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Huo R, Martimianakis MA. Protection, freedom, stigma: a critical discourse analysis of face masks in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for medical education. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2023; 14:5-19. [PMID: 38226311 PMCID: PMC10787858 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.73155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the face mask as an intricate object constructed through the uptake of varied and sometimes competing discourses. We investigated how the concept of face mask was discursively deployed during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. By examining the different discourses surrounding the use of face masks in public domain texts, we comment on important educational opportunities for medical education. Method We applied critical discourse methodology to look for key phrases related to face masks that can be linked to specific socio-economic and educational practices. We created an archive of 171 English and Mandarin texts spanning the period of February to July 2020 to explore how discourses in Canada related to discourses of mask use in China, where the pandemic was first observed. We analyzed how the uptake of discourses related to masks was rationalized during the first phase of the pandemic and identified practices/processes that were made possible. Results While the face mask was initially constructed as personal protective equipment, it quickly became a discursive object for rights and freedoms, an icon for personal expression of political views and social identities, and a symbol of stigma that reinforced illness, deviance, anonymity, or fear. Conclusion Discourses related to face masks have been observed in public and institutional responses to the pandemic in the first wave. Finding from this research reinforce the need for medical schools to incorporate a broader socio-political appreciation of the role of masks in healthcare when training for pandemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Athina Martimianakis
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bughrara MS, Swanberg SM, Lucia VC, Schmitz K, Jung D, Wunderlich-Barillas T. Beyond COVID-19: the impact of recent pandemics on medical students and their education: a scoping review. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2023; 28:2139657. [PMID: 36331873 PMCID: PMC9639463 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2139657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past two years, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has greatly altered medical student education as well as daily life. Medical schools across the world were disrupted and had to immediately adapt the educational experience to the online environment in order to continue the delivery of quality medical education. However, COVID-19 was not the only recent pandemic. This posed the question, were similar disruptions and adaptations also seen in recent past pandemics such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that could have prepared medical educators for COVID-19? This scoping review investigated the educational and personal impact of recent pandemics on medical students. METHODS This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews. Nine databases including PubMed, ERIC, and EMBASE were systematically searched using keywords and subject headings related to medical students and SARS, H1N1, MERS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19. Studies were limited to research studies published between 2000 and 2020 and in English. Based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, all studies were independently screened by two reviewers first by the title/abstract and then via full text. Data were extracted from the included studies and analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. RESULTS A total of 174 studies fit the criteria. Seven major themes emerged from those studies: educational adaptations and online modifications, knowledge and attitudes of students, mental wellness of students, student involvement and use of telehealth, student vaccination, physical wellness of students, and stigma. CONCLUSION This review provided insights into how medical students were affected by recent pandemics and their perceptions of pivoting to online education, mental health, and knowledge of the diseases. Additionally, this review showcases the various educational adaptations that emerged uniquely during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as telehealth services or video conferencing tools, that can be utilized in a post-pandemic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneb S. Bughrara
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Swanberg
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
- Moustakas Johnson Library, Michigan School of Psychology, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Victoria C. Lucia
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Keaton Schmitz
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Dawn Jung
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Tracy Wunderlich-Barillas
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
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Huang T, Ma Y, Li S, Ran J, Xu Y, Asakawa T, Lu H. Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based training and monitoring system in prevention of nosocomial infections: A pilot study of hospital-based data. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:351-356. [PMID: 37673650 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a novel artificial intelligence-based training and monitoring system (AITMS) that was used to control and prevent nosocomial infections (NIs) by improving the skills of donning/removing personal protective equipment (PPE). The AITMS has two working modes, namely an AI-based protective equipment surveillance mode and an AI-based training mode, that were used for routine surveillance and training, respectively. Data revealed that the accuracy rate of donning/removing PPE improved as a result of the AITMS. Interestingly, the frequency of NIs decreased with the use of the AITMS. This study suggested the key role of using PPE in controlling and preventing NIs. Data preliminarily proved that appropriate donning/removing PPE may help to reduce the risk of NIs. In addition, the newest computerized technologies, such as AI, have proven to be useful in controlling and preventing NIs. These findings should helpful to formulate a better strategy against NIs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Department of Healthcare-associated Infection Management, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Healthcare-associated Infection Management, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaxi Li
- Department of Healthcare-associated Infection Management, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianchao Ran
- Department of Healthcare-associated Infection Management, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Healthcare-associated Infection Management, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tetsuya Asakawa
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Sannathimmappa MB, Nambiar V, Aravindakshan R, Muthusami J, Jacob A, Al Shafaee M. Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Perceived Benefits of Interventional Structured Infection Prevention and Control Training Module Introduced in the Undergraduate Medical Curricula. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & PROFESSIONALISM 2023; 11:120-129. [PMID: 37113685 PMCID: PMC10126708 DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2023.97218.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing and improving infection prevention and control (IPC) knowledge and practicing skills among medical students who are the future medical practitioners is crucial for reducing the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). In this study, we assessed the IPC knowledge of undergraduate clinical-year medical students before and after interventional IPC modular training and evaluated the effectiveness and students' perception on structured modular IPC training presented to them. METHODS This cross-sectional interventional study was conducted on single medical cohort comprising of 145 final-year undergraduate medical students of the academic year 2022-23 at COMHS. Pre-test, post-test, and feedback questionnaire were used as the assessing tools. The data were collected, entered into Excel sheet, and analyzed using SPSS software version 22. McNemar and Paired-T tests were carried out, and a p value<0.05 was considered significant. Feedback of the questionnaire was analyzed using 3 Point Likert Scale as agree, neutral, and disagree. RESULTS Overall, mean IPC knowledge scores after training (37.65±1.37) was significantly higher as compared to before training (25.13±4.51). Prior knowledge scores on certain aspects of IPC such as duration of hand washing, steps of hand washing, sequence of donning and doffing of PPE, use of N95 mask, and appropriate sharp and needle precautions, and biomedical waste management were varied from 13.6% to 65.6%. However, overall participants' knowledge (p value <0.001) on these aspects increased significantly after the training. The majority of the participants (>90%) perceived IPC training as an excellent tool to improve IPC knowledge and practicing skills. CONCLUSION IPC training had a significant impact in gaining adequate IPC knowledge and practicing skills among our participants. Therefore, it is recommended that IPC training should be implemented in the undergraduate medical curriculum with greater emphasis on practicing skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan B Sannathimmappa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar Campus, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Vinod Nambiar
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar Campus, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rajeev Aravindakshan
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - John Muthusami
- Department of Surgery & Assistant Dean, Clinical affairs, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar Campus, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ajith Jacob
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Rustaq Campus, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohammed Al Shafaee
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman
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Assessing efficacy of instructor based orientation to donning doffing protocols and modifications to doffing area infrastructure in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection among Doctors assigned to COVID-19 patient care. Infect Prev Pract 2023; 5:100279. [PMID: 37006320 PMCID: PMC10027291 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We assess the efficacy of orientation programmes for doctors of proper donning, doffing techniques for personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe practices inside the COVID-19 hospital in reducing the COVID-19 infection rate among doctors. Methods A total of 767 resident doctors and 197 faculty visits on weekly rotation were recorded over a six month period. Doctors were guided through orientation sessions before their entry into the COVID-19 hospital from 1 August 2020.The infection rate among doctors was used to study the efficacy of the programme. McNemars Chi-square test was used to compare the infection rate in the two groups before and after orientation sessions were commenced. Discussion A statistically significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection was seen among resident doctors after orientation programmes and infrastructure modification (3% vs 7.4%, p=0.03). Twenty-eight of 32 (87.5%) doctors who tested positive developed asymptomatic to mild infection. The infection rate was 3.65% and 2.1% among residents and faculty respectively. There was no mortality recorded. Conclusion Orientation programme for healthcare workers for PPE donning and doffing protocols with practical demonstration and trial of PPE usage can significantly reduce COVID-19infection. Such sessions should be mandatory for all workers on deputation in designated area for Infectious Diseases and in pandemic situations.
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Greaves SW, Alter SM, Ahmed RA, Hughes KE, Doos D, Clayton LM, Solano JJ, Echeverri S, Shih RD, Hughes PG. A Simulation-based PPE orientation training curriculum for novice physicians. Infect Prev Pract 2023; 5:100265. [PMID: 36536774 PMCID: PMC9753485 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Personal protective equipment (PPE) is effective in preventing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Resident knowledge of proper use and effective training methods is unknown. We hypothesise that contamination decreases and knowledge increases after a formalised PPE educational session. Methods Participants included first year interns during their residency orientation in June 2020. Before training, participants took a knowledge test, donned PPE, performed a simulated resuscitation, and doffed. A standardised simulation-based PPE training of the donning and doffing protocol was conducted, and the process repeated. Topical non-toxic highlighter tracing fluid was applied to manikins prior to each simulation. After doffing, areas of contamination, defined as discrete fluorescent areas on participants' body, was evaluated by ultraviolet light. Donning and doffing were video recorded and asynchronously rated by two emergency medicine (EM) physicians using a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocol. The primary outcome was PPE training effectiveness defined by contamination and adherence to CDC sequence. Results Forty-eight residents participated: 24 internal medicine, 12 general surgery, 6 EM, 3 neurology, and 3 psychiatry. Before training, 81% of residents were contaminated after doffing; 17% were contaminated after training (P<0.001). The most common contamination area was the wrist (50% pre-training vs. 10% post-training, P<0.001). Donning sequence adherence improved (52% vs. 98%, P<0.001), as did doffing (46% vs. 85%, P<0.001). Participant knowledge improved (62%-87%, P <0.001). Participant confidence (P<0.001) and preparedness (P<0.001) regarding using PPE increased with training. Conclusion A simulation-based training improved resident knowledge and performance using PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W. Greaves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA
| | - Scott M. Alter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA
| | - Rami A. Ahmed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Simulation, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kate E. Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Devin Doos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Simulation, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lisa M. Clayton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joshua J. Solano
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA
| | - Sindiana Echeverri
- Clinical Skills Simulation Center, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA
| | - Richard D. Shih
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA
| | - Patrick G. Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, USA,Corresponding author. Florida Atlantic University at Bethesda Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, GME Suite, Lower Level, 2815 South Seacrest Blvd, Boynton Beach, FL 33435, USA. Tel.: +(561) 733 5933; fax: +(866) 617 8268
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Obuhoro O, Jones RM. Assessing Patterns of Body Contamination after Personal Protective Equipment Removal among Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review. Am J Infect Control 2022:S0196-6553(22)00674-5. [PMID: 36116680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now widely recognized that healthcare personnel (HCP) are at risk of contamination with pathogens during personal protective equipment (PPE) doffing. Studies of this phenonemona, have utilized a variety of PPE ensembles, doffing methods and experimental methods. METHODS A scoping review was performed, consistent with PRISMA guidance. The PubMed and sciVerse Scopus databases were searched using an a priori search strategy. Data were extracted for analysis using the matrix method, and then a narrative analysis performed. Articles were classified based on PPE ensemble. RESULTS Only 19 of 151 articles were included in the final anlaysis. All included studies reported some post-doffing contamination, and this contamination was most frequently observed on the hands, wrist, face and neck. Reviewed studies used a variety of tracer contaminants, PPE ensembles, doffing protocols, tracer assessment locations and methods, making it difficult to identify patterns across studies. DISCUSSION&CONCLUISONS Additional research is needed to improve study methodology related to the selection and placement of tracers to ensure sensitive detection of post-doffing contamination, compare how specific doffing procedures or pieces of PPE influence post-doffing contamination, and to understand what post-doffing contamination means for patient and HCP infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olosengbuan Obuhoro
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Rachael M Jones
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
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Chávez-Cruzado E, Galvez-Olortegui J, Vilchez-Chávez A, Castañeda-Sabogal A. Clerkship in infectious diseases for medical students during covid-19. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac256. [PMID: 35854984 PMCID: PMC9290539 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Chávez-Cruzado
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú
- Unidad Generadora de Evidencias y Vigilancia Epidemiologica, Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Jose Galvez-Olortegui
- Unidad de Oftalmología Basada en Evidencias, Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Perú
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, España
| | | | - Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú
- Unidad Generadora de Evidencias y Vigilancia Epidemiologica, Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Peru
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Wang J, Wei L, Li H, Zhang H, Gu R, Zhang Y, Li Q, Sun T, Wang Y. Effectiveness of a Game-Based Phone Application in Educating Health Care Workers on the Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment. J Contin Educ Nurs 2022; 53:212-220. [PMID: 35510925 DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20220414-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study explored the feasibility and effects of a game-based phone application for training health care workers to use personal protective equipment. Method A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. All participants in the experimental group (n = 123) and the control group (n = 125) received 75 minutes of training and were provided with a video and a paper copy of the procedures. Participants in the experimental group used an additional game-based phone application to simulate the procedures. Results Participants in the experimental group practiced a median of 15 times (range, 14-19 times). The learning curve indicated that they needed at least 12 repetitions to master the skill. Score improvements (Z = -2.257, p = .024) in the experimental group were significantly superior to those in the control group, as were the incidences of procedural errors of hand hygiene (χ2 = 4.085, p = .043) and protective clothing (χ2 = 5.394, p = .02). Conclusion The game-based phone application simulation guided participants to practice enough times to master the skill, enhance their skill performance, and reduce the incidence of procedural errors. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2022;53(5):212-220.].
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Kravitz MB, Dadario NB, Arif A, Bellido S, Arif A, Ahmed O, Gibber M, Jafri FN. The Comparative Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Versus E-Module on the Training of Donning and Doffing Personal Protective Equipment: A Randomized, Simulation-Based Educational Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e23655. [PMID: 35510011 PMCID: PMC9060736 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preventing errors in donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical for limiting the spread of infectious diseases. Virtual reality (VR) has demonstrated itself as an effective tool for asynchronous learning, but its use in PPE training has not been tested. The objective of this study was to compare donning and doffing performance between VR and e-module PPE training. Methods A prospective randomized open-blinded controlled trial was conducted to determine differences in donning and doffing performance after VR and e-module PPE training among medical staff and medical students at a single institution. The primary outcome was donning and doffing performance with real PPE, assessed using a 64-point checklist. The secondary outcome was participant preparedness and confidence level after training. Results Fifty-four participants were randomized, mostly consisting of medical students (n=24 {44%}) or emergency medicine and otolaryngology residents (n=19 {35%}). The VR group (n=27 {50%}) performed better than the control in the overall PPE scores but this was not statistically significant (mean {SD}, VR: 55.4 {4.4} vs e-module: 53.3 {8.1}; p = 0.40). VR participants also reported higher levels of preparedness and confidence after training. Residents as a subgroup achieved the highest increases after VR training compared to their counterparts in the control training group (mean {SD}, VR: 55.6 {4.9} vs e-module 48.4 {5.5}, p = 0.009). Conclusion In this randomized trial, VR training was found to be non-inferior to e-module for asynchronous PPE training. Our results suggest that in particular residents may benefit most from VR PPE training. Additionally, VR participants felt more confident and prepared to don and doff PPE after training compared to e-module participants. These findings are particularly relevant given the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Future studies need to focus on VR integration into residency curriculum and monitoring for long-term skill retention.
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Mosher C, Mukhtar F, Alnaami N, Akkielah YA, Alsharif J, Khan T, Taskiran HC, Zafar M. Donning and Doffing of Personal Protective Equipment: Perceived Effectiveness of Virtual Simulation Training to Decrease COVID-19 Transmission and Contraction. Cureus 2022; 14:e22943. [PMID: 35411270 PMCID: PMC8987117 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic exposed gaps in the knowledge of correct donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE) among healthcare workers, causing hospitals to ramp up training. However, social distancing measures forced most institutions and workplaces to shift to remote operations, allowing only essential personnel onsite. Virtual simulation is a growing trend in healthcare simulation education, even more so in this pandemic era. Yet, we have found no evidence of the perceived effectiveness of virtual simulation for training healthcare providers in the proper donning and doffing of PPE. This study aims to determine learner perceptions of the effectiveness of a virtual simulation PPE training module. Methods To address this gap, we used a virtual simulation training module in an online format to determine the perceived efficacy of this method of instruction with the contribution of a variety of healthcare providers and trainees, including physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, dentists, and nurses. Results We found a statistically significant difference in the confidence level of observing best practices of donning and doffing PPE before and after the training sessions. We also found that participants believe virtual simulation can be an effective educational tool for clinical skills. Conclusions This paper presents an international, guideline-based virtual simulation training module that can serve to educate, train, and assess healthcare workers in the proper sequence and technique of donning (putting on), doffing (removing), and disposing of PPE without contaminating themselves or others.
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Qureshi MO, Chughtai AA, Seale H. Recommendations related to occupational infection prevention and control training to protect healthcare workers from infectious diseases: a scoping review of infection prevention and control guidelines. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:272. [PMID: 35232449 PMCID: PMC8885771 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic remind us of the heightened risk that healthcare workers (HCWs) have from acquiring infectious diseases at work. Reducing the risk requires a multimodal approach, ensuring that staff have the opportunity to undertake occupational infection prevention and control (OIPC) training. While studies have been done within countries to look at availability and delivery of OIPC training opportunities for HCWs, there has been less focus given to whether their infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines adhere to recommended best practices. OBJECTIVES To examine national IPC guidelines for the inclusion of key recommendations on OIPC training for HCWs to protect them from infectious diseases at work and to report on areas of inconsistencies and gaps. METHODS We applied a scoping review method and reviewed guidelines published in the last twenty years (2000-2020) including the IPC guidelines of World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These two guidelines were used as a baseline to compare the inclusion of key elements related to OIPC training with IPC guidelines of four high-income countries /regions i.e., Gulf Cooperation Council, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and four low-, and middle-income countries (LMIC) i.e. India, Indonesia, Pakistan and, Philippines. RESULTS Except for the Filipino IPC guideline, all the other guidelines were developed in the last five years. Only two guidelines discussed the need for delivery of OIPC training at undergraduate and/or post graduate level and at workplace induction. Only two acknowledged that training should be based on adult learning principles. None of the LMIC guidelines included recommendations about evaluating training programs. Lastly the mode of delivery and curriculum differed across the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Developing a culture of learning in healthcare organizations by incorporating and evaluating OIPC training at different stages of HCWs career path, along with incorporating adult learning principles into national IPC guidelines may help standardize guidance for the development of OIPC training programs. Sustainability of this discourse could be achieved by first updating the national IPC guidelines. Further work is needed to ensure that all relevant healthcare organisations are delivering a package of OIPC training that includes the identified best practice elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O Qureshi
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Level 2, Samuels building, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Abrar A Chughtai
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Level 2, Samuels building, Sydney, Australia
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Level 2, Samuels building, Sydney, Australia
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) personal protective equipment training: Using simulation-based training to prevent healthcare-associated infection. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:e28. [PMID: 36310793 PMCID: PMC9614946 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this pre- and postintervention study, we demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of comprehensive simulation-based personal protective equipment (PPE) training amid the COVID-19 pandemic. With rapid-cycle, deliberate practice feedback, simulation-based training can improve the learners’ sense of confidence and security while standardizing PPE protocols.
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Maietti E, Greco M, Reno C, Rallo F, Trerè D, Savoia E, Fantini MP, Scheier LM, Gori D. Assessing the Role of Trust in Information Sources, Adoption of Preventive Practices, Volunteering and Degree of Training on Biological Risk Prevention, on Perceived Risk of Infection and Usage of Personal Protective Equipment Among Italian Medical Students During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:746387. [PMID: 34778180 PMCID: PMC8581255 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.746387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the University of Bologna Medical School surveyed medical students to learn more about their preparation to confront challenges posed by the pandemic and whether it affects perceptions of viral infection risk. This information could help design risk-reduction interventions with training to mitigate possible viral exposure. Method: A cross-sectional online survey examining students' characteristics, volunteer status, adoption of evidence-based preventive measures, trust in information sources used, infectious disease training, and knowledge of PPE usage in relation to perceived risk of infection from SARS-CoV-2 in daily living, academic, and healthcare activities. A multivariate path model estimated the simultaneous influences of all exogenous factors on perceived risk. A Poisson regression model assessed the same multivariate effects on knowledge of PPE usage. Results: The analysis sample included 537 respondents. Perceived risk of infection was highest in hospital activities. On average, students were able to use only four out of seven types of PPE albeit they adopted most of the evidence-based preventive measures. Adoption of preventive measures was positively associated with perceived risk of COVID infection. Conversely, training on PPE usage and volunteer work were associated with lower perceived risk in healthcare setting and higher PPE knowledge. Conclusion: Implementing early safety-based educational programs remedy students' lack of knowledge in infectious disease prevention and mitigate their risk of infection. Voluntary work should be encouraged with potential benefit for both their continued medical training and strengthening the healthcare system's response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maietti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manfredi Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Reno
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Rallo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Trerè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialistic Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Savoia
- Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation & Practice Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Pia Fantini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lawrence M Scheier
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,LARS Research Institute, Prevention Strategies, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Davide Gori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Now, I think doctors can be heroes … Medical student's attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on key aspects of medical education and how the image of the medical profession has changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021; 172:90-99. [PMID: 34714457 PMCID: PMC8554181 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-021-00891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic hit the world in early 2020 and influenced medical education worldwide. Distance learning, risk of infection and patient care, telehealth literacy, medical ethics and research in medical education are key factors of medical education challenged by the pandemic. Additionally, the following question arises: “What do medical students think about their future profession in the face of this crisis?” Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among all undergraduate medical students of the Medical University of Vienna. 872 students answered the self-developed questionnaire. Qualitative and quantitative data analyses were conducted. Results The data show that the COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness for the key aspects. In all areas of interest, students’ feeling of petaredness is limited. Limitations in practical training and distance learning as well as social isolation concern a majority of students. Neutral, positive, and negative themes emerged in qualitative data analysis. Only 8% of the students of the first 3 years of study versus 13.4% of the students in higher years commented negatively. 18.7% of male vs. only 12.5% of all female students’ comments were positive. A large proportion of positive comments were dedicated to the relevance and deeper meaning of the medical profession. Infection risk and the demanding nature of the medical profession were predominant in negative comments. Conclusion The COVID-19 crisis has turned the spotlight on several aspects of medical education in need of reform. In addition, the occupational image of the medical profession seems to shift under the weight of this pandemic.
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Wyer M, Hor SY, Barratt R, Gilbert GL. Testing the efficacy and acceptability of video-reflexive methods in personal protective equipment training for medical interns: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052985. [PMID: 34635528 PMCID: PMC8506871 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the efficacy and acceptability of video-reflexive methods for training medical interns in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). DESIGN Mixed methods study. SETTING A tertiary-care teaching hospital, Sydney, January 2018-February 2019. PARTICIPANTS 72 of 90 medical interns consented to participate. Of these, 39 completed all three time points. INTERVENTIONS Participants received a standard infection prevention and control (IPC) education module during their hospital orientation. They were then allocated alternately to a control or video group. At three time points (TPs) over the year, participants were asked to don/doff PPE items based on hospital protocol. At the first two TPs, all participants also participated in a reflexive discussion. At the second and third TPs, all participants were audited on their performance. The only difference between groups was that the video group was videoed while donning/doffing PPE, and they watched this footage as a stimulus for reflexive discussion. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The efficacy and acceptability of the intervention were assessed using: (1) comparisons of audit performance between and within groups over time, (2) comparisons between groups on survey responses for evaluation of training and self-efficacy and (3) thematic analysis of reflexive discussions. RESULTS Both groups improved in their PPE competence over time, although there was no consistent pattern of significant differences within and between groups. No significant differences were found between groups on reported acceptability of training, or self-efficacy for PPE use. However, analysis of reflexive discussions shows that the effects of the video-reflexive intervention were tangible and different in important respects from standard training. CONCLUSIONS Video reflexivity in group-based training can assist new clinicians in engagement with, and better understanding of, IPC in their clinical practice. Our study also highlights the need for ongoing and targeted IPC training during medical undergraduate studies as well as regular workplace refresher training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Barratt
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G L Gilbert
- The University of Sydney Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Birrenbach T, Zbinden J, Papagiannakis G, Exadaktylos AK, Müller M, Hautz WE, Sauter TC. Effectiveness and Utility of Virtual Reality Simulation as an Educational Tool for Safe Performance of COVID-19 Diagnostics: Prospective, Randomized Pilot Trial. JMIR Serious Games 2021; 9:e29586. [PMID: 34623315 PMCID: PMC8510143 DOI: 10.2196/29586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the proper use of hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) is paramount for preventing the spread of diseases such as COVID-19, health care personnel have been shown to use incorrect techniques for donning/doffing of PPE and hand hygiene, leading to a large number of infections among health professionals. Education and training are difficult owing to the social distancing restrictions in place, shortages of PPE and testing material, and lack of evidence on optimal training. Virtual reality (VR) simulation can offer a multisensory, 3-D, fully immersive, and safe training opportunity that addresses these obstacles. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the short- and long-term effectiveness of a fully immersive VR simulation versus a traditional learning method regarding a COVID-19–related skill set and media-specific variables influencing training outcomes. Methods This was a prospective, randomized controlled pilot study on medical students (N=29; intervention VR training, n=15, vs control video-based instruction, n=14) to compare the performance of hand disinfection, nasopharyngeal swab taking, and donning/doffing of PPE before and after training and 1 month later as well as variables of media use. Results Both groups performed significantly better after training, with the effect sustained over one month. After training, the VR group performed significantly better in taking a nasopharyngeal swab, scoring a median of 14 out of 17 points (IQR 13-15) versus 12 out of 17 points (IQR 11-14) in the control group, P=.03. With good immersion and tolerability of the VR simulation, satisfaction was significantly higher in the VR group compared to the control group (median score of User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire 27/30, IQR 23-28, vs 22/30, IQR 20-24, in the control group; P=.01). Conclusions VR simulation was at least as effective as traditional learning methods in training medical students while providing benefits regarding user satisfaction. These results add to the growing body of evidence that VR is a useful tool for acquiring simple and complex clinical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Birrenbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Centre for Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Josua Zbinden
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - George Papagiannakis
- ORamaVR SA, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Computer Science, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Martin Müller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolf E Hautz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Stachteas P, Vlachopoulos N, Smyrnakis E. Medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations and arguments on their clinical engagement. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & PROFESSIONALISM 2021; 9:238-242. [PMID: 34692862 PMCID: PMC8521214 DOI: 10.30476/jamp.2021.89092.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the clinical exposure of medical students has been hindered while the impact on medical education is under investigation. The potential negative impact of medical students on transmission rates, along with the shortages of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), their lack of proper training, and their limited ability to work independently, give rise to reasonable concerns regarding their involvement in pandemic management. Nevertheless, the heavy workload could soon provoke severe deficiencies in the frontline medical workforce. Hence, the possibility of covering gaps in human resources by effectively deploying students should not be rejected in advance. Additionally, a pandemic poses a valuable learning opportunity for high-quality medical education. The aim of this commentary is to present a discussion with supporters and opponents of medical student engagement in the pandemic management and their involvement in placements requiring physical contact with patients. We also attempt to elucidate the necessary conditions for the students' possible involvement in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Stachteas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Vlachopoulos
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Smyrnakis
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, General Practice and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bandyopadhyay S, Georgiou I, Bligh E, Coyle C, Pancharatnam R, Saunders KEA. SPICE-19: a 3-Month Prospective Cohort Study of 640 Medical Students and Foundation Doctors. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2021; 31:1621-1637. [PMID: 34306817 PMCID: PMC8294310 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-021-01349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is paucity of data around the support that medical students have been provided with, need to be provided with, and would like to be provided with during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to explore the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students and establish the support they require. METHODS A prospective, observational, multicentre study was conducted in 2020. All medical students and interim foundation year 1 doctors were eligible to participate. RESULTS Six hundred forty individuals participated from 32 medical schools. Participants reported a drop in their mood following the onset of the pandemic (p < 0.001). This drop in mood was evident in both May and August. Participants did have an improved mood in August compared to May (p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in pandemic disease-anxiety (13.8/20 to 12.4/20, p < 0.001) and consequence-anxiety (6.3/10 to 6.0/10, p < 0.001) between May and August. Nineteen percent of participants (n = 111/596, 19%) had not received the support they needed from their university by August. The most common area of support that our participants needed and had not received from their medical schools by August was support with course material (n = 58/111, 52%). 'Clinical knowledge' was thought to have been affected by the greatest number of participants in both May and August. CONCLUSION Medical students' mental well-being has been adversely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings have actionable implications that can better protect medical students as they acclimatise to a working environment that has been radically changed by COVID-19. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s40670-021-01349-0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Bandyopadhyay
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Emily Bligh
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Conor Coyle
- St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Rohan Pancharatnam
- The University of Buckingham Medical School, The University of Buckingham, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Kate E. A. Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Warneford Lane, Oxford, UK
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20
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Saraswathy T, Nalliah S, Rosliza AM, Ramasamy S, Jalina K, Shahar HK, Amin-Nordin S. Applying interprofessional simulation to improve knowledge, attitude and practice in hospital- acquired infection control among health professionals. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:482. [PMID: 34503488 PMCID: PMC8427557 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of an innovative approach using interprofessional simulation scenarios (IPSS) in improving knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of hospital-acquired infection control (HAIC) among health professionals. METHODS The interventional study was conducted in a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants from surgical, intensive care, and other units. Thirty-six health professionals in the experimental and forty in the control group completed the study. All subjects participated in an interactive lecture and demonstrated four IPSS on HAIC i.e. (i) taking blood specimen (ii) bedsore dressing (iii) collecting sputum for acid-fast bacilli and (iv) intermittent bladder catheterization. Each team consisted of a doctor and a nurse. A self-administered questionnaire on KAP on HAIC was completed by respondents during the pre-, immediately and, post-intervention. An independent t-test was conducted to measure the significance between the experimental and control group. RESULTS The mean scores for KAP among the experimental group increased following the intervention. Significant differences in scores were seen between the two groups post-intervention (p < 0.05). Overall, using the four procedures as surrogates, the interprofessional learning approach in HAIC intervention showed improvement among the participants in the experimental group following structured instructions. The IPSS approach in HAIC clearly shows its relevance in improving learning outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Well-designed interprofessional simulated scenarios can be effective in skills training in improving KAP in HAIC among health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saraswathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Medical College, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - S Nalliah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Sciences, International Medical University, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - A M Rosliza
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Ramasamy
- Department of Psychology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Jalina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Kadir Shahar
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Institute of Aging(MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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What Not to Do with PPE: A Digital Application to Raise Awareness of Proper PPE Protocol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34476745 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76951-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
With a rise in personal protective equipment (PPE) use by all healthcare professionals (HCP) as a prime infection control strategy in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic comes the potential increase in its misuse. Evidence suggests this failure to follow proper PPE protocol to prevent self-contamination and transmission can be attributed to both a lack of formal training and guidance and, now, atrophy of infrequently used skills, with many senior professionals demonstrating a lack of proficiency despite years of service. Previous research shows current written and illustrated instructional material depicting PPE guidelines are abundant but does not provide an answer on how best to target violations in protocol and better instruct those that are providing pre-hospital emergency healthcare.In this chapter, we aim to address the gap in paramedic-specific research into PPE protocol and provide an educational, digital tool to work alongside the current guidelines, potentially exploring the cognitive load theory as a design strategy. The use of 3D, interactive animations depicting errors in protocol and their potential contamination consequences in a device-based application could engage clinicians in a more effective way, thus increasing protection and decreasing transmission. This chapter describes the methodology behind the design and development of such an application for emergency care providers and provides the relevant materials needed to carry out user testing and evaluation once participants have been recruited.
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Żółtowska B, Barańska I, Szczerbińska K, Różańska A, Mydel K, Sydor W, Heczko PB, Jachowicz E, Wójkowska-Mach J. Preparedness of Health Care Workers and Medical Students in University Hospital in Krakow for COVID-19 Pandemic within the CRACoV Project. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3487. [PMID: 34441784 PMCID: PMC8396826 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Health care workers' (HCWs) knowledge of and compliance with personal protective procedures is a key for patients' and personnel safety. The aim of this study was to assess which factors are associated with higher self-evaluations of training on infection prevention and control (IPC) and higher self-assessment of IPC practices used by HCWs regarding COVID-19 in University Hospital in Krakow, Poland, in January 2021. Material and methods This was an online survey on the preparedness for COVID-19 epidemic of medical/non-medical staff and medical students. Questions included in the survey concerned participants' socio-demographic characteristics, hospital staff involvement in the training, knowledge about the hand hygiene, and adherence to IPC measures. Knowledge and Performance Index (K&PI) based on selected questions was constructed for to reflect both subjective (self-evaluation) of preparedness and objective IPC knowledge and skills of HCWs participated in the IPC training. Results A total of 1412 health care workers, including 129 medical students, participated in the study. The largest group, 53.6%, was made up of nurses and paramedics. Age of respondents significantly correlated with knowledge of IPC and with K&PI. The mean age of workers with high K&PI was 42.39 ± 12.53, and among those with low, 39.71 ± 13.10, p < 0.001. 51% UHK workers participated in IPC training, but 11.3% of physicians, 28.8% of other HCWs, and 55.8% of students did not know the IPC standard precaution. Most participants, 72.3%, felt that they had received sufficient training; however, 45.8% of students declined this. There was no correlation between self-reported preparedness and the K&PI, indicating that self-reported preparedness was inadequate for knowledge and skills. Nurses and paramedics assessed their knowledge most accurately. Participants with low K&PI and high subjective evaluation constituted a substantial group in all categories. Students least often overestimated (23.8%) and most often (9.6%) underestimated their knowledge and skills. Conclusions Our study revealed inadequate IPC practice, especially as it refers to the training programme. We confirmed the urgent need of including theory and practice of IPC in curricula of health professions' training in order to provide students with knowledge and skills necessary not only for future pandemic situations but also for everyday work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Żółtowska
- Center for Innovative Therapy, Clinical Research Coordination Center, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland 2-st, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Ilona Barańska
- Laboratory for Research on Aging Society, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (I.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Szczerbińska
- Laboratory for Research on Aging Society, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (I.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Anna Różańska
- Chair of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.R.); (P.B.H.); (E.J.); (J.W.-M.)
| | - Krzysztof Mydel
- Deputy Director for Coordination and Development, University Hospital in Krakow, 30-688 Krakow Poland;
| | - Wojciech Sydor
- Center for Innovative Therapy, Clinical Research Coordination Center, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland 2-st, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr B. Heczko
- Chair of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.R.); (P.B.H.); (E.J.); (J.W.-M.)
| | - Estera Jachowicz
- Chair of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.R.); (P.B.H.); (E.J.); (J.W.-M.)
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Chair of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.R.); (P.B.H.); (E.J.); (J.W.-M.)
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Ellaway RH. Disaster scholarship. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2021; 26:765-769. [PMID: 34347260 PMCID: PMC8334331 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-021-10062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this editorial, the Editor considers four domains of disaster in health professions education; the scholarship of disasters, disasters in the conduct of scholarly inquiry, disasters in the presentation of the results of scholarly inquiry, and disasters flowing from the misinterpretation or misappropriation of scholarly activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Ellaway
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Office of Health and Medical Education Scholarship, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Koh TJW, Ling AHZ, Chiang CLL, Lee GSJ, Tay HSE, Yi H. Attitudes towards COVID-19 precautionary measures and willingness to work during an outbreak among medical students in Singapore: a mixed-methods study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:317. [PMID: 34088316 PMCID: PMC8176668 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed challenges that medical students face when healthcare systems are under intense pressure. There is a need to assess medical students' education needs in pandemic preparedness. The objective of this mixed-methods study was threefold: (1) to assess COVID-19 perceived efficacy, susceptibility, and anxiety in relation to health literacy; (2) to describe attitudes towards a policy of precautionary measures against COVID-19 and willingness to work during an outbreak; and (3) to examine multilevel factors associated with willingness to work. METHODS An online survey was conducted among 263 medical students in Singapore during the lockdown period in July 2020. Participants were surveyed on COVID-19 related literacy, perceptions, anxiety, attitudes towards a policy of precautionary measures, and willingness to work during an outbreak. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the factors associated with the key outcome variable of willingness to work. In addition, open-ended questions were used to assess medical education needs, which were reported using thematic analysis. RESULTS Perceived adequacy of COVID-19 information was associated with higher perceived efficacy, lower perceived susceptibility, and lower anxiety levels among the students. Medical students were mostly supportive of COVID-19 precautionary measures except for relatively intrusive measures like in-home surveillance. The degree of willingness to work during an outbreak varied based on certain conditions, in particular family's health and safety, and was associated with self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, and hospital capacity of outbreak management. CONCLUSIONS Medical students' attitudes towards a policy of precautionary measures varied depending on legality, financial and psychological support, and privacy concerns. Health literacy played an important role in increasing the efficacy of protection against COVID-19 and reducing pandemic-related anxiety among medical students. Their willingness to work during an outbreak was increased by an effective policy of precautionary measures, hospital capacity to manage a pandemic, and assurance of family safety. Medical education should include pandemic preparedness to better prepare students to aid in pandemics, with emphasis on public health policy and ethics coupled with clinical training targeted to managing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Jia Wen Koh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abel Ho Zhi Ling
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gabriel Sheng Jie Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah Si En Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huso Yi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
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Norton EJ, Georgiou I, Fung A, Nazari A, Bandyopadhyay S, Saunders KEA. Personal protective equipment and infection prevention and control: a national survey of UK medical students and interim foundation doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:67-75. [PMID: 33094815 PMCID: PMC7665616 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adequacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection prevention and control (IPC) training in UK medical students and interim Foundation Year 1 (FiY1) doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown, as is its impact on COVID-19-related anxiety. METHODS Cross-sectional, multi-centre study analysing self-reported adequacy of PPE and IPC training and correlation to a modified pandemic anxiety scale. Participants were current medical students and FiY1 doctors in the UK. Data were collected by an online survey. RESULTS Participants reported that they received insufficient PPE information (43%) and IPC training (56%). Significantly, fewer participants identifying as women or BAME/mixed ethnicity reported receiving sufficient PPE information, compared with those identifying as men and White British/White Other, respectively. COVID-19-related anxiety was significantly higher in those without sufficient reported PPE or IPC training, in women compared with men, and in FiY1 doctors compared with medical students. CONCLUSIONS With medical students currently volunteering in and imminently returning to hospitals in an educational capacity, levels of self-reported PPE and IPC training are sub-optimal. Better training is paramount to avoid harm to patients and healthcare professionals and to reduce COVID-19-related anxiety among medical students and FiY1 doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Norton
- West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Bury St Edmunds, UK.,Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex Fung
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Armin Nazari
- University of Dundee School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Bagepally BS, Haridoss M, Natarajan M, Jeyashree K, Ponnaiah M. Cost-effectiveness of surgical mask, N-95 respirator, hand-hygiene and surgical mask with hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19: Cost effectiveness analysis from Indian context. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 10:100702. [PMID: 33558852 PMCID: PMC7859732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the absence of specific treatment, preventive strategies are of paramount importance in management of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic. We estimated cost-effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions such as hand-hygiene, surgical-mask N-95 respirators and surgical mask in general population. METHODS We performed a decision tree and markov-model based economic evaluation. We estimated total costs and outcomes from public payer's perspective, based on information available through systematic literature search on relative intervention effect during early pandemic phase. We estimated outcomes as number COVID-19 prevented and Quality Adjusted life year (QALY) over one-year time-horizon with one-day cycle-length. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) was calculated multiple sensitivity analyses were applied to assess parameter uncertainty. RESULTS Use of surgical mask with hand hygiene, fit tested N-95 respirator, surgical-mask, non-fit tested N-95 and hand-hygiene interventions prevented additional 1139, 1124, 1121, 1043 and 975 COVID-19 cases per-million as compared to using none. Additional costs incurred (in billion) were ₹29.78 ($0.40), ₹148.09 ($1.99), ₹72.51 ($0.98), ₹26.84 ($0.36) and ₹2.48 ($0.03) as well as additional QALYs gained were 357.4, 353.01, 327.95, 351.52 and 307.04 for surgical mask with hand hygiene, fit-tested N-95, non-fit-tested N-95, surgical mask and hand-hygiene respectively. ICERs with surgical with hand hygiene, hand-hygiene alone, surgical-mask alone, N-95 respirator fit and non-fit test were 83.32($1.12), 8.07($0.11), 76.36($1.03), 419.51($5.65) and 221.10 ($2.98) million ₹ ($)/QALY respectively. Results were robust on uncertainty analysis. DISCUSSION Among the non-pharmacological interventions to be considered for preventing spread of COVID-19, hand hygiene was cost-effective and avoidance of use of surgical masks and respirators by the general public could save resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumitha Haridoss
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Meenakumari Natarajan
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Kathiresan Jeyashree
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Manickam Ponnaiah
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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Abstract
Clinicians who care for patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) must wear a full suite of personal protective equipment, including an N95 mask or powered air purifying respirator, eye protection, a fluid-impermeable gown, and gloves. This combination of personal protective equipment may cause increased work of breathing, reduced field of vision, muffled speech, difficulty hearing, and heat stress. These effects are not caused by individual weakness; they are normal and expected reactions that any person will have when exposed to an unusual environment. The physiologic and psychologic challenges imposed by personal protective equipment may have multiple causes, but immediate countermeasures and long-term mitigation strategies can help to improve a clinician's ability to provide care. Ultimately, a systematic approach to the design and integration of personal protective equipment is needed to improve the safety of patients and clinicians.
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Madziatera D, Msofi KS, Phiri TV, Mkandawire SD, Comber A. Availability, Accessibility and Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment in Wards at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) Blantyre, Malawi: An Observational Study. Malawi Med J 2021; 32:124-131. [PMID: 33488983 PMCID: PMC7812152 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v32i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability, accessibility and proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the wards at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH). Methods We conducted an observational study with a cross-section design. Convenience sampling method was used for selection of healthcare workers (HCWs) in wards. HCWs filled a checklist on accessibility of PPEs and they were observed on proper use of PPE while conducting clinical procedures. Nurse ward in-charge was asked to fill out a checklist on availability of PPE in their ward. Results PPE was available in 75.8% of wards, not available in 12.5%. Goggles were absent in 70.8% of wards. PPEs were 71.4% accessible and 28.6% inaccessible to healthcare workers in the wards. The most inaccessible PPEs were goggles (83.2%) and footwear (73.7%) while facemasks, sterile and non-sterile gloves and aprons were readily accessible. Non sterile gloves were 100% available and accessible. Only 13.5% of the HCWs had good compliance with PPE standard procedures. The average PPE compliance score of those who had been trained was 6 % greater than those who were not trained. Conclusion This study identified areas of improvement in healthcare system delivery regarding standard precautions with emphasis on PPE. Improvements in training during professional college education and in-service refresher training could improve compliance with appropriate use of PPE for relatively low cost. Management support could improve availability and accessibility of PPE in the wards at QECH, with active supervision to improve adherence levels to personal protective equipment usage. The study can also help in the development of policies and guidelines regarding PPE usage by showing that most HCWs need to be trained in proper PPE usage.
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Sinopidis X, Gkentzi D, Karatza A, Fouzas S. Considerations on Medical Education During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Beyond. Balkan Med J 2021; 38:61. [PMID: 32689759 PMCID: PMC8909215 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.6.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xenophon Sinopidis
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Despoina Gkentzi
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Ageliki Karatza
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Sotirios Fouzas
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
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Villamagna AH, Bonura EM. Infectious Diseases Simulation for Medical Students: Experiential Instruction on Personal Protective Equipment. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2020; 16:11031. [PMID: 33274292 PMCID: PMC7703477 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of COVID-19 highlighted the critical importance of appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for the safety of patients and health care personnel. However, previously published survey data indicated that formal instruction on the correct utilization of PPE is uncommon in medical school curricula, and there is no published guidance about optimal instruction methods. The infectious disease (ID) simulation lab at Oregon Health & Science University filled this need. METHODS Second- through fourth-year medical students participated in the infection intersession, a 2-week didactic session that students were required to enroll in once during their clinical rotations. As part of the course, students completed the ID simulation lab, during which they were presented with common ID syndromes (suspected tuberculosis, C. difficile colitis, and neutropenic fever) and asked to select the proper PPE prior to interacting with standardized patients. ID physicians acted as the patients and then conducted feedback sessions, which focused on PPE choice, donning and doffing techniques, and ID diagnosis and management principles. RESULTS More than 500 medical students participated between 2016 and 2020, demonstrating the feasibility of the experience. The average exam scores were above 80%, and the average student evaluation score of the session was 8.9 out of 10, demonstrating acceptability. DISCUSSION The ID simulation lab allowed students to reinforce didactic teaching about PPE, dispel common misconceptions, and receive real-time feedback from ID clinicians. Availability of the lab and facilitators were limiting factors. Future work will focus on better understanding the efficacy of the sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M. Bonura
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University
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Bank I, Wijnen-Meijer M. Why should medical students (not) be recruited to care for patients with COVID-19? BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:342. [PMID: 33008374 PMCID: PMC7530858 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide it is being discussed whether medical students might be of help during the present COVID-19 epidemic. Although this question is probably a legitimate one, one should however discuss this thoroughly before deciding whether medical students are to be included in this kind of medical care on a larger scale.Various arguments should be weighted, and potential tasks should be chosen carefully. This period could however be also an opportunity for medical students to learn things they would probably never learn about. Nevertheless, medical students have a deficit concerning knowledge about epidemics, and they are also not really well skilled in many hygiene measures. Furthermore, some of the known medical students' behaviour could be a risk factor for further spread of the virus as well. Then, young adults are at risk of getting infected themselves. Last but not least, medical students in general are under a great deal of pressure from their studies which could lead to the development of anxiety and other mental disorders. One could only speculate on the effects of this epidemic on their further mental well-being. Therefore, medical students participating in direct care of patients with COVID-19 should first be trained well, and then properly supervised at all times. Only then it might be a really useful and exceptional experience, for healthcare, medical schools as well as for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bank
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo Wijnen-Meijer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Medical Education Center, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Martín-Rodríguez F, Sanz-García A, López-Izquierdo R, Delgado Benito JF, Martín-Conty JL, Castro Villamor MA, Ortega GJ. Predicting Health Care Workers' Tolerance of Personal Protective Equipment: An Observational Simulation Study. Clin Simul Nurs 2020; 47:65-72. [PMID: 32895609 PMCID: PMC7467653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More recently, due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, health care workers have to deal with clinical situations wearing personal protective equipment (PPE); however, there is a question of whether everybody will tolerate PPE equally. The main objective of this study was to develop a risk model to predict whether health care workers will tolerate wearing PPE, C category, 4B/5B/6B type, during a 30-minute simulation. METHODS A nonexperimental simulation study was conducted at the Advanced Simulation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University (Spain) from April 3rd to 28th, 2017. Health care students and professionals were equipped with PPE and performed a 30-minute simulation. Anthropometric, physiological, and analytical variables and anxiety levels were measured before and after simulation. A scoring model was constructed. RESULTS Ninety-six volunteers participated in the study. Half the sample presented metabolic fatigue in the 20 minutes after finishing the simulation. The predictive model included female sex, height, muscle and bone mass, and moderate level of physical activity. The validity of the main model using all the variables presented an area under the curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.786-0.935), and the validity of the model had an area under the curve of 0.725 (95% confidence interval: 0.559-0.89). CONCLUSIONS Decision-making in biohazard incidents is a challenge for emergency team leaders. Knowledge of health care workers' physiological tolerance of PPE could improve their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Advanced Clinical Simulation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ancor Sanz-García
- Data Analysis Unit, Health Research Institute, Hospital de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl López-Izquierdo
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - José L Martín-Conty
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel A Castro Villamor
- Advanced Clinical Simulation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Guillermo J Ortega
- Data Analysis Unit, Health Research Institute, Hospital de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Barratt R, Wyer M, Hor SY, Gilbert GL. Medical interns' reflections on their training in use of personal protective equipment. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:328. [PMID: 32967669 PMCID: PMC7509499 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential, to prevent the acquisition and transmission of infectious diseases, yet its use is often sub-optimal in the clinical setting. Training and education are important to ensure and sustain the safe and effective use of PPE by medical interns, but current methods are often inadequate in providing the relevant knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study was to explore medical graduates' experiences of the use of PPE and identify opportunities for improvement in education and training programmes, to improve occupational and patient safety. METHODS This study was undertaken in 2018 in a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia, to explore medical interns' self-reported experiences of PPE use, at the beginning of their internship. Reflexive groups were conducted immediately after theoretical and practical PPE training, during hospital orientation. Transcripts of recorded discussions were analysed, using a thematic approach that drew on the COM-B (capability, opportunity, motivation - behaviour) framework for behaviour. RESULTS 80% of 90 eligible graduates participated. Many interns had not previously received formal training in the specific skills required for optimal PPE use and had developed potentially unsafe habits. Their experiences as medical students in clinical areas contrasted sharply with recommended practice taught at hospital orientation and impacted on their ability to cultivate correct PPE use. CONCLUSIONS Undergraduate teaching should be consistent with best practice PPE use, and include practical training that embeds correct and safe practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Barratt
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Mary Wyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Su-yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gwendolyn L. Gilbert
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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AlSaif HI, AlDhayan AZ, Alosaimi MM, Alanazi AZ, Alamri MN, Alshehri BA, Alosaimi SM. Willingness and Self-Perceived Competence of Final-Year Medical Students to Work as Part of the Healthcare Workforce During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:653-661. [PMID: 32982382 PMCID: PMC7509315 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s272316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may increase demand for healthcare professionals (HCPs), either because of a HCP shortage due to illness or because of the need to increase surge capacity. Final-year medical students are one of the resources potentially available to expand the workforce. There is a need to explore the willingness of final-year medical students to meet this demand, examine their perceived competence, and determine how their overall perceived competence correlates with their willingness. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a self-administered electronic questionnaire was used. The questionnaire included demographic data, students' self-perceived competence derived from the patient care theme of the Saudi Medical Education Directives (SaudiMED) framework, and their willingness to be measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The study targeted final-year medical students at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS The number of participants was 134 (56.1% response rate), of whom 47 students (34.3%) were willing to work, while 31 (23.1%) were somewhat willing. The mean total self-perceived-competence score was 58.36/88 (66.3%). Demonstration of essential clinical skills had the highest mean score 11.48/16 (71.8%) among learning outcomes. There was a positive moderate correlation between willingness and mean perceived-competence score (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.45, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Fifty-seven percent of medical students were willing to work as part of the healthcare workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Better overall self-perceived competence appeared to correlate with more willingness. Students perceive themselves to be more competent in essential clinical skills. Appropriate training and supervision are suggested in all tasks assigned to them, with additional care required in areas with a lower perceived competence, such as prescription writing and essential clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham I AlSaif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saif M Alosaimi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Paul E, Alzaydani Asiri IA, Al-Hakami A, Chandramoorthy HC, Alshehri S, Beynon CM, Alkahtani AM, Asiri AH. Healthcare workers' perspectives on healthcare-associated infections and infection control practices: a video-reflexive ethnography study in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:110. [PMID: 32678049 PMCID: PMC7363991 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a global public health problem. For the fulfillment of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, the promotion of preventive care medicine through HAI management is a crucial issue. This study explores the perspectives of Saudi tertiary healthcare workers (HCWs) on HAIs and infection control measures. Methods Quantitative data were assessed to determine HCWs’ knowledge of HAI and their attitudes towards and practice of infection control measures. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative data from 40 doctors and nurses. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Further, routine sterile procedures in the wards and intensive care units were video recorded, and the footage was discussed by the infection control team and the personnel involved in the videos. This discussion was videographed and transcribed. Both interview data and reflective discussion of the video were analysed using thematic analysis. The quantitative data were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and logistic regression analysis. Results Kruskal–Wallis test revealed no difference in mean knowledge, attitude, or practice scores between nurses/ doctors or the genders. There was a significant difference in knowledge score and practice scores between the Intensive care unit & the Paediatric ward /infection control department with the maximum scores in knowledge and practice among participants from the intensive care unit. Logistic regression analysis for dependent variables (knowledge and attitude) and independent variables like age, gender, designation, and departments was not significant. The qualitative data yielded four themes: knowledge of HAI and infection control, infection control measures in practice, a shortfall in infection control measures and HAI, and required implementation. Video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) revealed lapses in handwashing practice and proper usage of personal protective equipment (PPE), especially surgical masks. Conclusion Early introduction of training programmes in medical and nursing schools and video demonstrations of appropriate infection control practices during sterile procedures would be highly beneficial to HCWs. A possible reason for the outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus in this part of Saudi Arabia could be a lapse in PPE usage. Intensive training programs for all the HCWs, strict vigilant protocols, and a willingness to change behaviour and practice, will significantly benefit the spread of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology and Stem cell unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim A Alzaydani Asiri
- Department of Paediatrics, Maternity and Children's Hospital, Ministry of Health, 62521 Emirate Al Shifa, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Hakami
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology and Stem cell unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harish C Chandramoorthy
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology and Stem cell unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Alshehri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO. Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - C M Beynon
- Honorary Lecturer, Laureate International Universities, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alkahtani
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology and Stem cell unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Asiri
- Department of Paediatrics, Maternity and Children's Hospital, Ministry of Health, 62521 Emirate Al Shifa, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Arandjelovic A, Arandjelovic K, Dwyer K, Shaw C. COVID-19: Considerations for Medical Education during a Pandemic. MEDEDPUBLISH 2020; 9:87. [PMID: 38058890 PMCID: PMC10697469 DOI: 10.15694/mep.2020.000087.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Clinical placement has been the cornerstone of medical training since the early foundations of the medical profession. The COVID-19 pandemic generates unprecedented challenges for the delivery of medical education, particularly in the setting of 'flatten the curve' public health initiatives to curtail transmission. As the number of cases of COVID-19 increase, hospitals are limiting medical students' attendance at ward rounds, clinics and theatre, representing a fundamental shift in clinical education from the bedside to online formats. We discuss the considerations behind these changes, review the strategies implemented during previous global infectious disease epidemics, and suggest strategies for maximising clinical education going forward.
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Wang H, Wang H, Wang Y, Su X, Wang C, Zhang M, Jian M, Xia K, Liang X, Lu H, Li S, Zhang Y. Laser Writing of Janus Graphene/Kevlar Textile for Intelligent Protective Clothing. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3219-3226. [PMID: 32083839 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Protective clothing plays a vital role in safety and security. Traditional protective clothing can protect the human body from physical injury. It is highly desirable to integrate modern wearable electronics into a traditional protection suit to endow it with versatile smart functions. However, it is still challenging to integrate electronics into clothing through a practical approach while keeping the intrinsic flexibility and breathability of textiles. In this work, we realized the direct writing of laser-induced graphene (LIG) on a Kevlar textile in air and demonstrated the applications of the as-prepared Janus graphene/Kevlar textile in intelligent protective clothing. The C═O and N-C bonds in Kevlar were broken, and the remaining carbon atoms were reorganized into graphene, which can be ascribed to a photothermal effect induced by the laser irradiation. Proof-of-concept devices based on the prepared graphene/Kevlar textile, including flexible Zn-air batteries, electrocardiogram electrodes, and NO2 sensors, were demonstrated. Further, we fabricated self-powered and intelligent protective clothing based on the graphene/Kevlar textile. The laser-induced direct writing of graphene from commercial textiles in air conditions provides a versatile and rapid route for the fabrication of textile electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Su
- Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Rennie TW, Udjombala B, Chipeio M, Kraeker C, Hunter CJ. Health students' knowledge and infectious disease exposure: findings from a cross-sectional study in Namibia. Int Health 2020; 11:616-618. [PMID: 31260043 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Namibia has recently introduced a number of health training programmes that expose students to infectious disease risks such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB). We explored the knowledge of students in relation to HIV and TB and whether or not there was evidence of exposure. METHODS We conducted two cross-sectional surveys of Namibian health students (medicine and pharmacy) in 2018. RESULTS There was a strong association between knowledge and exposure to HIV, but not TB (i.e. explicit exposure versus latent). Regression analysis suggested the time-related risk (age/year of study) to be predictive of knowledge in both studies. The training rotation in the respiratory unit predicted TB knowledge and post-exposure prophylaxis predicted HIV knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of TB and HIV appears mostly related to the duration of study in health students. Exposure or specific experience may enhance knowledge. Future training in infection control may be better focussed on improving knowledge in earlier years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Rennie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave., Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bubbles Udjombala
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave., Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Melody Chipeio
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave., Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Christian Kraeker
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave., Windhoek, Namibia.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christian J Hunter
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave., Windhoek, Namibia
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Nagoshi Y, Cooper LA, Meyer L, Cherabuddi K, Close J, Dow J, Markham MJ, Stalvey C. Application of an objective structured clinical examination to evaluate and monitor intern's proficiency of hand hygiene and personal protective equipment use in the United States. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2019; 16:31. [PMID: 31614408 PMCID: PMC6819956 DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) could be used to evaluate and monitor hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) proficiency for medical interns in the United States. METHODS Interns in July 2015 (N=123, Cohort 1) without OSCE-based contact precaution evaluation and teaching were evaluated early 2016 by OSCE for hand hygiene and PPE proficiency. They performed poorly. Therefore, the new interns entering July 2016 (N=151, Cohort 2) were immediately tested in the same OSCE station as Cohort 1 and provided feedback and teaching. Cohort 2 was then retested in the OSCE station early 2017. The Mann Whitney U test was used to compare Cohort 1 vs. Cohort 2 performances on checklist items. Cohort 2 performance differences at the beginning and end of the intern year were compared using McNemar's X2 test for paired nominal data. RESULTS Checklist items were scored, summed and reported as percent correct. In Cohort 2, the mean percent correct was higher in posttest than pretest, 92% vs. 77% )(P <0 .0001). The passing rate (100% correct) was significantly higher, 55% vs. 16%. Comparing Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 at the end of intern year, the mean percent correct was higher for Cohort 2 compared to Cohort 1, 95% vs 90% (P < 0.0001). 55% of the Cohort 2 passed (a perfect score) compared to 24% in Cohort 1 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION An OSCE can be utilized to evaluate and monitor hand hygiene and PPE proficiency for interns in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nagoshi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lou Ann Cooper
- College of Medicine Educational Affairs, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lynne Meyer
- Graudate of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kartik Cherabuddi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julia Close
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamie Dow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Merry Jennifer Markham
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carolyn Stalvey
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mulvey D, Mayer J, Visnovsky L, Samore M, Drews F. Frequent and unexpected deviations from personal protective equipment guidelines increase contamination risks. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:1146-1147. [PMID: 31027940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Personal protective equipment (PPE) training aims to reinforce the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for donning and doffing; however, many health care and ancillary personnel use non-guideline methods to don and doff their PPE gowns and gloves. We found that hospital personnel commonly deviated from the guidelines, increasing the likelihood of self-contamination. Furthermore, securing the gown ties inappropriately was an especially common problem that consequently increased doffing missteps.
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Wibabara Y, Banura C, Kalyango J, Karamagi C, Kityamuwesi A, Amia WC, Ocama P. Hepatitis B vaccination status and associated factors among undergraduate students of Makerere University College of Health Sciences. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214732. [PMID: 30951543 PMCID: PMC6450609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B is a global health problem. Trainees in the health-related fields are exposed to occupational risk of Hepatitis B Virus. In Uganda, there is scarcity of information on vaccination among students in health-care. The objective of this study was to assess hepatitis B vaccination status of the students and factors associated. Methods and findings This was a cross sectional study, conducted at Makerere University College of Health Sciences among undergraduate students who were eligible. A self-report on Hepatitis B vaccination status and various characteristics were collected on each participant, using a standardized structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were computed, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done using Stata 14. Results Out of 760 participants, 44.3% (95% CI 35.2–52.8) reported full vaccination. Vaccination was associated with gender, course, year of study and student’s sponsorship. Males were less likely to be vaccinated, Prevalence Ratio (PR) 0.79; P-value <0.001, while self-sponsored students were also most likely to be vaccinated, PR 2.08; P-value <0.001. About 37% reported an accidental needle injury during their training. Conclusion Full vaccination was low and given the high prevalence of needle injuries, it raises a safety concern. Vaccination should be mandatory for all students prior to clinical exposure. There is need for targeted interventions to increase uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wibabara
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecily Banura
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joan Kalyango
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Kityamuwesi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Impact of doffing errors on healthcare worker self-contamination when caring for patients on contact precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019; 40:559-565. [PMID: 30890193 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of personal protective equipment (PPE) doffing errors on healthcare worker (HCW) contamination with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING The study was conducted at 4 adult ICUs at 1 tertiary-care teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS HCWs who cared for patients on contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, or multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli were enrolled. Samples were collected from standardized areas of patient body, garb sites, and high-touch environmental surfaces in patient rooms. HCW hands, gloves, PPE, and equipment were sampled before and after patient interaction. Research personnel observed PPE doffing and coded errors based on CDC guidelines. RESULTS We enrolled 125 HCWs; most were nurses (66.4%) or physicians (19.2%). During the study, 95 patients were on contact precautions for MRSA. Among 5,093 cultured sites (HCW, patient, environment), 652 (14.7%) yielded the target MDRO. Moreover, 45 HCWs (36%) were contaminated with the target MDRO after patient interactions, including 4 (3.2%) on hands and 38 (30.4%) on PPE. Overall, 49 HCWs (39.2%) made multiple doffing errors and were more likely to have contaminated clothes following a patient interaction (risk ratio [RR], 4.69; P = .04). All 4 HCWs with hand contamination made doffing errors. The risk of hand contamination was higher when gloves were removed before gowns during PPE doffing (RR, 11.76; P = .025). CONCLUSION When caring for patients on CP for MDROs, HCWs appear to have differential risk for hand contamination based on their method of doffing PPE. An intervention as simple as reinforcing the preferred order of doffing may reduce HCW contamination with MDROs.
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Christmann U, Vroegindewey G, Rice M, Williamson JA, Johnson JW, Dascanio JJ, Werre SR, Pierson FW. Effect of Different Instructional Methods on Contamination and Personal Protective Equipment Protocol Adherence among Veterinary Students. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 46:81-90. [PMID: 30285590 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0417-053r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial to prevent disease spread. Recent studies in human medicine have shown disconcerting inconsistencies in the use of PPE in hospital wards. In this study, we compared the effect of three instructional methods for PPE use on contamination and protocol adherence among veterinary students. Students were divided into three groups according to the instructional method to which they had access (instructional video, wall chart, or both). They underwent an isolation exercise consisting of donning, patient examination (mock patient prepared with contamination marker), and doffing. Student contamination after the exercise was evaluated using UV light. Videos of student performance were reviewed for errors committed. Results showed that the number of students with contamination was higher in the group who only had access to video instruction than in the two other groups. The number of students with contamination on forearms, hands, and wrists was higher in the group who only had access to charts. Disinfecting gloves between doffing steps was the most frequently omitted step. The number of students who touched the environment with unprotected areas of their bodies was higher in the group who only had access to video instruction than in the other two groups. In conclusion, video instruction was less effective in achieving PPE protocol adherence among veterinary students than was instruction with a chart or chart-video combination. Incorporating video instruction as part of the instructions may be valuable to reinforce individual steps of donning and doffing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undine Christmann
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, DeBusk Veterinary Teaching Center, 203 DeBusk Farm Drive, Ewing, VA 24248 USA.
| | - Gary Vroegindewey
- One Health
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate TN 37752 USA
| | - Meredith Rice
- Blue Pearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, 1425 Michigan Street NE, Suite F, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Julie A Williamson
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate TN 37752 USA
| | - Jason W Johnson
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate TN 37752 USA
| | - John J Dascanio
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - F William Pierson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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A Randomized Trial of Two Cover Gowns Comparing Contamination of Healthcare Personnel During Removal of Personal Protective Equipment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 39:97-100. [PMID: 29168446 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2017.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In a randomized trial, a gown designed to allow easy removal at the neck and with increased skin coverage and snugness of fit at the wrist significantly reduced contamination of personnel during personal protective equipment (PPE) removal. Our results suggest that simple modifications of PPE can reduce contamination of personnel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:97-100.
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Walsh K, Sandars J, Nordquist J. Technology-enhanced learning for healthcare professionals: an essential response to infectious disease pandemics. BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2017; 4:1-3. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2017-000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Alhmidi H, John A, Mana TC, Koganti S, Cadnum JL, Shelton MB, Donskey CJ. Evaluation of Viral Surrogate Markers for Study of Pathogen Dissemination During Simulations of Patient Care. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx128. [PMID: 28752103 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During patient care simulations, cauliflower mosaic virus DNA and bacteriophage MS2 performed similarly as surrogate markers of pathogen dissemination. These markers disseminated to the environment in a manner similar to Clostridium difficile spores but were more frequently detected on skin and clothing of personnel after personal protective equipment removal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita John
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and
| | | | | | | | - Melissa B Shelton
- Research Service, and.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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