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Bansal S, Liu D, Mao Q, Bauer N, Wang B. Carbon Monoxide as a Potential Therapeutic Agent: A Molecular Analysis of Its Safety Profiles. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9789-9815. [PMID: 38864348 PMCID: PMC11215727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is endogenously produced in mammals, with blood concentrations in the high micromolar range in the hemoglobin-bound form. Further, CO has shown therapeutic effects in various animal models. Despite its reputation as a poisonous gas at high concentrations, we show that CO should have a wide enough safety margin for therapeutic applications. The analysis considers a large number of factors including levels of endogenous CO, its safety margin in comparison to commonly encountered biomolecules or drugs, anticipated enhanced safety profiles when delivered via a noninhalation mode, and the large amount of safety data from human clinical trials. It should be emphasized that having a wide enough safety margin for therapeutic use does not mean that it is benign or safe to the general public, even at low doses. We defer the latter to public health experts. Importantly, this Perspective is written for drug discovery professionals and not the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and
the Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
the Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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2
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Tani S, Atsumi W, Imatake K, Suzuki Y, Yagi T, Takahashi A, Matsumoto N, Okumura Y. Habitual fish consumption and healthy lifestyle behaviours may be associated with higher total serum bilirubin level and anti-inflammatory activity: a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1904-1914. [PMID: 37143350 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Habitual fish consumption and a healthy lifestyle are associated with lower atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk. Mildly elevated bilirubin, an end product of Hb metabolism, may be associated with anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing ASCVD risk. No data exist on the relationship between fish consumption, total serum bilirubin (TSB) and inflammation in clinical settings. We conducted a cross-sectional study between April 2019 and March 2020 in a cohort of 8292 participants (average age, 46·7 (sd 12·9) years and 58·9 % men) with no history of ASCVD and TSB concentrations < 2·0 mg/dl. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed Hb concentrations were a solid positive determinant of TSB concentrations (β = 0·302, P< 0·0001). Fish consumption (β = 0·025, P= 0·019) and aerobic exercise (β = 0·021, P= 0·043) were statistically weak but significantly positive determinants of TSB concentrations. Cigarette smoking negatively affected TSB concentrations (β = −0·104, P< 0·0001). Moreover, with increasing fish consumption, the proportion of participants with a habit of cigarette smoking decreased, and that of participants who engaged in aerobic exercises increased (P< 0·0001 for both). Furthermore, as TSB concentrations increased, the leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein concentrations decreased (P< 0·0001 for both). In conclusion, despite the lesser relevance given to TSB concentrations than Hb concentrations, higher fish consumption and healthier lifestyle behaviours related to fish consumption habits may be additively or synergistically associated with higher TSB concentrations and anti-inflammatory activity, leading to attenuated ASCVD risk. Further investigations are needed to clarify the causal relationships between these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigemasa Tani
- Department of Health Planning Center, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicines, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Atsumi
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicines, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imatake
- Department of Health Planning Center, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Health Planning Center, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicines, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yagi
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicines, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Takahashi
- Department of Health Planning Center, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicines, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okumura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicines, Tokyo, Japan
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Antioxidants as Immunomodulators in Exercise: Implications for Heme Oxygenase and Bilirubin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020179. [PMID: 35204062 PMCID: PMC8868548 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is commonly prescribed as a lifestyle treatment for chronic metabolic diseases as it functions as an insulin sensitizer, cardio-protectant, and essential lifestyle tool for effective weight maintenance. Exercise boosts the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent transient oxidative damage, which also upregulates counterbalancing endogenous antioxidants to protect from ROS-induced damage and inflammation. Exercise elevates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) expression as built-in protective mechanisms, which produce the most potent antioxidant, bilirubin. Together, these mitigate inflammation and adiposity. Moderately raising plasma bilirubin protects in two ways: (1) via its antioxidant capacity to reduce ROS and inflammation, and (2) its newly defined function as a hormone that activates the nuclear receptor transcription factor PPARα. It is now understood that increasing plasma bilirubin can also drive metabolic adaptions, which improve deleterious outcomes of weight gain and obesity, such as inflammation, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The main objective of this review is to describe the function of bilirubin as an antioxidant and metabolic hormone and how the HO-1-BVRA-bilirubin-PPARα axis influences inflammation, metabolic function and interacts with exercise to improve outcomes of weight management.
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Gasier HG, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA. The HO-1/CO System and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 50:49-55. [PMID: 34690283 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)-1 catalyzes the breakdown of heme to biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide (CO). CO binds to cytochrome c oxidase and alters mitochondrial redox balance and coordinately regulates mitochondrial quality control (MQC) during oxidant stress and inflammation. The hypothesis presented is that skeletal muscle HO-1/CO system helps modulate components in the MQC cycle during metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Department of Anesthesiology Department of Pathology Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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5
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Skeletal muscle heme oxygenase-1 activity regulates aerobic capacity. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109018. [PMID: 33882313 PMCID: PMC8196422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has profound effects on quality of life and susceptibility to chronic disease; however, the regulation of skeletal muscle function at the molecular level after exercise remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the benefits of exercise on muscle function are linked partly to microtraumatic events that result in accumulation of circulating heme. Effective metabolism of heme is controlled by Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1, Hmox1), and we find that mouse skeletal muscle-specific HO-1 deletion (Tam-Cre-HSA-Hmox1fl/fl) shifts the proportion of muscle fibers from type IIA to type IIB concomitant with a disruption in mitochondrial content and function. In addition to a significant impairment in running performance and response to exercise training, Tam-Cre-HSA-Hmox1fl/fl mice show remarkable muscle atrophy compared to Hmox1fl/fl controls. Collectively, these data define a role for heme and HO-1 as central regulators in the physiologic response of skeletal muscle to exercise.
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Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Benito PJ, Rael B, Barba-Moreno L, Romero-Parra N, Cupeiro R, Swinkels DW, Laarakkers CM, Peinado AB. Menopause Delays the Typical Recovery of Pre-Exercise Hepcidin Levels after High-Intensity Interval Running Exercise in Endurance-Trained Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123866. [PMID: 33348847 PMCID: PMC7766833 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause commonly presents the gradual accumulation of iron in the body over the years, which is a risk factor for diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, or cardiovascular diseases. Running exercise is known to acutely increase hepcidin levels, which reduces iron absorption and recycling. As this fact has not been studied in postmenopausal women, this study investigated the hepcidin response to running exercise in this population. Thirteen endurance-trained postmenopausal women (age: 51.5 ± 3.89 years; height: 161.8 ± 4.9 cm; body mass: 55.9 ± 3.6 kg; body fat: 24.7 ± 4.2%; peak oxygen consumption: 42.4 ± 4.0 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed a high-intensity interval running protocol, which consisted of 8 × 3 min bouts at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed with 90-second recovery. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, 0, 3, and 24 hours post-exercise. As expected, hepcidin exhibited higher values at 3 hours post-exercise (3.69 ± 3.38 nmol/L), but also at 24 hours post-exercise (3.25 ± 3.61 nmol/L), in comparison with pre-exercise (1.77 ± 1.74 nmol/L; p = 0.023 and p = 0.020, respectively) and 0 hour post-exercise (2.05 ± 2.00 nmol/L; p = 0.021 and p = 0.032, respectively) concentrations. These differences were preceded by a significant increment of interleukin-6 at 0 hour post-exercise (3.41 ± 1.60 pg/mL) compared to pre-exercise (1.65 ± 0.48 pg/m, p = 0.003), 3 hours (1.50 ± 0.00 pg/mL, p = 0.002) and 24 hours post-exercise (1.52 ± 0.07 pg/mL, p = 0.001). Hepcidin peaked at 3 hours post-exercise as the literature described for premenopausal women but does not seem to be fully recovered to pre-exercise levels within 24 hours post-exercise, as it would be expected. This suggests a slower recovery of basal hepcidin levels in postmenopausal women, suggesting interesting applications in order to modify iron homeostasis as appropriate, such as the prevention of iron accumulation or proper timing of iron supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Pedro J. Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910-677-866
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Laura Barba-Moreno
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Dorine W. Swinkels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory (TML 830), Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.W.S.); (C.M.L.)
- Hepcidinanalysis.com, Geert Grooteplein 10 (830), 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coby M. Laarakkers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory (TML 830), Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.W.S.); (C.M.L.)
- Hepcidinanalysis.com, Geert Grooteplein 10 (830), 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
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Yao H, Peterson AL, Li J, Xu H, Dennery PA. Heme Oxygenase 1 and 2 Differentially Regulate Glucose Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Respiration: Implications for Metabolic Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197123. [PMID: 32992485 PMCID: PMC7582259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) consists of inducible (HO-1) and constitutive (HO-2) isoforms that are encoded by Hmox1 and Hmox2 genes, respectively. As an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule, HO participates in the development of metabolic diseases. Whether Hmox deficiency causes metabolic abnormalities under basal conditions remains unclear. We hypothesized that HO-1 and HO-2 differentially affect global and adipose tissue metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we determined insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, and respiratory exchange ratio in global Hmox1-/- and Hmox2-/- mice. Body weight was reduced in female but not male Hmox1-/- and Hmox2-/- mice. Reduced insulin sensitivity and physical activity were observed in Hmox1-/- but not Hmox2-/- mice. Deletion of either Hmox1 or Hmox2 had no effects on glucose tolerance, energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. Mitochondrial respiration was unchanged in gonadal fat pads (white adipose tissue, WAT) of Hmox1-/- mice. Hmox2 deletion increased proton leak and glycolysis in gonadal, but not interscapular fat tissues (brown adipose tissue, BAT). Uncoupling protein and Hmox1 genes were unchanged in gonadal fat pads of Hmox2-/- mice. Conclusively, HO-1 maintains insulin sensitivity, while HO-2 represses glycolysis and proton leak in the WAT under basal condition. This suggests that HO-1 and HO-2 differentially modulate metabolism, which may impact the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02860, USA; (H.Y.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Abigail L. Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02860, USA; (H.Y.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02860, USA; (J.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02860, USA; (J.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Phyllis A. Dennery
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02860, USA; (H.Y.); (A.L.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02860, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-444-5648
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8
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Zannoni A, Pietra M, Gaspardo A, Accorsi PA, Barone M, Turroni S, Laghi L, Zhu C, Brigidi P, Forni M. Non-invasive Assessment of Fecal Stress Biomarkers in Hunting Dogs During Exercise and at Rest. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:126. [PMID: 32373631 PMCID: PMC7186473 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense exercise causes to organisms to have oxidative stress and inflammation at the gastrointestinal (GI) level. The reduction in intestinal blood flow and the exercise-linked thermal damage to the intestinal mucosa can cause intestinal barrier disruption, followed by an inflammatory response. Furthermore, the adaptation to exercise may affect the gut microbiota and the metabolome of the biofluids. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the presence of a GI derangement in hunting dogs through a non-invasive sampling as a consequence of a period of intense exercise in comparison with samples collected at rest. The study included nine dogs that underwent the same training regime for hunting wild boar. In order to counterbalance physiological variations, multiple-day replicates were collected and pooled at each experimental point for each dog. The samples were collected immediately at rest before the training (T0), after 60 days of training (T1), after 60 days of hunting wild boar (T2), and finally, at 60 days of rest after hunting (T3). A number of potential stress markers were evaluated: fecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) as a major indicator of altered physiological states, immunoglobulin A (IgA) as an indicator of intestinal immune protection, and total antioxidant activity [total antioxidant capacity (TAC)]. Since stool samples contain exfoliated cells, we investigated also the presence of some transcripts involved in GI permeability [occludin (OCLN), protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)] and in the inflammatory mechanism [interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1b, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), calprotectin (CALP), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)]. Finally, the metabolome and the microbiota profiles were analyzed. No variation in FCM and IgA content and no differences in OCLN and CALP gene expression between rest and training were observed. On the contrary, an increase in PAR-2 and HO-1 transcripts, a reduction in total antioxidant activity, and a different profile of microbiota and metabolomics data were observed. Collectively, the data in the present study indicated that physical exercise in our model could be considered a mild stressor stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Gaspardo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Attilio Accorsi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Centre of Foodomics, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Chenglin Zhu
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Centre of Foodomics, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Pratt R, Lakhani HV, Zehra M, Desauguste R, Pillai SS, Sodhi K. Mechanistic Insight of Na/K-ATPase Signaling and HO-1 into Models of Obesity and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010087. [PMID: 31877680 PMCID: PMC6982200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifaceted pathophysiological condition that has been associated with lipid accumulation, adipocyte dysfunction, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and an altered metabolic profile. Redox imbalance and excessive release of inflammatory mediators have been intricately linked in obesity-associated phenotypes. Hence, understanding the mechanisms of redox signaling pathways and molecular targets exacerbating oxidative stress is crucial in improving health outcomes. The activation of Na/K-ATPase/Src signaling, and its downstream pathways, by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been recently implicated in obesity and subsequent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which causes further production of ROS creating an oxidant amplification loop. Apart from that, numerous studies have also characterized antioxidant properties of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which is suppressed in an obese state. The induction of HO-1 restores cellular redox processes, which contributes to inhibition of the toxic milieu. The novelty of these independent mechanisms presents a unique opportunity to unravel their potential as molecular targets for redox regulation in obesity and NASH. The attenuation of oxidative stress, by understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and associated mediators, with a targeted treatment modality may provide for improved therapeutic options to combat clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Komal Sodhi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-691-1704; Fax: +1-(914)-347-4956
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