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Naguib IA, Majed M, Albogami M, Alshehri M, Bukhari A, Alshabani H, Alsalahat I, Abd-ElSalam HAH. Greenness Assessment of HPLC Analytical Methods with Common Detectors for Assay of Paracetamol and Related Materials in Drug Products and Biological Fluids. SEPARATIONS 2023; 10:283. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol is one of the most widely consumed analgesic and antipyretic medications worldwide. It is frequently analyzed in many quality control (QC) laboratories in pharmaceutical companies, either in raw materials or drug products. It was reported that paracetamol self-toxicity often occurs, leading to the frequent analysis of paracetamol in toxicological centers in biological fluids. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) is growing to be a global philosophy; therefore, the high frequency of paracetamol analysis poses potential concerns. Chromatographic analytical methods used for the daily analysis of paracetamol could be a potential risk to the environment or the health of the analysts if not thoroughly considered. The presented study aims to establish greenness assessments of nine HPLC methods used to assay paracetamol in raw materials and drug products and twenty-one HPLC methods. The reason for selecting HPLC methods of analysis to be the core of the study is the known reproducibility, reliability and availability in most QC laboratories. The most commonly used metric systems for greenness evaluation are the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), the eco-scale assessment (ESA) and the national environmental methods index (NEMI) which have been used in this comparative study. The greenest chromatographic method for the analysis of paracetamol in raw materials and drug products was introduced by Rao et al. (the obtained scores were ESA = 76 and AGREE = 0.62, while the greenest chromatographic method for the analysis of paracetamol in biological fluids was proposed by Modick et al.). The obtained scores were ESA = 85 and AGREE = 0.7. The NEMI tool proved to have limited performance compared to other metric systems, hence it could not be used alone. Accordingly, the collaboration of NEMI results with ESA and AGREE for greenness assessment is highly recommended to reach appropriate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meral Majed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Albogami
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Alshehri
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel Bukhari
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alshabani
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Izzeddin Alsalahat
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 1TP, UK
| | - Heba-Alla H. Abd-ElSalam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo 11786, Egypt
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Zhang X, Li R, Hu W, Zeng J, Jiang X, Wang L. A reliable LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, acetaminophen glutathione and acetaminophen glucuronide in mouse plasma, liver and kidney: Method validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4331. [PMID: 29978489 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to simultaneously quantify N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), acetaminophen-glutathione (acetaminophen-glut) and acetaminophen-glucuronide (acetaminophen-gluc) in mouse plasma, liver and kidney homogenates. Analytes were eluted by a binary gradient mobile phase composed of water (phase A) and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (phase B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, which was performed on a CAPCELL PAK C18 MG II column. It took 3.2 min to detect three analytes in a single run. Quantification was carried out in positive mode combined with multiple reaction monitoring. The validation of the LC-MS/MS method consisted of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, protein precipitation recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability. The plasma and tissue homogenate calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 0.050-5.00, 0.050-5.00 and 0.100-40.0 μg/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.050, 0.050, and 0.100 μg/mL for NAPQI, acetaminophen-glut and acetaminophen-gluc, respectively. The intra- and inter-run precision values were within 12.47% for NAPQI, 12.11% for acetaminophen-glut and 11.86% for acetaminophen-gluc at their lower limit of quantitation levels. The samples were stable under all tested conditions. This method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of NAPQI, acetaminophen-glut and acetaminophen-gluc in ICR mice following oral administration of 200 mg/kg of acetaminophen suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruina Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenya Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuehua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Emara S, Masujima T, Hadad G, Kamal M, ZaaZaa H, Kawi MA. A RAPID, SENSITIVE, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ON-LINE SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION USING PROTEIN-COATED μ-BONDAPAK CYANIDE SILICA PRECOLUMN FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL IN HUMAN SERUM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.686139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Emara
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Tsutomu Masujima
- b Analytical Molecular Medicine & Devices Laboratory, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Ghada Hadad
- c Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Maha Kamal
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hala ZaaZaa
- d Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel Kawi
- d Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Kumar Talluri MVN, Bairwa MK, Theja Dugga HH, Srinivas R. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC AND ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL AND LORNOXICAM IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.597064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. V. N. Kumar Talluri
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research , Balanagar , Hyderabad , India
| | - Mukesh K. Bairwa
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research , Balanagar , Hyderabad , India
| | - H. H. Theja Dugga
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research , Balanagar , Hyderabad , India
| | - R. Srinivas
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research , Balanagar , Hyderabad , India
- b National Center for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Tarnaka , Hyderabad , India
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Zou H, Gao S, Chen W, Zhong Y, Jiang X, Pei Y. Simultaneous Quantitation of Paracetamol, Pseudoephedrine and Chlorpheniramine in Dog Plasma by LC-MS-MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Liao Q, Xie Z, Pan B, Zhu C, Yao M, Xu X, Wan J. LC–MS–MS Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Pseudoephedrine and Chlorpheniramine in Human Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Parissi-Poulou M, Panderi I. DETERMINATION OF HYOSCINE N-BUTYL-BROMIDE, LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE, AND PARACETAMOL IN INJECTION FORMS USING SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, AND UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Parissi-Poulou
- a Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , University of Athens , Athens , 157 71 , Greece
| | - I. Panderi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , University of Athens , Athens , 157 71 , Greece
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El-Shahawy AS, Ahmed SM, Sayed NK. INDO/SCF-CI calculations and structural spectroscopic studies of some complexes of 4-hydroxyacetanilide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 66:143-52. [PMID: 16829169 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The electronic energies among different possible structures of 4-hydroxyacetanilide (paracetamol) (PA) molecule, were calculated using INDO method and it has been concluded that its structure has C(s) point group symmetry of the cis-form. The ionization potential, electron affinity, dipole moment and binding energy have been calculated. The calculated electronic transitions of the cis-form of PA using SCF-CI method have good coincidence with the electronic absorption spectrum. The temperature effect on the electronic spectrum of PA confirms the presence of one conformer only. The electronic spectra of PA compound were studied in different polar- and non-polar solvents and the hydrogen bonding as well as the orientation energies of the polar solvents were determined from the mixed solvents studies. Complexes of PA with various metal ions such as, Cu(II), Zn(II) or Fe(II) ions of ratio 2:1, respectively, have been prepared and their structure has been confirmed by elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectra, IR spectra and (1)H NMR spectra and finally it can be concluded that the structure of the complexes has C2h point group symmetry in which two PA molecules are chelated to any one of the metal ions, Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II) ions.
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9
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Espinosa Bosch M, Ruiz Sánchez AJ, Sánchez Rojas F, Bosch Ojeda C. Determination of paracetamol: historical evolution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:291-321. [PMID: 16716555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches and other minor aches and pains. Their determination in pharmaceuticals is of paramount importance, since an overdose of paracetamol can cause fulminating hepatic necrosis and other toxic effects. Many analytical methodologies have been proposed for the determination of paracetamol. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the utility of different techniques for quantification of paracetamol content in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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10
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Zhao S, Bai W, Yuan H, Xiao D. Detection of paracetamol by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Filik H, Sener I, Cekiç SD, Kiliç E, Apak R. Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in Urine with Tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene as a Coupling Reagent and Preconcentration with Triton X-114 Using Cloud Point Extraction. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:891-6. [PMID: 16755066 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, conventional spectrophotometry in conjunction with cloud point extraction-preconcentration were investigated as alternative methods for paracetamol (PCT) assay in urine samples. Cloud point extraction (CPE) was employed for the preconcentration of p-aminophenol (PAP) prior to spectrophotometric determination using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) as an extractant. The developed methods were based on acidic hydrolysis of PCT to PAP, which reacted at room temperature with 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene (CAL4) in the presence of an oxidant (KIO(4)) to form an blue colored product. The PAP-CAL4 blue dye formed was subsequently entrapped in the surfactant micelles of Triton X-114. Cloud point phase separation with the aid of Triton X-114 induced by addition of Na(2)SO(4) solution was performed at room temperature as an advantage over other CPE assays requiring elevated temperatures. The 580 nm-absorbance maximum of the formed product was shifted bathochromically to 590 nm with CPE. The working range of 1.5-12 microg ml(-1) achieved by conventional spectrophotometry was reduced down to 0.14-1.5 microg ml(-1) with cloud point extraction, which was lower than those of most literature flow-through assays that also suffer from nonspecific absorption in the UV region. By preconcentrating 10 ml sample solution, a detection limit as low as 40.0 ng ml(-1) was obtained after a single-step extraction, achieving a preconcentration factor of 10. The stoichiometric composition of the dye was found to be 1 : 4 (PAP : CAL4). The impact of a number of parameters such as concentrations of CAL4, KIO(4), Triton X-100 (TX-100), and TX-114, extraction temperature, time periods for incubation and centrifugation, and sample volume were investigated in detail. The determination of PAP in the presence of paracetamol in micellar systems under these conditions is limited. The established procedures were successfully adopted for the determination of PCT in urine samples. Since the drug is rapidly absorbed and excreted largely in urine and its high doses have been associated with lethal hepatic necrosis and renal failure, development of a rapid, sensitive and selective assay of PCT is of vital importance for fast urinary screening and antidote administration before applying more sophisticated, but costly and laborious hyphenated instrumental techniques of HPLC-SPE-NMR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayati Filik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Kaushik R, Levine B, LaCourse WR. A brief review: HPLC methods to directly detect drug glucuronides in biological matrices (Part I). Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Xu C, Li B. Spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol with microwave assisted alkaline hydrolysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 60:1861-1864. [PMID: 15248961 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2003] [Revised: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of paracetamol is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is based on the microwave assisted alkaline hydrolysis of paracetamol to p-aminophenol that reacts with S2- in the presence of Fe3+ as oxidant to produce a methylene blue-like dye having an absorptivity maximum at 540 nm. The experiment showed that paracetamol could be hydrolysed quantitatively to p-aminophenol in only 1.5 min under radiation power 640 W using a microwave in NaOH medium. The system obeys Beer's law in the range of 0-3.0 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) paracetamol. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 3.2 x 10(-3) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and 0.047 microg cm(-2), respectively. The relative standard deviation (n=11) was 1.7% for 8.0 x 10(-5) mol l(-1) paracetamol. The method has been applied successfully to analysis of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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Vertzoni MV, Archontaki HA, Galanopoulou P. Development and optimization of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of acetaminophen and its major metabolites in rabbit plasma and urine after a toxic dose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:487-93. [PMID: 14565553 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with detection at 242 nm was developed, optimized and validated for the determination of acetaminophen (A) and its major metabolites glucuronide (AG) and sulfate (AS) conjugates in rabbit plasma and urine after a toxic dose. m-Aminophenol was used as internal standard (IS). A Hypersil BDS RP-C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm), 5 microm particle size, was equilibrated with a mobile phase composed of aqueous buffer solution of KH2PO4 0.05 M containing 1% CH3COOH (pH 6.5) and methanol (95:5, v/v). Its flow rate was 1.5 ml/min. Calibration curves of A, AG and AS were linear in the concentration ranges of 0.5-250, 1-200, 0.5-100 microg/ml in plasma and 1-200, 0.5-150, 0.5-100 microg/ml in urine matrix, respectively. Limits of detection and quantitation were calculated in all cases and extensive recovery studies were also performed. Intra-day relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for A, AG and AS in plasma was less than 5, 4, 2% and in urine less than 4, 7, 4%, respectively, while the corresponding inter-day values were 7, 6, 4% and 5, 8, 6%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Vertzoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Greece
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Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro M. Ultrasound-assisted continuous liquid–liquid extraction without phase separation and hydrolysis of paracetamol in suppositories. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Schaiquevich P, Niselman A, Rubio M. Importance of entero-salivary recirculation in paracetamol pharmacokinetics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2002; 23:245-9. [PMID: 12214325 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of an entero-salivary recirculation (salivary secretion-swallowed-reabsorption of drug from the gastrointestinal tract) to the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol was studied in a two-way crossover design. Five healthy volunteers took a tablet of Paracetamol (500 mg) in two occasions separated by a washout period. The difference between the two treatments consisted of saliva that was allowed or not to be swallowed during the 4 h of study. No statistically significant differences were found in the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters between treatments. The half-life time calculated from salivary levels was similar to the values previously reported by other authors. The percent of the oral dose excreted in saliva during 4 h of study was very low (0.1%). Secondary peaks appeared in 8 of 10 profiles. The lack of influence of salivary secretion on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Paracetamol and the low percent secreted in this fluid suggests that entero-salivary recirculation is a possible physiological phenomenon undergoing after oral administration, but it is not one of the principal phenomenon that defines the pharmacokinetic of the drug. We confirm that working with salivary samples in pharmacokinetic studies of paracetamol is a useful tool.
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Oliveira EJ, Watson DG, Morton NS. A simple microanalytical technique for the determination of paracetamol and its main metabolites in blood spots. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:803-9. [PMID: 12093512 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of blood spot collection cards is a simple way to obtain specimens for analysis of drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. We describe the development and validation of a microanalytical technique for the determination of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites from blood spots. The method is based on reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The limit of detection of the method is 600 pg on column for paracetamol. Intra- and inter-day precision of the determination of paracetamol was 7.1 and 3.2% respectively. The small volume of blood required (20 microl), combined with the simplicity of the analytical technique makes this a useful procedure for monitoring paracetamol concentrations. The method was applied to the analysis of blood spots taken from neonates being treated with paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SIBS, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, G4 0NR, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Determination of paracetamol (acetaminophen) by HPLC with post-column enzymatic derivatization and fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Celma C, Allué JA, Pruñonosa J, Peraire C, Obach R. Simultaneous determination of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 870:77-86. [PMID: 10722064 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the determination of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine in human plasma has been developed, validated and applied to the analysis of samples from a phase I clinical trial. The analytical method consists in the extraction of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine with diethyl ether, followed by the determination of both drugs by an LC-MS-MS method, using 2-acetamidophenol as internal standard. The intra-assay and inter-assay precision and accuracy of this technique were good and the limit of quantitation was 0.5 microg/ml of plasma for paracetamol and 0.2 ng/ml for chlorpheniramine. The concentration working range was established between 0.5 microg/ml and 25 microg/ml for paracetamol and between 0.2 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml for chlorpheniramine. This method has been used for analyzing more than 1200 human plasma samples from a clinical study with 24 volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Celma
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Ipsen Pharma, Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
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20
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Ayora Cañada MJ, Pascual Reguera MI, Ruiz Medina A, Fernández de Córdova ML, Molina Díaz A. Fast determination of paracetamol by using a very simple photometric flow-through sensing device. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 22:59-66. [PMID: 10727123 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple flow-through UV optosensing device was developed for the determination of paracetamol based on its transient retention and concentration on a suitable active solid support (Sephadex QAE A-25 anion-exchange resin) packed in the flow cell and the continuous monitoring of its native absorbance on the solid phase at 264 nm. The sample was injected into a 0.08-M NaCl carrier stream at pH 11.0 by using a simple monochannel FIA manifold. After developing the analytical signal, paracetamol was desorbed from the solid support by the carrier solution itself. A very good linear response was found in the concentration range 0.5-8.0 microg ml(-1) with a RSD (%) of 1.24, a detection limit of 0.022 microg ml(-1) and a sampling rate of 40 h(-1). A strong increase in sensitivity as well as a very much higher selectivity were achieved as compared with the conventional flow injection method as a consequence of the separation of the analyte from the sample plug and its retention on the active solid support placed in the detection area. Applicability of the proposed sensor to direct determination of paracetamol in pharmaceuticals (to solve the sample being the only treatment) was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ayora Cañada
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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21
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Ruiz Medina A, Fernández de Córdova M, Molina Dı́az A. A very simple resolution of the mixture paracetamol and salicylamide by flow injection–solid phase spectrophotometry. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Bedford CT. Glucuronic acid conjugates. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:313-26. [PMID: 9832252 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methods of assay in body fluids of 1-beta-alkyl, 1-beta-phenyl and 1-beta-acyl glucuronic acids ("glucuronide conjugates") have been reviewed. Most of the 78 references cited (from the literature of the period 1990-1997) concern the glucuronide conjugates of drug metabolites, and these have been considered, for reasons of accessibility, within sections of individual drug classes such as analgesics, anti-cancer agents and opioids. Other glucuronide conjugates are considered under "miscellaneous compounds". A few gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods are described, but the major technique of assay (62 citations) is reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Bedford
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Westminister, London, UK
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Goicoechea AG, Vila-Jato JL. Acetaminophen presystemic biotransformation vs bioavailability in therapeutical dosage range. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998; 23:333-8. [PMID: 9725502 DOI: 10.1007/bf03189360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The influence of dose on the absorption and presystemic biotransformation of acetaminophen was studied in 15 healthy volunteers after administration of 3 different oral doses (250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg) following a 3 x 3 Latin Square Design. The analytical method developed (High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC) allows the rapid and simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and its major metabolites (its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates) by direct injection of urine samples. The statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences (alpha < 0.05) among treatments in the percentage of dose excreted and MRT and VRT values. Consequently, our results indicate that the absorption and biotransformation of acetaminophen is not affected by the dose in the usual therapeutical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Goicoechea
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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