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Freitas F, Cabrita MJ, da Silva MG. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Phthalates Esters in Two Important European Food Products: Olive Oil and Wine. Molecules 2023; 28:7628. [PMID: 38005350 PMCID: PMC10673500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticizers. These compounds, considered toxic, do not bond to the polymeric matrix of plastic and can, therefore, migrate into the surrounding environment, posing a risk to human health. The primary source of human exposure is food, which can become contaminated during cultivation, production, and packaging. Therefore, it is imperative to control and regulate this exposure. This review covers the analytical methods used for their determination in two economically significant products: olive oil and wine. Additionally, it provides a summary and analysis of information regarding the characteristics, toxicity, effects on human health, and current regulations pertaining to PAEs in food. Various approaches for the extraction, purification, and quantification of these analytes are highlighted. Solvent and sorbent-based extraction techniques are reviewed, as are the chromatographic separation and other methods currently applied in the analysis of PAEs in wines and olive oils. The analysis of these contaminants is challenging due to the complexities of the matrices and the widespread presence of PAEs in analytical laboratories, demanding the implementation of appropriate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Sadaunykas A, Zolumskis A, Balčiūnas S, Naujalis E. Enhancing Chromatographic Analysis: A Novel Cryo-Enrichment Module for GC Analysis of Terpenes in Cannabis sativa. J Chromatogr Sci 2023:bmad079. [PMID: 37747359 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and validation of a gas chromatography (GC) method using cryo-enrichment for the analysis of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene in Cannabis sativa plant. Cryo-enrichment is a method that involves cooling part of the GC column to improve some aspect of chromatographic analysis. The aim of this study was to improve upon previous GC cryo-enrichment prototype and to create and validate a method for the analysis of these terpene compounds, which have received increasing attention for their medicinal properties. The improved cryo-enrichment device used in this study was built in-house and used a custom-built aluminum GC column holder cooled by a two-stage cryo-cooler. The validated method was found to be precise, accurate and sensitive, with good repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Sadaunykas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Zolumskis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Balčiūnas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Naujalis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Zaid A, Hassan NH, Marriott PJ, Wong YF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography as a Bioanalytical Platform for Drug Discovery and Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041121. [PMID: 37111606 PMCID: PMC10140985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged as a significant separation tool for high-resolution analysis of disease-associated metabolites and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. This review highlights recent advances of GC×GC with different detection modalities for drug discovery and analysis, which ideally improve the screening and identification of disease biomarkers, as well as monitoring of therapeutic responses to treatment in complex biological matrixes. Selected recent GC×GC applications that focus on such biomarkers and metabolite profiling of the effects of drug administration are covered. In particular, the technical overview of recent GC×GC implementation with hyphenation to the key mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that provide the benefit of enhanced separation dimension analysis with MS domain differentiation is discussed. We conclude by highlighting the challenges in GC×GC for drug discovery and development with perspectives on future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Zaid
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norfarizah Hanim Hassan
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Boban A, Vrhovsek U, Carlin S, Mucalo A, Budić-Leto I. A Targeted and an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach to the Volatile Aroma Profile of Young 'Maraština' Wines. Metabolites 2022; 12:1295. [PMID: 36557333 PMCID: PMC9780986 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the detailed volatile aroma profile of young white wines of Maraština, Vitis Vinifera L., produced by spontaneous fermentation. The wines were produced from 10 vineyards located in two Dalmatian subregions (Northern Dalmatia and Central and Southern Dalmatia). Volatile compounds from the wine samples were isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by an untargeted approach using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) and a targeted approach by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A comprehensive two-dimensional GC×GC analysis detailed the total volatile metabolites in the wines due to its excellent separation ability. More than 900 compounds were detected after untargeted profiling; 188 of them were identified or tentatively identified. A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified and quantified using GC-MS/MS analysis. The predominant classes in Maraština wines were acids, esters, and alcohols. The key odorants with odor activity values higher than one were β-damascenone, ethyl caprylate, ethyl isovalerate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl caproate, isopentyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, and phenylacetaldehyde. The metabolomics approach can provide a large amount of information and can help to anticipate variation in wines or change winemaking procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Boban
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Silvia Carlin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Ana Mucalo
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Irena Budić-Leto
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, 21 000 Split, Croatia
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5
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Comparison of Thermal and Flow-Based Modulation in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography—Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) for the Analysis of Base Oils. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Base oils are produced by refining crude oil or through chemical synthesis. They are a key component of engine oils. With an immense range of carbon numbers and boiling points, analyzing such complex mixtures is very difficult. The need to monitor industrial petroleum processing steps, as well as to identify petrochemical environmental pollutants, drives the search for improved characterization methods. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is one of the best tools for that. The modulator used in GC × GC is responsible for trapping/sampling the first dimension (1D) column analytes, then reinjecting them in the form of narrow bands onto the second dimension (2D) column for further separation. Modulators used today generally fall into two categories, thermal and flow ones. Heater-based thermal modulators trap the 1D column effluent at or above ambient temperatures. Flow-based modulators utilize storage loop(s) to collect the 1D effluent, which is subsequently flushed into the second-dimension column for further separation. A single-stage, consumable-free thermal modulator and a reverse fill/flush flow modulator were compared for the characterization of base oils. Both were evaluated on their ability to achieve separation of several conventional and synthetic engine oils components. A reverse column set, polar 1D and nonpolar 2D, allowed group-type analysis of all classes, including linear, branched, and aromatic species. The results show the ability to achieve a comprehensive separation of specific compound classes and the differentiation of engine oil types and manufacturers. Soft ionization assisted in tentative identification of two alkylated diphenylamines in each sample. The advantages and limitations of both thermal and flow modulation are presented.
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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8
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Mostafa A, Górecki T. Development and Design of a Single-Stage Cryogenic Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5414-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, 31441, Dammam, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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9
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Martins C, Brandão T, Almeida A, Rocha SM. Insights on beer volatile profile: Optimization of solid-phase microextraction procedure taking advantage of the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography structured separation. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2140-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Martins
- Departamento de Química, QOPNA; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - Sílvia M. Rocha
- Departamento de Química, QOPNA; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
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10
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A critical review on extraction techniques and gas chromatography based determination of grapevine derived sesquiterpenes. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Dzido TH, Łopaciuk E, Płocharz PW, Chomicki A, Zembrzycka M, Frank H. Equipment and preliminary results for orthogonal pressurized planar electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Hexana W, De Coning P, Jali S, Van der Westhuizen R, Brack B, van Houwelingen A, Nel R. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC for the analysis of low-molecular-weight oxygenates in three different matrices from a petrochemical pilot plant using a single calibration. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:566-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonga Hexana
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Piet De Coning
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Samuel Jali
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Rina Van der Westhuizen
- Analytical Science Group; Analytical Solutions Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Bryan Brack
- Refinery Technologies Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Arjan van Houwelingen
- Refinery Technologies Department; Research & Development; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
| | - Reinier Nel
- Fuels Technology; Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd; Sasolburg South Africa
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13
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Rocha SM, Freitas R, Cardoso P, Santos M, Martins R, Figueira E. Exploring the potentialities of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry to distinguish bivalve species: Comparison of two clam species (Venerupis decussata and Venerupis philippinarum). J Chromatogr A 2013; 1315:152-61. [PMID: 24084002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics represents an emerging topic that can be valuable in the knowledge of organism responses to different stimuli. Metabolomic studies of bivalves may reveal the constraints they are subjected to, and may help clarifying the functions most affected and the tolerance mechanisms triggered. In response to this approach, two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS) combined with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was applied, for the first time to our knowledge, to the untargeted and comprehensive study of the volatile composition of clam species. Firstly, experimental parameters that influence the SPME extraction efficiency were evaluated: sample preparation mode, sample volume and SPME fiber coating. Taking into account the results from the optimization step, the metabolomic profiles were performed using 1 ml of clam soft tissues homogenized with N2 and diluted in deionised water (1:2, w/v), using the PDMS/DVB fiber coating. From a total of more than 200 compounds detected per sample, 63 were tentatively identified and distributed over the chemical families of hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and terpenoids, which seems to arise from clams own metabolism, and/or from their activity as filter-feeders. The potential of this methodology to discriminate close related species was explored by comparing the volatile profiles of Venerupis philippinarum and Venerupis decussata from Ria de Aveiro, two clams belonging to the same genus. Both species experience different environment conditions, and physiological and biochemical characteristics, which may explain the observed differentiation between their metabolic profiles. To our knowledge, this is the most detailed information available so far about clam volatile composition, which represents a valuable data for future advanced studies in the ecology, toxicology and physiology of bivalves based on clams fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M Rocha
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Murray JA. Qualitative and quantitative approaches in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pierce KM, Kehimkar B, Marney LC, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Review of chemometric analysis techniques for comprehensive two dimensional separations data. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mostafa A, Edwards M, Górecki T. Optimization aspects of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Allergic asthma exhaled breath metabolome: a challenge for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1254:87-97. [PMID: 22835687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma represents an important public health issue, most common in the paediatric population, characterized by airway inflammation that may lead to changes in volatiles secreted via the lungs. Thus, exhaled breath has potential to be a matrix with relevant metabolomic information to characterize this disease. Progress in biochemistry, health sciences and related areas depends on instrumental advances, and a high throughput and sensitive equipment such as comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS) was considered. GC×GC-ToFMS application in the analysis of the exhaled breath of 32 children with allergic asthma, from which 10 had also allergic rhinitis, and 27 control children allowed the identification of several hundreds of compounds belonging to different chemical families. Multivariate analysis, using Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis in tandem with Monte Carlo Cross Validation was performed to assess the predictive power and to help the interpretation of recovered compounds possibly linked to oxidative stress, inflammation processes or other cellular processes that may characterize asthma. The results suggest that the model is robust, considering the high classification rate, sensitivity, and specificity. A pattern of six compounds belonging to the alkanes characterized the asthmatic population: nonane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, decane, 3,6-dimethyldecane, dodecane, and tetradecane. To explore future clinical applications, and considering the future role of molecular-based methodologies, a compound set was established to rapid access of information from exhaled breath, reducing the time of data processing, and thus, becoming more expedite method for the clinical purposes.
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Rocha SM, Caldeira M, Carrola J, Santos M, Cruz N, Duarte IF. Exploring the human urine metabolomic potentialities by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:155-63. [PMID: 22776727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics represents an emerging issue that can aid in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of different diseases. Metabolomic study of urine is particularly interesting as it can be on the base of the developing of new faster and non-invasive methodologies. In response to this actual trend, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS) combined with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is applied, for the first time to our knowledge, to the untargeted and comprehensive study of the volatile composition of human urine. From a total of ca. 700 compounds detected per sample, 294 were tentatively identified and distributed over the chemical families of hydrocarbons, amines, amides, esters, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ethers, nitriles, halides, sulfides, thiols, terpenoids, and heterocyclic compounds. To our knowledge, this is the most complete information available so far about whole human urine volatile composition, which represents a valuable data for future advanced studies in the clinical field based on urine fingerprinting. Relevant SPME and GC×GC parameters were considered. Complex sample characterization of human urine is significantly simplified due to the structured GC×GC chromatogram that produces distinct spaces for metabolite chemical families. Furthermore, the potential of this methodology in health related applications was explored by comparing the urinary volatile profiles between smoker (high-risk population for lung cancer) vs. non-smoker adults, focusing on metabolites related to oxidative stress (aliphatic alkanes and aldehydes). In spite of the small sample numbers considered, the results suggest that the urinary volatile profiles may be useful for differentiating subjects with different physiological conditions, thus making it worth to further explore its diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M Rocha
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Welke JE, Manfroi V, Zanus M, Lazarotto M, Alcaraz Zini C. Characterization of the volatile profile of Brazilian Merlot wines through comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:124-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Botitsi HV, Garbis SD, Economou A, Tsipi DF. Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:907-939. [PMID: 24737632 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi-class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors-triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion-trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)-have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed "ambient-ionization" MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high-resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre-treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Botitsi
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, 16 An. Tsocha Street, Athens 115 21, Greece
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Chemometrics in comprehensive multidimensional separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2373-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Modulation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: 20 years of innovation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2335-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Panić O, Górecki T, McNeish C, Goldstein AH, Williams BJ, Worton DR, Hering SV, Kreisberg NM. Development of a new consumable-free thermal modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3070-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Perestrelo R, Barros AS, Câmara JS, Rocha SM. In-depth search focused on furans, lactones, volatile phenols, and acetals as potential age markers of Madeira wines by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3186-3204. [PMID: 21375340 DOI: 10.1021/jf104219t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of potential age markers of Madeira wine is of paramount significance as it may contribute to detect frauds and to ensure the authenticity of wine. Considering the chemical groups of furans, lactones, volatile phenols, and acetals, 103 volatile compounds were tentatively identified; among these, 71 have been reported for the first time in Madeira wines. The chemical groups that could be used as potential age markers were predominantly acetals, namely, diethoxymethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, 1,1-diethoxy-2-methyl-propane, 1-(1-ethoxyethoxy)-pentane, trans-dioxane and 2-propyl-1,3-dioxolane, and from the other chemical groups, 5-methylfurfural and cis-oak-lactone, independently of the variety and the type of wine. GC × GC-ToFMS system offers a more useful approach to identify these compounds compared to previous studies using GC-qMS, due to the orthogonal systems, that reduce coelution, increase peak capacity and mass selectivity, contributing to the establishment of new potential Madeira wine age markers. Remarkable results were also obtained in terms of compound identification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GC × GC peak apex plots. This information represents a valuable approach for future studies, as the ordered-structure principle can considerably help the establishment of the composition of samples. This new approach provides data that can be extended to determine age markers of other types of wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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26
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Lopes FS, Coelho LHG, Gutz IGR. Automated two-dimensional separation flow system with electrochemical preconcentration, stripping, capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection for trace metal ion analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:939-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of volatile compounds from marine salt. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5511-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Korolev AA, Shiryaeva VE, Popova TP, Viktorova EN, Kurganov AA. Influence of the diameter of monolithic capillary columns on their gas chromatography characteristics. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024410040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Perestrelo R, Petronilho S, Câmara JS, Rocha SM. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextraction as a powerful tool for quantification of ethyl carbamate in fortified wines. The case study of Madeira wine. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3441-5. [PMID: 20388567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An analytical methodology based on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-ToFMS) was developed for the identification and quantification of the toxic contaminant ethyl carbamate (EC) directly in fortified wines. The method performance was assessed for dry/medium dry and sweet/medium sweet model wines, and for quantification purposes, calibration plots were performed for both matrices using the ion extraction chromatography (IEC) mode (m/z 62). Good linearity was obtained with a regression coefficient (r(2)) higher than 0.981. A good precision was attained (R.S.D. <20%) and low detection limits (LOD) were achieved for dry (4.31 microg/L) and sweet (2.75 microg/L) model wines. The quantification limits (LOQ) and recovery for dry wines were 14.38 microg/L and 88.6%, whereas for sweet wines were 9.16 microg/L and 99.4%, respectively. The higher performance was attained with sweet model wine, as increasing of glucose content improves the volatile compound in headspace, and a better linearity, recovery and precision were achieved. The analytical methodology was applied to analyse 20 fortified Madeira wines including different types of wine (dry, medium dry, sweet, and medium sweet) obtained from several harvests in Madeira Island (Portugal). The EC levels ranged from 54.1 microg/L (medium dry) to 162.5 microg/L (medium sweet).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Maikhunthod B, Morrison PD, Small DM, Marriott PJ. Development of a switchable multidimensional/comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic analytical system. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1522-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Castello G, Moretti P, Vezzani S. Retention models for programmed gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1607-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Stop-flow comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with pneumatic switching. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3375-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Cochran J. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of pesticides in tobacco. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:202-10. [PMID: 18261736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) with fast acquisition time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze a tobacco extract for pesticides. The emphasis was on qualitative characterization of the sample, using automated peak find and spectral deconvolution software to identify 14 pesticides in the extract. Two additional pesticides were located based on manual review of the data. Matrix-matched standards of tobacco extract spiked with 2.5 to 50 ng/mL concentrations of numerous organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were used to demonstrate linearity and the GC x GC benefit of eliminating interferences that might contribute to quantification bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cochran
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA.
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Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:67-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rocha SM, Coelho E, Zrostlíková J, Delgadillo I, Coimbra MA. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry of monoterpenoids as a powerful tool for grape origin traceability. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:292-9. [PMID: 17585921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the monoterpenoid profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Fernão-Pires' white grape was achieved by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-ToF-MS). The plot of the first dimension versus the second dimension retention times using the m/z 93, 121, and 136 was used. The grapes were found to contain 56 monoterpenoids identified by GCxGC-ToF-MS. From these, 20 were reported for the first time in grapes. According to their chemical structure, the compounds were organized in different groups: monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene oxygen-containing compounds, this later divided in oxides, alcohols (monoterpenols and monoterpendiols), aldehydes, esters, and ketones. A database composed by the retention indices of monoterpenoids calculated in the bi-dimensional column set was created, representing a developmental step in monoterpenoid analysis using a GCxGC system. Remarkable results were also obtained in terms of compound classification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GCxGC contour plot. This information represents a valuable approach for future studies, as the ordered-structure principle can considerably help the establishment of the composition of samples. This study proposes a methodology and provides data that can be applied to determine the monoterpenoid profile of grapes, and its extension to the analysis of musts, and wines. As monoterpenoids are secondary metabolites whose synthesis is encoded by variety-related genes, the terpenoid profile may be used as a way to trace its varietal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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36
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Wang FCY, Walters CC. Pyrolysis Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Study of Petroleum Source Rock. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5642-50. [PMID: 17585835 DOI: 10.1021/ac070166j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed compositional analyses of sedimentary organic matter can provide information on its biotic input, environment of deposition, and level of thermal maturation. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (py-GC), often coupled with a mass spectrometer (py-GC/MS), is one technique used to provide this information. New developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC or 2D-GC), coupled with pyrolysis (py-GC x GC), offer the prospect of providing more complete and quantitative compositional information of complex organic solids, such as kerogen and coals. This study will describe applications of pyrolysis-GC x GC to the characterization of petroleum source rocks using flame ionization detector (FID) and sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD). In the hydrocarbon analysis by FID, paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics form distinct two-dimensional separated groups. In the analysis with SCD, sulfur-containing compounds can be distinguished as different classes, such as mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, and dibenzothiophenes. Single components or summed bands of homologous components can be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. With these detailed molecular fingerprints, the relations between kerogen composition and its biotic input, environment of deposition, and thermal maturation may be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cheng-Yu Wang
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, USA
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37
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Panić O, Górecki T. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) in environmental analysis and monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1013-23. [PMID: 16862380 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Compared to conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) offers increased peak capacity, improved resolution and enhanced mass sensitivity. In addition, it generates structured two-dimensional (2-D) chromatograms, which aids in the identification of compound classes. Sample preparation procedures can often be minimized, or even eliminated in some cases, due to the superior separating power offered by the technique. All of these advantages make GC x GC a very powerful tool in environmental analysis involving the determination of trace levels of toxic compounds in complex matrices. This review paper summarizes and examines the historical and recent GC x GC applications in environmental analysis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjen Panić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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