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Ashoor S, Mathew GM, Sukumaran RK. Rice straw hydrolysis using in-situ produced enzymes: Feedstock influences fungal enzyme composition and hydrolytic efficiency. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:967-973. [PMID: 38327105 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2312458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 was cultivated on differentially pretreated rice straw and pure cellulose as a carbon source/inducer for cellulase production, and the enzymes were evaluated for hydrolysis of sequential acid and alkali pretreated rice straw. Growth on pretreated rice straw enhanced protein secretion and cellulase activities compared to pure cellulose as a carbon source. The yield of cellulolytic enzymes was higher for alkali pretreated rice straw (ALP-RS), while H2O2-treated (HP-RS) could not induce cellulases to a larger level compared to pure cellulose. Protein concentration was 3.5-fold higher on ALP-RS as compared to pure cellulose, with a maximum filter-paper cellulase (FPase) activity of 1.76 IU/ml and carboxy-methyl cellulase (CMCase) activity of 40.16 IU/ml (2.18 fold higher). Beta-glucosidase (BGL) activity was more or less the same with the different substrates and supplementation of heterologous BGL could result in a quantum jump in hydrolytic efficiencies, which in the case of ALP-RS induced enzymes was 34% (increased from 69.26% to 92.51%). The use of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) itself as a substrate for the production of cellulase is advantageous not only in terms of raw material costs but also for obtaining a more suitable enzyme profile for biomass hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Ashoor
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gincy Marina Mathew
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh Y, Sharma S, Kumar U, Sihag P, Balyan P, Singh KP, Dhankher OP. Strategies for economic utilization of rice straw residues into value-added by-products and prevention of environmental pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167714. [PMID: 37832665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw management, along with the prevalent practice of residue burning, poses multifaceted challenges with substantial environmental and human health implications. After harvest, a considerable amount of straw is left behind, often disposed of through burning, releasing several pollutants into the environment. Carbon dioxide (CO2) dominates at 70%, accompanied by methane (CH4) at 0.66%, carbon monoxide (CO) at 7%, and nitrous oxide (N2O) at 2.09%. This process further compounds issues by depleting soil nutrients like nitrogen and organic matter. This review focuses on strategies for residue management and using straw as value-added by-products. We address research gaps and offer potential recommendations for rice straw management using economically feasible and practical routes. We elaborate that to improve rice straw digestibility, utilization in mushroom cultivation, and other value-added products, low silica (Si) rice varieties must be developed using modern technologies including marker-assisted selection breeding or genome editing. Developing low Si rice could also reduce arsenic uptake by rice, as rice plants use the same transporters for the uptake of both elements. Conversely, silica is also indispensable for quality rice production; hence, optimizing silicon content in rice is worth investigating. More research is required to understand the extent of silicon's effect on the utilization of straw for various purposes. This review also discusses the importance of educating farmers about the straw burning issue and its environmental consequences. We highlight the significance of tailoring rice straw management methods to local suitability, moving away from a universal approach. More extension work is needed to encourage farmers to opt for environmentally and economically sound options for rice straw management. Policy intervention to incentivize farmers and develop technologies for the widespread use of rice straw for various industries and product development could help in the management of rice straw and will also create a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sudhir Sharma
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Upendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India; Department of Plant Science, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly-243006, India.
| | - Pooja Sihag
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Priyanka Balyan
- Department of Botany, Deva Nagri P.G. College, CCS University Meerut, 250001, India
| | - Krishna Pal Singh
- Biophysics Unit, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India; Vice-Chancellor's Secretariat, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243001, India
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Wongleang S, Premjet D, Premjet S. Physicochemical Pretreatment of Vietnamosasa pusilla for Bioethanol and Xylitol Production. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3990. [PMID: 37836039 PMCID: PMC10575274 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fossil fuels has resulted in severe environmental consequences, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Therefore, transitioning to alternative energy sources, such as cellulosic ethanol, is a promising strategy for reducing environmental impacts and promoting sustainable low-carbon energy. Vietnamosasa pusilla, an invasive weed, has been recognized as a high potential feedstock for sugar-based biorefineries due to its high total carbohydrate content, including glucan (48.1 ± 0.3%) and xylan (19.2 ± 0.4%). This study aimed to examine the impact of NaOH pretreatment-assisted autoclaving on V. pusilla feedstock. The V. pusilla enzymatic hydrolysate was used as a substrate for bioethanol and xylitol synthesis. After treating the feedstock with varying concentrations of NaOH at different temperatures, the glucose and xylose recovery yields were substantially higher than those of the untreated material. The hydrolysate generated by enzymatic hydrolysis was fermented into bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5339. The liquid byproduct of ethanol production was utilized by Candida tropicalis TISTR 5171 to generate xylitol. The results of this study indicate that the six- and five-carbon sugars of V. pusilla biomass have great potential for the production of two value-added products (bioethanol and xylitol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwanan Wongleang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Duangporn Premjet
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Siripong Premjet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
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Kumar N, Yadav A, Singh G, Singh A, Kumar P, Aggarwal NK. Comparative study of ethanol production from sodium hydroxide pretreated rice straw residue using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:146. [PMID: 36971832 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw is a suitable alternative to a cheaper carbohydrate source for the production of ethanol. For pretreatment efficiency, different sodium hydroxide concentrations (0.5-2.5% w/v) were tested. When compared to other concentrations, rice straw processed with 2% NaOH (w/v) yielded more sugar (8.17 ± 0.01 mg/ml). An alkali treatment induces effective delignification and swelling of biomass. The pretreatment of rice straw with 2% sodium hydroxide (w/v) is able to achieve 55.34% delignification with 53.30% cellulose enrichment. The current study shows the effectiveness of crude cellulolytic preparation from Aspergillus niger resulting in 80.51 ± 0.4% cellulose hydrolysis. Rice straw hydrolysate was fermented using ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Zymomonas mobilis (bacteria). Overall, superior efficiency of sugar conversion to ethanol 70.34 ± 0.3% was obtained with the yeast compared to bacterial strain 39.18 ± 0.5%. The current study showed that pretreatment with sodium hydroxide is an effective method for producing ethanol from rice straw and yeast strain S. cerevisiae having greater fermentative potential for bioethanol production than bacterial strain Z. mobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Laboratory of Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Anita Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Gulab Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Food Technology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
| | - Neeraj K Aggarwal
- Laboratory of Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
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Pan S, Wang G, Fan Y, Wang X, Liu J, Guo M, Chen H, Zhang S, Chen G. Enhancing the compost maturation of deer manure and corn straw by supplementation via black liquor. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13246. [PMID: 36755604 PMCID: PMC9900273 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the relationship between black liquor and microbial growth, enzymatic secretion and humus formation in composting was studied. The results showed that black liquor inoculation is an effective way to promote fermentation process. After black liquor inoculation, the abundance of Corynebacterium, Aequorivita, and Pedobacter, which have the catalase and oxidase activity, has been significantly increased. The enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, catalase, peroxidase and invertase was 40 mg/(g·24h), 6.5 mg/(g·20 min), 13 100 mg/(g·24h), and 6100 mg/(g·24h) respectively at day 18. Humic acid and fulvic acid concentration was 12 g/kg and 11 g/kg which is higher than that of the treatments of no black liquor inoculation. The results suggested that black liquor inoculation was beneficial to indigenous microorganisms reproduce efficiently, then the secretion of enzymes related to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lipid hydrolysis, and the formation of humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Pan
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China,Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Land Conservation, Education Ministry of China, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China,Corresponding author. College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Yide Fan
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Sericultural Research Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | | | - Huan Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China,Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Land Conservation, Education Ministry of China, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, 130118, China
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Ashoor S, Mallapureddy KK, Sukumaran RK. Sequential mild acid and alkali pretreatment of rice straw to improve enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:231-238. [PMID: 35559826 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2073597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequential pretreatment using different NaOH concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, w/w) and 1% H2SO4 (w/w) was evaluated as a strategy for effective hydrolysis of rice straw. The efficiency of sequential NaOH and H2SO4 (SNA) pretreatment against sequential H2SO4 and NaOH (SH) was assessed. SH pretreated biomass attained more sugar yield compared to SNA pretreated biomass. The sugar yields from pretreated biomass improved with increasing NaOH concentration in both SH and SNA treatments. The maximum sugar release of 40.6 mg/ml (83.2% efficiency) was obtained from SH pretreated biomass when the stage 2 alkali treatment was performed at 1.5% w/w NaOH. The non-detoxified hydrolysate from this biomass was fermented with 96.8% efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Ashoor
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kiran Kumar Mallapureddy
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Recent Advances in the Bioconversion of Waste Straw Biomass with Steam Explosion Technique: A Comprehensive Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste straw biomass is an abundant renewable bioresource raw material on Earth. Its stubborn wooden cellulose structure limits straw lignocellulose bioconversion into value-added products (e.g., biofuel, chemicals, and agricultural products). Compared to physicochemical and other preprocessing techniques, the steam explosion method, as a kind of hydrothermal method, was considered as a practical, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method to overcome the above-mentioned barriers during straw lignocellulose bioconversion. Steam explosion pretreatment of straw lignocellulose can effectively improve the conversion efficiency of producing biofuels and value-added chemicals and is expected to replace fossil fuels and partially replace traditional chemical fertilizers. Although the principles of steam explosion destruction of lignocellulosic structures for bioconversion to liquid fuels and producing solid biofuel were well known, applications of steam explosion in productions of value-added chemicals, organic fertilizers, biogas, etc. were less identified. Therefore, this review provides insights into advanced methods of utilizing steam explosion for straw biomass conversion as well as their corresponding processes and mechanisms. Finally, the current limitations and prospects of straw biomass conversion with steam explosion technology were elucidated.
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Igbokwe VC, Ezugworie FN, Onwosi CO, Aliyu GO, Obi CJ. Biochemical biorefinery: A low-cost and non-waste concept for promoting sustainable circular bioeconomy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114333. [PMID: 34952394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from a fossil-based linear economy to a circular bioeconomy is no longer an option but rather imperative, given worldwide concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the demand for innovative products that are ecocompatible. As a critical component of sustainable development, this discourse has attracted wide attention at the regional and international levels. Biorefinery is an indispensable technology to implement the blueprint of the circular bioeconomy. As a low-cost, non-waste innovative concept, the biorefinery concept will spur a myriad of new economic opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Consequently, scaling up biorefinery processes is of the essence. Despite several decades of research and development channeled into upscaling biorefinery processes, the commercialization of biorefinery technology appears unrealizable. In this review, challenges limiting the commercialization of biorefinery technologies are discussed, with a particular focus on biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. To counteract these challenges, various process intensification strategies such as consolidated bioprocessing, integrated biorefinery configurations, the use of highly efficient bioreactors, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, have been explored. This study also includes an overview of biomass pretreatment-generated inhibitory compounds as platform chemicals to produce other essential biocommodities. There is a detailed examination of the technological, economic, and environmental considerations of a sustainable biorefinery. Finally, the prospects for establishing a viable circular bioeconomy in Nigeria are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Igbokwe
- Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64012, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin O Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Van Thuoc D, Chung NT, Hatti-Kaul R. Polyhydroxyalkanoate production from rice straw hydrolysate obtained by alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus strains isolated from decomposing straw. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:98. [PMID: 38650199 PMCID: PMC10992000 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice straw is an important low-cost feedstock for bio-based economy. This report presents a study in which rice straw was used both as a source for isolation of bacteria producing the biodegradable polyester polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), as well as the carbon source for the production of the polymer by the isolated bacteria. Of the 100 bacterial isolates, seven were found to be positive for PHA production by Nile blue staining and were identified as Bacillus species by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three isolates showed 100% sequence identity to B. cereus, one to B. paranthracis, two with 99 and 100% identity to B. anthracis, while one was closely similar to B. thuringiensis. For use in PHA production, rice straw was subjected to mild alkaline pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Comparison of pretreatment by 2% sodium hydroxide, 2% calcium hydroxide and 20% aqueous ammonia, respectively, at different temperatures showed maximum weight loss with NaOH at 80 °C for 5 h, but ammonia for 15 h at 80 °C led to highest lignin removal of 63%. The ammonia-pretreated rice straw also led to highest release of total reducing sugar up to 92% on hydrolysis by a cocktail of cellulases and hemicellulases at 50 °C. Cultivation of the Bacillus isolates on the pretreated rice straw revealed highest PHA content of 59.3 and 46.4%, and PHA concentration of 2.96 and 2.51 g/L by Bacillus cereus VK92 and VK98, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Van Thuoc
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Chung
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Hoşgün EZ, Biran Ay S, Bozan B. Effect of sequential pretreatment combinations on the composition and enzymatic hydrolysis of hazelnut shells. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:570-579. [PMID: 33103953 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1836657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hazelnut shells, a high lignin containing biomass, were subjected to individual and sequential liquid hot water (LHW), alkaline (AP) and dilute acid pretreatments (DAP). Among the single pretreatments, LHW demonstrated the highest cellulose recovery of 98.1%, DAP resulted in the highest hemicellulose solubilization of 56.0%, and AP of the highest lignin removal of 49.6%. Employing two-step pretreatment on hazelnut shells, in general, demonstrated an enhanced action of the second pretreatment; therefore, the sequence of the pretreatment methods had a significant impact on both substrate characteristics and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of biomass. In terms of delignification, AP-LHW achieved 60.7% lignin removal, while LHW-DAP showed the highest hemicellulose removal of 93.8% and DAP-LHW resulted in the highest cellulose recovery of 94.0%. Structural properties of raw and pretreated hazelnut shells were observed by FTIR. The maximum glucose recovery of 54.9% was observed in DAP-LHW pretreated samples. For this pretreatment combination, almost 1.8 MJ total energy was required to recover 10.2 g glucose. The findings indicated that complete removal of the physical barrier of lignin and hemicellulose might not be essential; partial relocation of lignin and alteration of cellulose structure may also be efficient in increasing the sugar recovery from the lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Zafer Hoşgün
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Suzan Biran Ay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Berrin Bozan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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