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Li T, Liu R, Wang Q, Rao J, Liu Y, Dai Z, Gooneratne R, Wang J, Xie Q, Zhang X. A review of the influence of environmental pollutants (microplastics, pesticides, antibiotics, air pollutants, viruses, bacteria) on animal viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133831. [PMID: 38402684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, especially viruses, cause disease in both humans and animals. Environmental chemical pollutants including microplastics, pesticides, antibiotics sand air pollutants arisen from human activities affect both animal and human health. This review assesses the impact of chemical and biological contaminants (virus and bacteria) on viruses including its life cycle, survival, mutations, loads and titers, shedding, transmission, infection, re-assortment, interference, abundance, viral transfer between cells, and the susceptibility of the host to viruses. It summarizes the sources of environmental contaminants, interactions between contaminants and viruses, and methods used to mitigate such interactions. Overall, this review provides a perspective of environmentally co-occurring contaminants on animal viruses that would be useful for future research on virus-animal-human-ecosystem harmony studies to safeguard human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaqian Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanjia Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhenkai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Autophagy in Inflammatory Response against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054928. [PMID: 36902354 PMCID: PMC10002778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease pandemic, which profoundly reshaped the world in 2019 (COVID-19), and is currently ongoing, has affected over 200 countries, caused over 500 million cumulative cases, and claimed the lives of over 6.4 million people worldwide as of August 2022. The causative agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depicting this virus' life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the cellular host factors and pathways involved during infection, has great relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters damaged cell organelles, proteins, and external invading microbes, and delivers them to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy would be involved in the entry, endo, and release, as well as the transcription and translation, of the viral particles in the host cell. Secretory autophagy would also be involved in developing the thrombotic immune-inflammatory syndrome seen in a significant number of COVID-19 patients that can lead to severe illness and even death. This review aims to review the main aspects that characterize the complex and not yet fully elucidated relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and autophagy. It briefly describes the key concepts regarding autophagy and mentions its pro- and antiviral roles, while also noting the reciprocal effect of viral infection in autophagic pathways and their clinical aspects.
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Caliskaner Ozturk B, Vardaloglu I, Ongel Harbiyeli D, Gungordu N, Senkardesler G, Aliyeva N, Ismayilova A, Can G, Balkan II, Gemicioglu B, Borekci S. Association between presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scar and coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32185. [PMID: 36482635 PMCID: PMC9726327 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine is administered for protection against tuberculosis and may also have beneficial effects against some viral respiratory tract infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination which is confirmed by BCG scar, and the frequency and course of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among 490 patients, 400 patients who accepted to participate in the study were included. After the consent of patients, age, gender, body mass index, comorbidities, smoking, history, and the progress of COVID-19 of these patients were investigated; the presence and number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scars were recorded by a physician. Data from groups with and without COVID-19 history were compared. There was no relation between presence and number of the BCG scar and COVID-19 related hospitalization and intensive care unit admission. When groups with and without COVID-19 history compared, no statistically significant difference was found with the presence and number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scars (P > 0,05). No association was found between the presence or number of BCG scars and the frequency and course of COVID-19 in individuals with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination history confirmed by the presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scars. Currently, the most important protection against COVID-19 is the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Caliskaner Ozturk
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- * Correspondence: Buket Caliskaner Ozturk, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34303, Turkey (e-mail: )
| | - Ilgim Vardaloglu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ongel Harbiyeli
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejdiye Gungordu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Senkardesler
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nigar Aliyeva
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytan Ismayilova
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunay Can
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Inanc Balkan
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilun Gemicioglu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Borekci
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cortés-Sarabia K, Gutiérrez-Torres M, Mendoza-Renteria EM, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Vences-Velázquez A, Hernández-Sotelo D, Beltrán-Anaya FO, Del Moral-Hernández O, Illades-Aguiar B. Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060909. [PMID: 35746517 PMCID: PMC9229764 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was the first emergency approved vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the variations in the humoral immune response induced by the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elderly, and those with comorbidities and immunosuppression states. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of generated neutralizing antibodies against the new variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2. Pubmed, Science Direct, Mendeley, and WorldWide Science were searched between 1 January 2020 and October 2021 using the keywords “BNT162b2”, “serology”, “comorbidity”, “immunosuppression”, and “variants of concern”dA total of 20 peer-reviewed publications were selected. The analysis showed that those individuals with previous infections have a considerably higher antibody response after the administration of BNT162b2 vaccine in contrast with seronegative individuals. With regard to variation in immune responses, elderly individuals, patients with cancer, or patients who had undergone a kidney transplant, dialysis, or who were pregnant had a lower antibody response in comparison to healthy individuals. Finally, antibodies developed against the S protein produced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, possessed lower neutralizing activity against the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, patients with immunodeficiencies and comorbidities have a lesser antibody response, about which further studies need to be performed in order to analyze the effectiveness and duration of the humoral immunity associated with vaccination in these specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Mayralina Gutiérrez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Escarlet Maleny Mendoza-Renteria
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
| | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico; (K.C.-S.); (M.G.-T.); (E.M.M.-R.); (A.V.-V.)
| | - Daniel Hernández-Sotelo
- Laboratorio de Epigénetica del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
| | - Fredy Omar Beltrán-Anaya
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Del Moral-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (O.D.M.-H.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39086, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (O.D.M.-H.); (B.I.-A.)
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Butt RT, Janjua OS, Qureshi SM, Shaikh MS, Guerrero-Gironés J, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Zafar MS. Dental Healthcare Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11008. [PMID: 34769526 PMCID: PMC8583530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hustle and bustle of the planet Earth have come to a halt thanks to the novel coronavirus. The virus has affected approximately 219 million people globally; taken the lives of 4.55 million patients as of September 2021; and created an ambiance of fear, social distancing, and economic instability. The purpose of this review article is to trace the historical origin and evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is highly contagious with a unique feature of rapid mutations-the scientific research is paving the way for discoveries regarding novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnosis, features, prevention, and vaccination. The connections between the coronavirus pandemic and dental practices are essential because COVID-19 is transmitted by aerosols, fomites, and respiratory droplets, which are also produced during dental procedures, putting both the patient and the dentist at risk. The main emphasis of this paper is to highlight the psychological, economic, and social impact of this pandemic on dental practices throughout the world and under what circumstances and guidelines can dental health care be provided. In the current situation of the pandemic, an appropriate screening tool must be established either by using rapid molecular testing or saliva point-of-care technology, which will be effective in identifying as well as isolating the potential contacts and carriers in hopes to contain and mitigate infection. The blessing in disguise is that this virus has united the leaders, scientists, health care providers, and people of all professions from all around the world to fight against a common enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tariq Butt
- General Dental Practitioner, Al-Noor Clinics, Okara 56000, Pakistan;
| | - Omer Sefvan Janjua
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, PMC Dental Institute, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sana Mehmood Qureshi
- Department of Oral Pathology, PMC Dental Institute, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Saad Shaikh
- Department of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75510, Pakistan;
| | - Julia Guerrero-Gironés
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Medicine School, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Rodríguez-Lozano
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Medicine School, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de laArrixaca, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia; or
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Effect of ORF7 of SARS-CoV-2 on the Chemotaxis of Monocytes and Neutrophils In Vitro. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6803510. [PMID: 34603560 PMCID: PMC8483903 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6803510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most significant public health threat worldwide. Patients with severe COVID-19 usually have pneumonia concomitant with local inflammation and sometimes a cytokine storm. Specific components of the SARS-CoV-2 virus trigger lung inflammation, and recruitment of immune cells to the lungs exacerbates this process, although much remains unknown about the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Our study of lung type II pneumocyte cells (A549) demonstrated that ORF7, an open reading frame (ORF) in the genome of SARS-CoV-2, induced the production of CCL2, a chemokine that promotes the chemotaxis of monocytes, and decreased the expression of IL-8, a chemokine that recruits neutrophils. A549 cells also had an increased level of IL-6. The results of our chemotaxis Transwell assay suggested that ORF7 augmented monocyte infiltration and reduced the number of neutrophils. We conclude that the ORF7 of SARS-CoV-2 may have specific effects on the immunological changes in tissues after infection. These results suggest that the functions of other ORFs of SARS-CoV-2 should also be comprehensively examined.
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Aspatwar A, Gong W, Wang S, Wu X, Parkkila S. Tuberculosis vaccine BCG: the magical effect of the old vaccine in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:283-296. [PMID: 33960271 PMCID: PMC8108189 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1922685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated M. bovis vaccine that was developed about 100 years ago by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. Many countries have been using the vaccine for decades against tuberculosis (TB). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a single dose of BCG for infants in TB endemic as well as leprosy high risk countries, and globally almost 130 million infants are vaccinated yearly. The role of BCG is well known in reducing neonatal and childhood death rates. Epidemiological and retrospective cross-sectional studies demonstrated that the BCG vaccination protects the children against respiratory tract infections and lowers the risk of malaria in children. In addition, BCG enhances IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, thus providing immunity against respiratory tract infection even in elderly people. The BCG is also known to provide nonspecific innate immunity against viruses and parasites, through an innate immune mechanism termed ‘trained immunity’ and is defined as the immunological recall of the innate immune system by epigenetic reprogramming. Based on these studies it is suggested that the BCG has the potential to act as a protective agent against COVID-19. Further proven safety records of BCG in humans, its adjuvant activity and low-cost manufacturing make it an attractive option to stop the pandemic and reduce the COVID-19 related mortality. In this review we discuss the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wenping Gong
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyong Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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