. In addition, data from a meta-analysis suggest that a dose-dependent relationship was not shown between CHO ingestion during exercise and an increase in performance. This could support the idea that providing enough CHO to maintain CHO oxidation during exercise may not always be associated with an increase in performance. Emerging evidence from the literature shows that increasing neural drive and attenuating central fatigue may play an important role in increasing performance during exercise with CHO supplementation. In addition, CHO administration during exercise appears to provide protection from disrupted cell homeostasis/integrity, which could translate into better muscle function and an increase in performance. Finally, it appears that during prolonged exercise when the ability of metabolism to match energy demand is exceeded, adjustments seem to be made in the activity of the Na+/K+ pump. Therefore, muscle fatigue could be acting as a protective mechanism during prolonged contractions. This could be alleviated when CHO is administered resulting in the better maintenance of the electrical properties of the muscle fibre membrane. The mechanism(s) by which CHO administration increases performance during prolonged exercise is(are) complex, likely involving multiple factors acting at numerous cellular sites. In addition, due to the large variation in types of exercise, durations, intensities, feeding schedules and CHO types it is difficult to assess if the mechanism(s) that could explain the increase in performance with CHO administration during exercise is(are) similar in different situations. Experiments concerning the identification of potential mechanism(s) by which performance is increased with CHO administration during exercise will add to our understanding of the mechanism(s) of muscle/central fatigue. This knowledge could have significant implications for improving exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D Karelis
- Department of Kinesiology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
During the last few decades, scientific evidence has confirmed a wide range of health benefits related to regular physical activity. How physical activity affects the immune function and infection risk is, however, still under debate. Commonly, intensive exercise suppresses the activity and levels of several immune cells, while other immune functions may be stimulated by moderate physical activity. With this knowledge, the understanding of the relationship between different levels of physical activity on the immune function has been raised as a potential tool to protect health not only in athletes but also in the general population; the mechanisms that translate a physically active lifestyle into good health continue to be investigated. Reviewing the literature, although several outcomes (i.e. the mechanisms by which different levels and duration of physical activity programmes affect numerous cell types and responses) remain unclear, given that the additional benefits encompass healthy habits including exercise, the use of physical activity programmes may result in improved health of elderly populations. Moderate physical activity or moderate-regulated training may enhance the immune function mainly in less fit subjects or sedentary population and the pre-event fitness status also seems to be an important individual factor regarding this relationship. Although adequate nutrition and regular physical activity habits may synergistically improve health, clinical trials in athletes using nutritional supplements to counteract the immune suppression have been inconclusive so far.Further research is necessary to find out to what extent physical activity training can exert an effect on the immune function.
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Mancini A, Leone E, Silvestrini A, Festa R, Di Donna V, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Littarru GP, Meucci E. Evaluation of antioxidant systems in pituitary-adrenal axis diseases. Pituitary 2010; 13:138-45. [PMID: 20012698 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of adrenal steroids in antioxidant regulation is not known. Previously, we demonstrated some Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) alterations in pituitary diseases, which can induce complex pictures due to alterations of different endocrine axes. Therefore we determined CoQ(10) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in pituitary-dependent adrenal diseases: 6 subjects with ACTH-dependent adrenal hyperplasia (AH); 19 with secondary isolated hypoadrenalism (IH), 19 with associated hypothyroidism (multiple pituitary deficiencies, MPH). CoQ(10) was assayed by HPLC; TAC by the system metmyoglobin-H(2)O(2), which, interacting with the chromogenous 2,2(I)-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate), generates a spectroscopically revealed radical compound after a latency time (Lag) proportional to the antioxidant content. CoQ(10) levels were significantly lower in IH than AH and MPH, with a similar trend when adjusted for cholesterol. Also TAC was lower in IH than in AH and MPH, suggesting that adrenal hormones can influence antioxidants. However, since thyroid hormones modulate CoQ(10) levels and metabolism, when thyroid deficiency coexists it seems to play a prevalent influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mancini
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, Italy.
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McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Morrow JD, Khardouni D, Shooter L, Monk J, Gross S, Brown V. Effect of daily fruit ingestion on angiotensin converting enzyme activity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress in chronic smokers. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:1241-8. [PMID: 16298751 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500306836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether, daily fruit (blueberries) consumption (250 g) for three weeks or acute fruit ingestion (250 g) would attenuate angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and reduce oxidative stress in chronic cigarette smokers. METHODS Twenty subjects were recruited and randomized into fruit or control groups. Blood samples and blood pressure were obtained at baseline and then pre and one hour post when subjects returned to the lab three weeks later. To examine acute effects, the fruit group immediately ingested 250 g of blueberries after returning and at least one hour prior to the post blood draw. Plasma samples were analyzed for ACE activity, F(2)- isoprostanes and lipid hydroperoxides (LH) as measures of oxidative stress, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant potential. A 2 (treatment) x 3 (time) repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. If interaction was significant, then Student's t-tests were used to further examine this relationship. For these comparisons, a Bonferroni adjustment was made with statistical significance set at P < 0.025. RESULTS The pattern of change between treatments was not significant for any variable except LH (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study indicates that LH are significantly reduced by daily fruit consumption, but not affected by acute ingestion. This finding could be one way in which fruit consumption contributes to prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19144121 PMCID: PMC2642810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Njoku C, Self SE, Ruiz P, Hofbauer AF, Gilkeson GS, Oates JC. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor SD-3651 reduces proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice deficient in the NOS2 gene. J Investig Med 2008; 56:911-9. [PMID: 18797415 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e3181889e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of arginine analog nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor therapy in preventing and treating murine lupus nephritis. However, MRL/MpJ-FAS (MRL/lpr) mice lacking a functional NOS2 (inducible NOS [iNOS]) gene (NOS2) develop proliferative glomerulonephritis in a fashion similar to their wild-type (wt) littermates. This finding suggests that the effect of arginine analog NOS inhibitors is through a non-iNOS-mediated mechanism. This study was designed to address this hypothesis.NOS2 mice were given either vehicle or a NOS inhibitor (SD-3651) to determine if pharmacological NOS inhibition prevented glomerulonephritis, using wt mice as positive controls. Urine was collected fortnightly to measure albumin. At the time of full disease expression in wt mice, all mice were killed, and renal tissue was examined for light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic evidence of disease. Serum was analyzed for anti-double-stranded DNA antibody production.NOS2 mice had higher serum anti-double-stranded DNA antibody antibody levels than those of wt mice. SD-3651 therapy reduced proteinuria, glomerular immunoglobulin G deposition, and electron microscopic evidence of podocytopathy and endothelial cell swelling without affecting proliferative lesions by light microscopy.These studies confirm that genetic iNOS deficiency alone is insufficient to prevent proliferative glomerulonephritis and suggest that iNOS activity may inhibit autoantibody production. These results also suggest that SD-3651 therapy acts via a non-iNOS-mediated mechanism to prevent endothelial cell and podocyte pathology. Studies that elucidate this mechanism could provide a useful drug target for the treatment of nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu Njoku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29525, USA
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15
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The effect of a pre-exercise carbohydrate meal on immune responses to an endurance performance run. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:1260-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508975619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a pre-exercise meal with different glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) on immune responses to an endurance performance run. Eight men completed a preloaded 1 h run at 70 % VO2maxon a level treadmill followed by a 10 km performance run on three occasions. In each trial, one of the three prescribed isoenergetic meals, i.e. high GI and high GL (H-H), high GI and low GL (H-L), or low GI and low GL (L-L) was consumed by the subjects 2 h before exercise. Carbohydrate intake (% of energy intake), GI, and GL were 65 %, 79·5, and 82·4 for H-H; 36 %, 78·5, and 44·1 for H-L; 65 %, 40·2, and 42·1 for L-L, respectively. The running time for the three trials was approximately 112 min at 70 % VO2maxfor the first hour and 76 % VO2maxfor the last 52 min. Consumption of pre-exercise high-carbohydrate meals (H-H and L-L) resulted in less perturbation of the circulating numbers of leucocytes, neutrophils and T lymphocyte subsets, and in decreased elevation of the plasma IL-6 concentrations immediately after exercise and during the 2 h recovery period compared with the H-L trial. These responses were accompanied by an attenuated increase in plasma IL-10 concentrations at the the end of the 2 h recovery period. The amount of carbohydrate consumed in the pre-exercise meal may be the most important influencing factor rather than the type of carbohydrate in modifying the immunoendocrine response to prolonged exercise.
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16
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González D, Marquina R, Rondón N, Rodriguez-Malaver AJ, Reyes R. Effects of aerobic exercise on uric acid, total antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide in human saliva. Res Sports Med 2008; 16:128-37. [PMID: 18569946 DOI: 10.1080/15438620802103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on uric acid (UA), total antioxidant activity (TAA), lipid hydroperoxides, and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in human saliva. Twenty-four healthy male and female subjects were studied during a 10,000-m race. Saliva samples were collected 1 h before and immediately after exercise. The NO concentration was determined by the Griess reaction, UA by enzymatic method, TAA by the ABTS method, and lipid hydroperoxide by the ferrous iron/xylenol orange (FOX) method. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on salivary UA, TAA, lipid hydroperoxides, and NO metabolites. Aerobic exercise caused an increase in both salivary UA and TAA, and a decrease in salivary lipid hydroperoxide. There was no, however, change in nitrite concentration. These results suggested that aerobic exercise-induced increment in both UA and TAA seems to inhibit lipid hydroperoxide generation, a marker of oxidative stress in human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González
- Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Bioquimica Adaptativa, Departamento de Bioquímica, Mérida, Venezuela
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17
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McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Quindry JC, Hosick PA, Hudson MH, Still L, Henson DA, Milne GL, Morrow JD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Triplett NT, Dibarnardi A. Chronic quercetin ingestion and exercise-induced oxidative damage and inflammation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:254-62. [DOI: 10.1139/h07-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound that has been demonstrated to be a potent antioxidant in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate if quercetin ingestion would increase plasma antioxidant measures and attenuate increases in exercise-induced oxidative damage. Forty athletes were recruited and randomized to quercetin or placebo. Subjects consumed 1000 mg quercetin or placebo each day for 6 weeks before and during 3 d of cycling at 57% work maximum for 3 h. Blood was collected before and immediately after exercise each day, and analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein. Statistical analyses involved a 2 (treatment) × 6 (times) repeated measures analysis of variance to test main effects. F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein were significantly elevated as a result of exercise, but no group effects were found. Despite previous data demonstrating potent antioxidant actions of quercetin in vitro, this study indicates that this effect is absent in vivo and that chronic quercetin ingestion does not exert protection from exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa S. McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David C. Nieman
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Quindry
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter A. Hosick
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew H. Hudson
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura Still
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dru A. Henson
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason D. Morrow
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles L. Dumke
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan C. Utter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nan T. Triplett
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Adrianna Dibarnardi
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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18
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McAnulty SR, Hosick PA, McAnulty LS, Quindry JC, Still L, Hudson MB, Dibarnardi AN, Milne GL, Morrow JD, Austin MD. Effect of pharmacological lowering of plasma urate on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 32:1148-55. [PMID: 18059589 DOI: 10.1139/h07-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urate is a metabolic end product of purine metabolism that contributes about 66% of the antioxidant capacity of plasma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of plasma urate as an antioxidant using pharmacological lowering and examining the impact on plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress after intense exercise. Fifteen subjects ran for 45 min at approximately 80% VO2 max under the influence of probenecid (1 g/d) (PRO) or placebo (PLA) in a double-blind, crossover design. Blood samples obtained at baseline, pre-exercise, and immediately post-exercise were analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides (LHs), ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), urate, ascorbate (AA), and nitrite. A 2 (group)x2 (time) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests, and Student's t tests were used for statistical analysis. PRO exhibited lowered urate and FRAP compared with baseline (p<or=0.05), and group effects existed for the exercise trials (p=0.023 and p<or=0.001, respectively) versus PLA. F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, and AA were increased after exercise (p=0.004, p=0.001, and p=0.003, respectively), but the pattern of change was not different between treatments. This study indicates that plasma markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress were not affected by below-normal physiological concentrations of urate and a diminished antioxidant capacity within the plasma compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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19
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Skenderi KP, Tsironi M, Lazaropoulou C, Anastasiou CA, Matalas AL, Kanavaki I, Thalmann M, Goussetis E, Papassotiriou I, Chrousos GP. Changes in free radical generation and antioxidant capacity during ultramarathon foot race. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:159-65. [PMID: 18257778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaustive exercise has been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress. We studied the effect of a long-distance, endurance exercise on oxidative stress parameters in athletes who participated in the ultramarathon race Spartathlon (246 km). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 18 runners (16 men and 2 women) aged 42.8 +/- 1.4 years. Blood samples were obtained 24 h before (prerace), at the end (postrace) and 48 h after the end of the race (48 h postrace). We measured oxidative stress indices, including red cell glutathione, malonyldialdehyde and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2a), as well as the total antioxidant capacity. RESULTS 8-Iso-prostaglandin F(2a) level increased significantly at the end of the race, compared to prerace levels (up to 914.7 +/- 61.4 pg mL(-1) from 197.6 +/- 8.4 pg mL(-1)), and remained 2.5-fold increased over the baseline 48 h after the race (532.0 +/- 54.2 pg mL(-1), P < 0.000). The total antioxidant capacity of the athletes increased from a baseline of 289.6 +/- 9.0 micromol L(-1) to 358.7 +/- 11.0 micromol L(-1) immediately after the race and remained elevated 48 h later (350.6 +/- 7.6 micromol L(-1)) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exercise induces a marked response of oxidative stress biomarkers, which in part is compensated by serum ability to scavenge free radicals. Whether these changes have long-term negative effects in the organism needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Skenderi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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20
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Silveira LR, Hirabara SM, Lambertucci RH, Leandro CV, Fiamoncini J, Pinheiro CHJ, D'Angelo ACA, Bassit RA, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Regulação metabólica e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio durante a contração muscular: efeito do glicogênio na manutenção do estado redox intracelular. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
O exercício físico prolongado reduz os estoques de glicogênio muscular. Nessas condições, os processos de fadiga muscular são estimulados coincidindo com um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. A suplementação de carboidratos ou de antioxidantes isoladamente contribui para a melhora da performance muscular, sugerindo um efeito importante da depleção de substrato (glicose) e do aumento da produção de EROs no desenvolvimento da fadiga muscular durante a atividade física. Embora o mecanismo seja desconhecido, estamos propondo neste estudo que uma maior disponibilidade de glicogênio poderia favorecer uma maior atividade da via das pentoses fosfato, aumentando a disponibilidade de NADPH e GSH no tecido muscular esquelético. Uma maior capacidade antioxidante aumentaria a capacidade do tecido muscular em atividade, mantendo o equilíbrio redox durante atividade física prolongada e melhorando o desempenho. Neste processo, o ciclo glicose-ácido graxo pode ser importante aumentando a oxidação de lipídio e reduzindo o consumo de glicogênio durante a atividade prolongada. Além disso, um aumento na produção de EROs pode reduzir a atividade de enzimas importantes do metabolismo celular incluindo a aconitase e a a-cetoglutarato desidrogenase, comprometendo a produção de energia oxidativa, via predominante na produção de ATP durante a atividade muscular prolongada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
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21
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McAnulty SR, Owens JT, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Dumke CL, Milne GL. Ibuprofen use during extreme exercise: effects on oxidative stress and PGE2. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1075-9. [PMID: 17596774 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b13e31804a8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress was examined with use (N = 29) or nonuse (N = 25) of ibuprofen in ultramarathoners after the Western States Endurance Run. METHODS Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring plasma and urinary F2-isoprostanes, plasma nitrite, and plasma urate. A urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGE-M) was used as an end point to assess ibuprofen use. Ibuprofen users consumed 600 and 1200 mg of ibuprofen the day before and on race day, respectively, and nonusers avoided all antiinflammatory medications. Blood and urine were collected in the morning before the race and immediately after the race. RESULTS Use compared with nonuse of ibuprofen significantly increased plasma (P <or= 0.001) and urinary (P <or= 0.01) F2-isoprostanes after the race. Ibuprofen use was associated with reduced PGE-M (P = 0.016). Ibuprofen was not associated with changes in any other variables. CONCLUSION Ibuprofen use compared with nonuse by athletes competing in a 160-km race was associated with significantly increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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22
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Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:443-60. [PMID: 17136044 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy exercise induces marked immunodepression that is multifactorial in origin. Nutrition can modulate normal immune function. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of nutritional supplements in exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes. DESIGN Systematic review. REVIEW METHODS Randomised and/or controlled trials of athletes undertaking nutritional supplements to minimise the immunodepression after exercise were retrieved. The primary outcome measure was incidence of upper respiratory tract (URT) illness symptoms after exercise, and secondary outcomes included cortisol, cell counts, plasma cytokine concentration, cell proliferative response, oxidative burst, natural killer cell activity and immunoglobulins. When data were available for a pooled estimate of the effect of intervention, meta-analyses were conducted for direct comparisons. RESULTS Forty-five studies were included (1603 subjects). The studies were heterogeneous in terms of exercise interventions, selection of athletes, settings and outcomes. The overall methodological quality of most of the trials was poor. Twenty studies addressed carbohydrate supplementation, eight glutamine, 13 vitamin C and four others interventions. Three trials assessed the effect of intervention on prevention of URT infections. The pooled rate ratio for URT infections after vitamin C supplementation against placebo was 0.49 (0.34-0.71). Carbohydrate supplementation attenuated the increase in cortisol and neutrophils after exercise; vitamin C attenuated the decrease in lymphocytes after exercise. No other interventions had significant or consistent effect on any of the studied outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevention of URT infections by vitamin C was supported by two trials, further studies are needed. The available evidence failed to support a role for other nutritional supplements in preventing exercise-induced immune suppression. Larger trials with clinically relevant and uniform end points are necessary to clarify the role of these nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest single organ of the body. Skeletal muscle damage may lead to loss of muscle function, and widespread muscle damage may have serious systemic implications due to leakage of intracellular constituents to the circulation. Ca2+ acts as a second messenger in all muscle and may activate a whole range of processes ranging from activation of contraction to degradation of the muscle cell. It is therefore of vital importance for the muscle cell to control [Ca2+] in the cytoplasm ([Ca2+]c). If the permeability of the sarcolemma for Ca2+ is increased, the muscle cell may suffer Ca2+ overload, defined as an inability to control [Ca2+]c. This could lead to the activation of calpains, resulting in proteolysis of cellular constituents, activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), affecting membrane integrity, an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing lipid peroxidation, and possibly mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, all of which may further worsen the damage in a self-reinforcing process. An increased influx of Ca2+ leading to Ca2+ overload in muscle may occur in a range of situations such as exercise, mechanical and electrical trauma, prolonged ischemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and cachexia. Counteractions include membrane stabilizing agents, Ca2+ channel blockers, calpain inhibitors, PLA2 inhibitors, and ROS scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Gissel
- Institute of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Alle 1160, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark.
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24
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Scharhag J, Meyer T, Auracher M, Gabriel HH, Kindermann W. Effects of graded carbohydrate supplementation on the immune response in cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:286-92. [PMID: 16531897 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000191437.69493.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the acute immune response after three standardized cycling sessions of 4-h duration in the field with varying carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion. We hypothesized that the ingestion of carbohydrate (6 or 12% CHO beverages; placebo (P) without CHO) during exercise attenuates the exercise-induced immune response in a dose-dependent manner. METHODS A total of 14 male competitive cyclists and triathletes (age: 25 +/- 5 yr; height: 180 +/- 7 cm; weight: 72 +/- 9 kg; VO2max: 67 +/- 6 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) cycled for 4 h on a 400-m track at a given workload of 70% of the individual anaerobic threshold (198 +/- 21 W). Leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry before, immediately, and 1 and 19 h after exercise. In addition, C-reactive protein (CRP) interleukin 6 (IL-6), and cortisol were determined. RESULTS The exercise-induced increase in leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes was significantly attenuated to the same extent by 6 and 12% CHO (P < 0.001). No differences could be demonstrated for lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The increase in CRP was attenuated significantly by 12% CHO only (P < 0.05), whereas the increase in cortisol and IL-6 was significantly reduced by 6 and 12% CHO (P < 0.001). The postexercise neutrophilia, which dominated the exercise-induced leukocytosis, was strongly related to the postexercise concentration of cortisol (r = 0.72; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Because of the lacking dose-dependent difference, the ingestion of at least 6% CHO beverages can sufficiently attenuate the exercise-induced immune response and stress, especially in phagocytizing cells (neutrophils and monocytes) by the reduced release of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Scharhag
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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25
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Vollaard NBJ, Shearman JP, Cooper CE. Exercise-induced oxidative stress:myths, realities and physiological relevance. Sports Med 2006; 35:1045-62. [PMID: 16336008 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535120-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although assays for the most popular markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress may experience methodological flaws, there is sufficient credible evidence to suggest that exercise is accompanied by an increased generation of free radicals, resulting in a measurable degree of oxidative modifications to various molecules. However, the mechanisms responsible are unclear. A common assumption that increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption leads per se to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is not supported by in vitro and in vivo data. The specific contributions of other systems (xanthine oxidase, inflammation, haem protein auto-oxidation) are poorly characterised. It has been demonstrated that ROS have the capacity to contribute to the development of muscle fatigue in situ, but there is still a lack of convincing direct evidence that ROS impair exercise performance in vivo in humans. It remains unclear whether exercise-induced oxidative modifications have little significance, induce harmful oxidative damage, or are an integral part of redox regulation. It is clear that ROS play important roles in numerous physiological processes at rest; however, the detailed physiological functions of ROS in exercise remain to be elucidated.
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26
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McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Utter AC, Dumke CL. Effect of resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2006; 39:1219-24. [PMID: 16298748 DOI: 10.1080/10725760500317536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Some research studies have produced data indicating that resistance exercise induces oxidative stress, despite minimal increases in VO(2). These studies have primarily relied on oxidative stress markers with low sensitivity and debatable reliability. However, F(2)-isoprostanes as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry are considered to be a reliable and precise indicator of oxidative stress. Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is associated with reduced levels of stress hormones, which may influence oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant potential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of carbohydrate ingestion during resistance training on F(2)-isoprostanes and plasma antioxidant potential. Thirty strength-trained subjects were randomized to carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) groups that lifted weights for 2 h. Subjects received 10 ml kg(- 1) h(- 1) CHO (6%) or PLA beverages during the exercise. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after exercise and analyzed for cortisol as a marker of general stress, F(2)-isoprostanes as a measure of oxidative stress, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant potential, and for muscle glycogen, respectively. Decreases in muscle glycogen content did not differ between CHO and PLA. Cortisol and FRAP increased significantly in CHO and PLA (P = 0.008 and 0.044, respectively), but the pattern of change was not different between groups. F(2)-isoprostanes were unaffected by exercise. These results indicate that exhaustive resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion have no effect on oxidative stress or plasma antioxidant potential in trained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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27
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Schneider CD, Barp J, Ribeiro JL, Belló-Klein A, Oliveira AR. Oxidative Stress After Three Different Intensities of Running. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 30:723-34. [PMID: 16485522 DOI: 10.1139/h05-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 8 trained subjects (T) and 9 untrained subjects (UT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP), superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in the blood before and after three different intensities of exercise on the treadmill, determined from ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake data, obtained from a maximal aerobic power test. In plasma, LPO decreased from 3589 ± 193 to 3274 ± 223 cps•mg Hb−1(p < 0.05), and TRAP increased from 304 ± 45 to 384 ± 57 µmol•L−1trolox (p < 0.05) after high intensity exercise in T. GPx activity increased in the T group as compared to the UT group, after exercise in moderate (25.90 ± 3.79 to 15.05 ± 3.23 nM•min−1•mg protein−1) and high (21.75 ± 4.91 to 12.1 ± 2.46 nM•min−1•mg protein−1) intensities (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity increased after exercise at low (8.35 ± 0.85 to 9.23 ± 1.03 U SOD•mg protein−1) and moderate (8.89 ± 0.98 to 10.44 ± 0.86 U SOD•mg protein−1) intensity in UT (p < 0.05). There were no changes in catalase activity. These findings indicate that exercise in this model did not increase lipid peroxidation, probably because of the alterations in TRAP and enzymatic antioxidants. Key words: free radicals, lipid peroxidation, erythrocytes, antioxidant enzymes, exercise
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Dornelles Schneider
- Lab de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educacção Física, Univ Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Shooter LA, Holmes S, Heward C, Henson DA. Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in highly trained athletes before and after exhaustive exercise. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:530-7. [PMID: 16115541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship between physical exercise, antioxidant supplementation, oxidative stress and plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) has not been adequately examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 2 months of vitamin E supplementation (800 IU/day alpha-tocopherol) (E) or placebo (P) in 38 triathletes on plasma Hcy concentrations, antioxidant potential and oxidative stress. It was hypothesized that vitamin E supplementation would reduce plasma Hcy and oxidative stress markers compared to placebo. Blood samples were collected 1 day prior to the race, immediately postrace and 1.5 h postrace. Plasma alpha-tocopherol was 75% higher (P<.001) in E versus P prerace (24.1+/-1.1 and 13.8+/-1.1 micromol/L, respectively), and this group difference was maintained throughout the race. Cortisol was significantly increased in both E and P (P<.001), but there was no difference in the pattern of change. There were no significant time, group or interaction effects on plasma Hcy concentrations between E and P. Plasma F(2)-isoprostanes increased 181% versus 97% during the race in E versus P, and lipid hydroperoxides were significantly elevated (P=.009) 1.5 h postrace in E versus P. Plasma antioxidant potential was significantly higher 1.5 h postrace in E versus P (P=.039). This study indicates that prolonged large doses of alpha-tocopherol supplementation did not affect plasma Hcy concentrations and exhibited pro-oxidant characteristics in highly trained athletes during exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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Morillas-Ruiz J, Zafrilla P, Almar M, Cuevas MJ, López FJ, Abellán P, Villegas JA, González-Gallego J. The effects of an antioxidant-supplemented beverage on exercise-induced oxidative stress: results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study in cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 95:543-9. [PMID: 16132121 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effects of an antioxidant-supplemented beverage on exercise-induced oxidative stress in moderately trained cyclists. A double-blind study was conducted in moderately trained cyclists. They were randomly allocated to receive either an antioxidant (13 subjects) or a placebo (13 subjects) 15 min pre-exercise (30 ml.kg(-1)) and during a 90 min constant-load test (30 ml.kg(-1).15 min(-1)) on a bicycle ergometer at 70% VO2max The supplemented beverage contained black grape (81 g/l), raspberry (93 g/l) and red currant (39 g/l) concentrates, and its total antioxidant capacity, measured by the ABTS(.+) technique, was 0.41 mM Trolox. No significant difference from basal to post-exercise period was detected for plasma TBARS in either the placebo group or the group receiving the antioxidant supplemented beverage. Post-exercise carbonyls decreased by 29% in the group receiving antioxidants, and the pattern of change was significantly different between antioxidant and placebo conditions. The urinary excretion of 8-OHdG increased significantly by 21% in the placebo group. Again differences in the pre- to post-exercise change were significant between both conditions These results suggest that in moderately trained cyclists, antioxidant supplementation counters oxidative stress induced by a 90 min exercise at 70% VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morillas-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Maiti S, Grant S, Baker SM, Karanth S, Pope CN, Chen G. Stress regulation of sulfotransferases in male rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:235-41. [PMID: 15351727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferase (SULT) catalyzed sulfation is responsible for hormone regulation and xenobiotic detoxification. Induction of SULTs by various hormones has been reported. Stress regulation of SULTs has not been reported, however. Here we report that rat liver SULTs can be regulated by physical stress (forced running, EX) and chemical stress (the organophosphorus pesticide parathion, PS). Both EX and PS increased rat liver phenol-sulfating SULT1A1 and hydroxysteroid-sulfating SULT2A1 activities. The increase in SULT1A1 activity did not correlate with protein (Western blot) or mRNA (RT-PCR) results but correlated well with increased non-protein soluble thiols. This suggests a possible Cys modification mechanism for stress regulation of SULT1A1. In vitro studies on GSH/GSSG effects on SULT1A1 activity support this conclusion. In contrast, SULT2A1 activity following physical or chemical stress treatments correlated well with protein and mRNA levels. This suggests a stress regulation mechanism of SULT2A1 at the gene transcription level, possibly occurring via hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Dumke CL, Morrow JD, Utter AC, Henson DA, Proulx WR, George GL. Consumption of blueberry polyphenols reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress compared to vitamin C. Nutr Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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