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Everett K, Friend MM, Farnlacher E, Hilliard A, Nicodemus MC, Cavinder CA, Holtcamp K, Jousan D. Short-term equine interaction for reducing test anxiety and facilitating coping skill development in college students during examination periods: A preliminary study. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 137:105091. [PMID: 38718969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Mental health concerns are common among college students and more prevalent during examination periods when stress and anxiety are heightened. While the benefits of equine interaction have been reported, the impact of short-term equine interaction on coping skills valuable for managing test anxiety have yet to be studied. Therefore, the purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the impact of short-term equine interaction during the college examination period on development of coping skills and anxiety levels associated with testing, both self-reported and those reflected in physiological measures. Full-time college students engaged in a one-hour equine interaction session held on campus at the onset of final exam week. Participants completed a survey targeting perception of anxiety levels and coping skills. Heart rate and salivary cortisol measurements were collected pre- and post-session. Paired t-tests were performed between pre- and post- session measures and correlations between survey answers and physiological measures determined. Significant reductions were found in all areas of anxiety (Overall Academics P = 0.0003, Final Exam Preparation P = 0.0003, Taking Final Exam P = 0.0003). The reduction in exam-related anxiety was positively correlated to cortisol concentrations (r = 0.69, P = 0.03) with lower concentrations (P = 0.05) and increased heart rate (P = 0.003) post-session. Regarding coping skills, improvements were observed post-session in assertiveness (P = 0.008). Skill development coupled with reduced anxiety supports the potential benefits short-term equine interaction can offer students during the high stress periods, but these findings should be confirmed with more in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Everett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - M M Friend
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, 101 Huck Life Sciences Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Farnlacher
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - A Hilliard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - M C Nicodemus
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - C A Cavinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - K Holtcamp
- Office of Psychological Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - D Jousan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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2
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Kilmer M, Hong M, Randolph D, Reichel A, Huetter S, Bowden M, Kilmer C. Animal-assisted therapy in pediatric autism spectrum disorder: A case report. Nurse Pract 2024; 49:31-39. [PMID: 38386471 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The use of therapy or service dogs to assist children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasing in clinical settings. Research studies indicate that children with ASD display enhanced prosocial behavior and emotional regulation when canines are included in therapy. Despite increased application of animal-assisted therapy in clinical and inpatient settings, healthcare providers show limited understanding of best practices for its use and require a research-based approach to incorporate animals effectively into therapeutic plans of care for pediatric patients with ASD.
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3
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Beavers A, Fleming A, Shahidullah JD. Animal-assisted therapies for autism. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2023; 53:101478. [PMID: 37996312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2023.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal-assisted therapies have been increasingly used as part of treatment for a range of emotional-behavioral conditions and have more recently been incorporated into treatment for children with symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder affects one in 36 children and early interventions can be very effective. The aims of this paper are to: 1) provide background into animal-assisted therapies including a breakdown on the subtypes of therapies, 2) report broad summaries of research outcomes across various domains: social-emotional, physical, quality of life, behavioral skills, and adaptive skills, and 3) summarize key takeaways for pediatric practitioners when supporting families of youth with autism spectrum disorder who are interested in participating in animal-assisted therapy. This paper is not a systematic review or meta-analysis as several rigorous review studies have been published already. This paper is an overview of the background and research for pediatric practitioners when advising families on treatment options. Implications for future research are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beavers
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Children's Medical Group, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Antoinette Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Health Discovery Building, 4th Floor, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Shahidullah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St., Health Discovery Building, 4th Floor, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Lee SJ, Kim GH, Moon YH, Lee SS. A Text-Mining Analysis of Research Trends in Animal-Assisted Therapy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3133. [PMID: 37835738 PMCID: PMC10571978 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Text-mining techniques were used to provide basic data to related policy stakeholders and academic researchers by collecting and analyzing research trends related to animal-mediated healing in a short time. A total of 776 studies were collected using the keyword "animal-assisted therapy" (AAT) in the search engine PubMed, which covers a wide range of topics related to health sciences, biomedical research, and health psychology. Four analysis methods were employed. "Dog" was the most commonly utilized animal in AAT. This study also identified individuals with autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder as the primary research participants. Finally, the terms "health care" and "blood pressure" were identified, indicating that AAT has a positive impact on improving blood pressure and enhancing heart rate. These findings demonstrate that AAT research is being actively pursued in various fields, such as social sciences, medicine, and psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ja Lee
- University-Centered Labs, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jinju-si 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Geun-Hyeon Kim
- Jeonju City Council Legislative Policy Division, Wansangu Nosonggwangjang-ro 10, Jeollabuk-do, Jeonju-si 54994, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yea-Hwang Moon
- Division of Animal Bioscience and Integrated Biotechnology, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jinju-si 52725, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Sill Lee
- University-Centered Labs, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jinju-si 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jinju-si 52828, Republic of Korea
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5
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Binder RL, Gandhi T, Menon M, Audu A, Nesbit A, Ridout KK, Campbell J, Garayalde S, Dike CC. Considerations for the Writing of Certification Letters Endorsing Use of Emotional Support Animals. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:963-969. [PMID: 36987706 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Emotional support animals (ESAs) are different from service animals, therapy animals, and other disability-related assistance animals. Although pet ownership may confer psychological benefits, limited research has supported the use of ESAs to realize such benefits. If clinicians are asked to write a letter of support for use of an ESA, they need to be familiar with relevant federal, state, and local laws that regulate ESAs and with the essential components of an ESA evaluation. This article provides an overview of terminology; federal, state, and local laws related to ESAs; and clinical and ethical considerations for clinicians who decide to write these letters. The authors also review liability issues related to writing these letters, including those related to ESA aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Tanuja Gandhi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Meera Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Alexandra Audu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Ariana Nesbit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Kathryn K Ridout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Jorien Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Stephanie Garayalde
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
| | - Charles C Dike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Binder); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island (Gandhi); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (Menon); Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Saline, Michigan (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Audu); Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Nesbit); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Nesbit); Permanente Medical Group and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Ridout); private practice, El Cerrito, California (Campbell); Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville (Garayalde); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (Dike)
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6
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Griffioen RE, van Boxtel GJM, Verheggen T, Enders-Slegers MJ, Van Der Steen S. Group Changes in Cortisol and Heart Rate Variability of Children with Down Syndrome and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during Dog-Assisted Therapy. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1200. [PMID: 37508697 PMCID: PMC10378440 DOI: 10.3390/children10071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dog-assisted therapy is hypothesized to lower stress in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with Down syndrome (DS), which may be visible on a physiological level. In this study, we measured heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol of 20 children with DS or ASD at the beginning and end of six weekly sessions of dog-assisted therapy. We found a decrease of cortisol levels during single sessions, but no overall effect after six sessions (six weeks). The effect of dog-assisted therapy on the increase of HRV could not be confirmed. This study is one of the first to use physiological measurements to test the effects of DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Griffioen
- Department of Animal Assisted Interventions, Aeres University of Applied Sciences, De Drieslag 4, 8251 JZ Dronten, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J M van Boxtel
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Professor Cobbenhagenlaan, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Verheggen
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University The Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University The Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffie Van Der Steen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Tepper D, Shnookal J, Howell T, Bennett P. Can Interacting with Animals Improve Executive Functions? A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2080. [PMID: 37443878 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the potential benefits of using human-animal interactions to improve executive functions: cognitive processes that allow individuals to plan, solve problems, and self-regulate behaviour. To date, no comprehensive review has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing literature, adopting broad inclusion criteria. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 16 papers were identified from peer-reviewed literature. Additional papers were identified from grey literature, including 6 dissertations and 1 thesis. A review of these 23 studies found that human-animal interactions and executive functions are investigated in three main ways: (1) exploring the potential benefits of the human-pet relationship, (2) exploring the impact of an animal's presence during administration of executive function tests, and (3) evaluating the efficacy of animal-assisted services (e.g., animal-assisted therapy) on executive functions. Five of the included studies reported a significant improvement across all measured domains of executive functions, but effect sizes were underreported. Comparatively, 9 studies reported mixed findings, d = 0.32-0.55, while 8 studies reported no significant results. The overall rigour of the research was limited, with great heterogeneity between the study methodologies and outcome measures used. It is recommended that future studies utilise high-quality research methodologies through the use of randomisation, pre- and postmeasures, and appropriate control conditions, where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Tepper
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Joanna Shnookal
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Tiffani Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Pauleen Bennett
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
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8
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Nieforth LO, Schwichtenberg AJ, O’Haire ME. Animal-Assisted Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature from 2016 to 2020. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2023; 10:255-280. [PMID: 37313251 PMCID: PMC10259834 DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last five years, the literature on animal-assisted intervention (AAI) for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has doubled in size from 42 studies prior to 2015 to 85 studies (cumulative total assessed in 2020). Horses remain the most commonly researched animal for AAI, followed by dogs. The most commonly researched outcome was social interaction, across 21 studies. Though the quantity of studies has increased, issues with methodological rigor remain. Results highlight the need for a continued focus on methodological rigor as well as refining the structure of animal-assisted interventions, addressing the welfare needs of the animals involved, and continuing to establish an evidence base of both significant and nonsignificant findings for AAI for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne O. Nieforth
- Center for the Human Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - A. J. Schwichtenberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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9
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Cleary M, West S, Thapa DK, Kornhaber R. Putting Cats on the Spectrum: A Scoping Review of the Role of Cats in Therapy and Companionship for Autistic Adults and Children. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37075312 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2195509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review brings together existing studies on the use of cats in animal-assisted interventions, as assistance animals and as companion animals for autistic people. A systematic search across PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus in September 2022 identified 13 articles from 12 studies meeting the selection criteria with analysis revealing two key findings, cat-assisted therapeutic interventions, and cats as companion animals. There were five themes that emerged: the characteristics and behaviours of cats that make them suitable for inclusion in homes with autistic people; the bond between the cat and the autistic person; the use of cats as human-substitutes; the multiple ways in which cats improved the lives and social functioning of autistic people; and, some noted drawbacks or considerations of cat ownership. The review generates a comprehensive knowledge base upon which to promote feline therapy in autism and to advocate for further targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deependra K Thapa
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nepal Public Health Research and Development Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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Rehn AK, Caruso VR, Kumar S. The effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 50:101719. [PMID: 36599281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulty with communication, learning, behaviour, and social interactions. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a growing alternative and complementary therapy for ASD. This review aims to investigate the effectiveness of AAT for children and adolescents with ASD in the domains of cognitive, social, emotional, behavioural, and physical. METHODS A systematic search of databases (Medline, Emcare, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Scopus, ERIC and OTseeker) was conducted in March 2022. Grey literature was also explored which included searching Trove database and the first 10 pages of Google, as well as pearling reference lists of included studies. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute Review Form for Randomised Controlled Trials. A descriptive synthesis was undertaken due to heterogeneity within the evidence base. RESULTS Seven randomised controlled/clinical controlled trials with moderate methodological quality were included in this review. Overall, participation in AAT identified positive trends in the cognitive, social, emotional, behavioural, and physical domains. Despite the positive outcomes, implementation of AAT should be taken with caution as there are currently no standardised frameworks due to heterogeneity within the intervention protocols and outcome measures. CONCLUSION AAT may have positive effects across a multitude of outcomes in the management of ASD for children and adolescents. However, the current literature has considerable methodological concerns which should be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Kate Rehn
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Victoria Rose Caruso
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Saravana Kumar
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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11
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Xiao N, Shinwari K, Kiselev S, Huang X, Li B, Qi J. Effects of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2630. [PMID: 36767996 PMCID: PMC9915993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become a critical public health issue that affects more than 78 million people. In many recent studies, the authors have demonstrated that equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAATs) can substantially improve the social and behavioral skills of children with ASD. However, the qualities of the studies differ, and some authors reached opposite conclusions. In this review, we systematically and objectively examined the effectiveness of EAATs for people with ASD, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. We searched five databases (PubMed, Scopus, ERIC, ProQuest, and MEDLINE) and added relevant references, and we identified 25 articles for data extraction and analysis. According to our results, EAAT programs can substantially improve the social and behavioral functioning and language abilities of children with ASD. However, among the subdomains, the results were inconsistent. According to the meta-analyses, there were considerable improvements in the social cognition, communication, irritability, and hyperactivity domains, but not in the domains of social awareness, mannerisms, motivation, lethargy, stereotypy, or inappropriate speech. Moreover, there was a lack of sufficient comparative data to conclude that EAAT programs lead to substantial improvements in motor and sensory functioning. In addition, among the included studies, we noted the indicator of whether EAAT programs decreased parental stress and improved family functioning, and although there were four articles in which the researchers considered this aspect, we were unable to draw any conclusions because of the insufficient data and conflicting descriptive evidence. However, we need to consider the improvement in parental mental health as a factor in the effectiveness of this complementary intervention. We hope that in future studies, researchers will focus on family functioning and conduct more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with blinded assessments using different scales and measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningkun Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Khyber Shinwari
- Department of Immunochemistry, Institution of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Sergey Kiselev
- Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Xinlin Huang
- Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Baoheng Li
- Engineering School of Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Control System, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Engineering School of Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Control System, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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12
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Brief Report: Above and Beyond Safety: Psychosocial and Biobehavioral Impact of Autism-Assistance Dogs on Autistic Children and their Families. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:468-483. [PMID: 34984639 PMCID: PMC8726517 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism-Assistance Dogs (AADs) are highly-skilled service animals trained primarily to ensure the safety of an autistic child by preventing elopement and mitigating 'meltdowns'. Although anecdotal accounts and case-studies have indicated that AADs confer benefits above and beyond safety, empirical support anchored in validated clinical, behavioral, and physiological measures is lacking. To address this gap, we studied children and their families before and after receiving a well-trained AAD using a within-subject, repeated-measures design. Notably, this study is the first to assess change in a biomarker for chronic stress in both autistic children and their parents. Final analyses included pre-/post-AAD data from 11 triads (parent/handler-dog-child) demonstrating significantly positive psychosocial and biobehavioral effects of AADs.
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13
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Morgan S, O’Byrne DA. How Autism Assistance Canines Enhance the Lives of Autistic Children. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2023; 60:469580231195029. [PMID: 37615078 PMCID: PMC10467161 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231195029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this qualitative study was to examine the emerging phenomenon regarding the use of autism assistance canines to support the development of autistic children. Following an evaluation and analysis of literature and national educational policies, it became apparent that, to date, little research has been conducted regarding the concept of animal assisted education within Irish society. Therefore, this qualitative research study aimed to increase the body of research in order to inform future policy makers. Data were gathered using 9 semi structured interviews which explored the attitudes, experiences and perceptions of parents, canine handlers and teachers. Thematic analysis was used to assess, analyse, code and identify themes. The results clearly indicated that an autism assistance canine can positively enhance the life experience of an autistic child in Irish society. More specifically, this study found that an autism assistance canine can positively influence the behavior, safety, social interaction, independent functioning, companionship, language development, educational experience and the family life of an autistic child.
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14
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Giraudet CSE, Liu K, McElligott AG, Cobb M. Are children and dogs best friends? A scoping review to explore the positive and negative effects of child-dog interactions. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14532. [PMID: 36570006 PMCID: PMC9774011 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal wellbeing is greatly influenced by our childhood and adolescence, and the relationships formed during those phases of our development. The human-dog bond represents a significant relationship that started thousands of years ago. There is a higher prevalence of dog ownership around the world, especially in households including children. This has resulted in a growing number of researchers studying our interactions with dogs and an expanding evidence base from the exploration of child-dog interactions. We review the potential effects of child-dog interactions on the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of both species. A search of the SCOPUS database identified documents published between January 1980 and April 2022. Filtering for key inclusion criteria, duplicate removals, and inspecting the references of these documents for additional sources, we reviewed a total of 393 documents, 88% of which were scientific articles. We were able to define the numerous ways in which children and dogs interact, be it neutral (e.g., sharing a common area), positive (e.g., petting), or negative (e.g., biting). Then, we found evidence for an association between childhood interaction with dogs and an array of benefits such as increased physical activities, a reduction of stress, and the development of empathy. Nonetheless, several detrimental outcomes have also been identified for both humans and dogs. Children are the most at-risk population regarding dog bites and dog-borne zoonoses, which may lead to injuries/illness, a subsequent fear of dogs, or even death. Moreover, pet bereavement is generally inevitable when living with a canine companion and should not be trivialized. With a canine focus, children sometimes take part in caretaking behaviors toward them, such as feeding or going for walks. These represent opportunities for dogs to relieve themselves outside, but also to exercise and socialize. By contrast, a lack of physical activity can lead to the onset of obesity in both dogs and children. Dogs may present greater levels of stress when in the presence of children. Finally, the welfare of assistance, therapy, and free-roaming dogs who may interact with children remains underexplored. Overall, it appears that the benefits of child-dog interactions outweigh the risks for children but not for dogs; determination of the effects on both species, positive as well as negative, still requires further development. We call for longitudinal studies and cross-cultural research in the future to better understand the impact of child-dog interactions. Our review is important for people in and outside of the scientific community, to pediatricians, veterinarians, and current or future dog owners seeking to extend their knowledge, and to inform future research of scientists studying dogs and human-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. E. Giraudet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Animal Health Research Centre, Chengdu Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, China
| | - Alan G. McElligott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mia Cobb
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Warner K, Keville S, Hockley J, Ludlow A. Experiences of equine assisted therapy for females with autism spectrum disorders. ADVANCES IN AUTISM 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-10-2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This research indicates females with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a diverse clinical presentation compared to males. Furthermore, females with ASD are often diagnosed later and typically experience greater levels of mental health difficulties. Evidence suggests that clinic-based verbal interventions for ASD have limited efficacy; therefore, alternative therapies, such as equine-assisted therapies (EATs), are gaining recognition. The purpose of this study was to directly explore the experiences of females with an ASD who have undertaken EAT.
Design/methodology/approach
Five female participants with a diagnosis of ASD were recruited from two equine therapy centres. Participants were aged between 15 and 30 years and undertook semi-structured interviews, which were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Findings
Three superordinate themes emerged: the difficult experience of the social world, the process of EAT and the emotional impact of horses.
Originality/value
Directly exploring the experiences of females with ASD highlights benefits from engaging therapeutically with horses, building confidence and independence to transferring this into more effective social communication with other people. Offering emotion-focused therapeutic complementary interventions for females with ASD should be forefronted to help remediate the impact of difficult and sometimes traumatic earlier experiences in the social world. This requires increased funding for EAT, combined with larger-scale research projects to evaluate this.
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16
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The temperament trait of environmental sensitivity is associated with connectedness to nature and affinity to animals. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09861. [PMID: 35859641 PMCID: PMC9293587 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heightened sensitivity to the environment characterizes approximately 30% of the population and is associated with a higher reactivity, positive or negative, to the surrounding environment. Little attention has been devoted to study the association between this trait and the response to nature and animals, despite the potential benefits of the natural environment for highly sensitive individuals. In the present two studies (N = 241, 83% female, age M = 37.43, SD = 13.5; N = 144, 92% female, age M = 39.9, SD = 13.1) we assessed the association of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), measured with the Highly Sensitive Person scale, with nature and animal affinity. In both studies, we found SPS to predict higher connectedness to nature. In addition, whilst there was no association between high SPS and attachment to pets in Study 1, in Study 2 SPS was predictive of a higher animal affinity, assessed in terms of stewardship and protection of animals. The present studies provide the first quantitative empirical evidence that highly sensitive individuals are more connected with nature and animals, therefore opening the possibility to explore nature based solutions to improve the quality of life in individuals scoring high in SPS.
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17
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Richardson K, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Dickson C. Occupational therapy incorporating dogs for autistic children and young people: Parent perspectives. Br J Occup Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226221086217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Dogs may elicit positive therapy outcomes for children/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about the parent perspectives of the use of dogs as part of an occupational therapy program for ASD. This study aimed to explore parent perspectives about the Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) component of the occupational therapy intervention their child/adolescent received across five weekly sessions. Method Using a phenomenological approach, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents (13 mothers and four fathers) following an AAT occupational therapy program. Thematic analysis was conducted. Results Three themes were identified relating to the value parents attributed to the AAT occupational therapy program with dogs for their child/adolescent: 1. Stress and anxiety management; 2. Participation and engagement and 3. Social communication. Positive outcomes identified by parents included the dogs being a calming influence and facilitating the participation of their child/adolescent in life-skill activities. Conclusion Parents valued AAT occupational therapy involving dogs. Future studies should investigate how to best target this occupational therapy approach for autistic children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Richardson
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynette Mackenzie
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meryl Lovarini
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Dickson
- Occupational Therapist, Assistance Dogs Australia, Engadine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Ávila-Álvarez A, Alonso-Bidegain M, Ramos-Veiguela D, Iglesias-Jove E, De-Rosende-Celeiro I. Changes in social functioning and engagement during canine-assisted intervention for children with neurodevelopmental disorders in the context of an early intervention service. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 124:104216. [PMID: 35303550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of early implementation of a canine-assisted intervention (CAI) for children with neurodevelopmental disorders, and to determine the changes in social functioning and in engagement experienced by the participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A CAI consisting of 24 sessions was piloted in an intra-subject quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The outcome measures were the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS) and Individual Child Engagement Record-Revised (ICER-R). RESULTS No adverse events or side-effects were noted. The sample consisted of 44 participants (median age 37 months). A total of 33 children (75%) attended all sessions. Main results showed that after completing the intervention, the overall ACIS score improved significantly (p < 0.001); the effect size was large. There was a significant improvement in the scales of the ICER-R from baseline to the final assessment: overall engagement (p < 0.001), frequency of repetitive behaviours (p < 0.001), frequency of interaction between the child and adults (p < 0.001), and the quality of this interaction (p < 0.001); the effect sizes ranged from medium to large. CONCLUSIONS The early application was feasible. The results in the areas of social functioning and engagement suggest that this CAI may be a useful complementary strategy in early therapeutic intervention with these children. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?: The results of implementation of a canine-assisted intervention (CAI) at an early therapeutic intervention unit for children with neurodevelopmental disorders are not known. This research supported the feasibility and positive impact of a CAI in a population consisting of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in the earliest stages of their life, with similar proportions of participants with global developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. The study was pioneering in the development of this form of actions in an early intervention service for children with these health conditions. The intervention appears feasible and the results extend the existing evidence base for this intervention modality. The findings suggest significant improvements of a medium to large size in the domains of communication skills and social relations, engagement levels, frequency and quality of interaction with adults and repetitive behaviours after 12 and 24 weekly CAI sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ávila-Álvarez
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Miguel Alonso-Bidegain
- Child Rehabilitation and Early Care Unit, A Coruña University Hospital Complex, A Coruña, Spain.
| | | | - Elba Iglesias-Jove
- Fundación Profesor Nóvoa Santos and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Iván De-Rosende-Celeiro
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
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19
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Advancing Methods in Animal-Assisted Intervention: Demonstration of Starting Points in Clinical Practice for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 16:145-155. [PMID: 37006431 PMCID: PMC10050646 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy animals have been frequently included in interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, direct and systematic procedures such as assessing preference for and reinforcing efficacy of the animals are rarely conducted. Assessing preference for stimuli is valuable when determining how to make interventions for children with ASD most effective. We conducted paired-stimulus preference assessments and follow-up reinforcer assessments to determine if a therapy dog might be an effective reinforcer. We found one third of participants preferred the dog the least, one third of participants moderately preferred the dog, and one third of participants highly preferred the dog relative to other stimuli. Furthermore, we found preference predicted reinforcing efficacy for five of six participants. We suggest clinicians systematically conduct assessments to clearly identify the role of the therapy animal, to improve quality of, and demonstrate efficacy of interventions including animals for clinical populations.
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20
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Sissons JH, Blakemore E, Shafi H, Skotny N, Lloyd DM. Calm with horses? A systematic review of animal-assisted interventions for improving social functioning in children with autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 26:1320-1340. [PMID: 35403450 PMCID: PMC9344573 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221085338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Children with autism typically experience difficulties interacting socially with others when compared to their non-autistic peers. Establishing how effective interventions are for improving social functioning is important to help inform what should be offered to children with autism. This study reviewed how effective interventions that involved interaction with a live animal, known as animal-assisted interventions, are in improving social functioning in children with autism. A systematic search of the evidence on this topic found nine studies, which were explored for the effectiveness of animal-assisted interventions and the quality of methods used. Overall, these studies showed improvements in social functioning following equine-assisted or therapeutic horse-riding interventions, with initial evidence showing improvements are sustained in the short and medium term. However, several issues were identified, which limit the strength of any conclusions that can be drawn from this evidence. For example, in many studies people assessing the children were aware that they received the intervention or were in a control group. There was also not enough evidence available to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of other animal-assisted interventions. Future research should address the limitations that were common in the designs of these studies and investigate the potential benefit of other animal populations, such as dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Donna M Lloyd
- University of Leeds, UK.,University of Manchester, UK
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21
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Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030567. [PMID: 35327045 PMCID: PMC8950375 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by cortical dementia and irreversibly progressive developments leading to a vegetative state and, finally, to death. Although many aspects of its etiology, diagnosis and treatment still remain obscure and the current approach to the disease mostly suffers from limited and low-efficiency therapeutic means, nevertheless, recent interventions have aimed at improving patients’ quality of life through nonpharmacological approaches, including animal-assisted therapy (AAT), arousing growing interest. In order to assess the physiological and neuropsychological effects of AAT on AD, 24 residents of a rest house in northern Italy were enrolled. The intervention consisted of one 45-minute AAT session per week over ten weeks. Twelve residents (six AD and six non-AD) received AAT and twelve (six AD and six non-AD) were controls. In order to evaluate the physiological and clinical effect of AAT on AD residents, three cardiac parameters, including the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, were measured. Moreover, the neurocognitive and depressive states were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively. Analyses were performed by a four-way ANOVA model (including two ways for repeated measures) considering each main effect and interaction possible in the design. Our findings, despite the small sample size, suggest that AAT has a positive significant effect on physiological parameters and neurocognitive impairment, while no effect was observed on the depression level.
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22
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Fynn WI, Runacres J. Dogs at school: a quantitative analysis of parental perceptions of canine-assisted activities in schools mediated by child anxiety score and use case. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION POLICY 2022; 16:4. [PMID: 35300319 PMCID: PMC8897139 DOI: 10.1186/s40723-022-00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine-assisted activities in schools can benefit students' educational, emotional, and social needs. Furthermore, they could be an effective form of non-clinical mental health treatment for children and adolescents. In the United Kingdom, school dogs are growing in popularity, however, little is known about how parents perceive canine-assisted activities as a treatment option. This is important as parental perceptions can influence engagement, whilst lack of awareness can become a barrier to treatment. This study uses a cross-sectional design to quantitatively explore the acceptability of canine-assisted activities amongst UK-based parents (n = 318) of children aged six to 16 (M = 10.12, SD = 3.22). An online survey used a treatment evaluation to determine acceptability across three use-cases. These included a child reading to dogs to improve literacy skills, a child interacting one-to-one to foster greater self-esteem and social skills, and a classroom dog to improve student behaviour and motivation. Additionally, the scale for generalised anxiety disorder was used to rank child anxiety as high or low, where high was a score equal to or above the UK clinical borderline threshold. The results found canine-assisted activities were less acceptable for the behavioural than the reading and social use-cases. Furthermore, parents of children with high anxiety had higher acceptability scores than parents of children with low anxiety for the reading and social use-cases but not for the behavioural use case. These findings suggest that UK parents' acceptability of canine-assisted activities in schools is mediated by child anxiety score. Furthermore, that parents may be less aware of the benefits of classroom dogs than other types of school-based canine-assisted activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Irene Fynn
- University of Derby, Enterprise Centre, Bridge Street, Derby, DE1 3LA UK
| | - Jessica Runacres
- University of Derby, Enterprise Centre, Bridge Street, Derby, DE1 3LA UK
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23
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Antonucci SM. Animal-Assisted Intervention in Speech-Language Pathology: Practical, Clinical, and Theoretical Considerations. Semin Speech Lang 2022; 43:1-7. [PMID: 35135018 PMCID: PMC10108850 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in animal-assisted interventions within the field of communication sciences and disorders is growing. As more clinicians become interested in engaging in animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and more researchers begin to study its potential benefits, it will be critical for all stakeholders to demonstrate knowledge of the standards and qualifications for service delivery as well as the challenges that must be met in developing an evidence base for clinical practice. This review highlights some of the foundational information relevant to AAT in the context of speech-language pathology.
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24
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Peters BC, Pan Z, Christensen H, Gabriels RL. Self-Regulation Mediates Therapeutic Horseback Riding Social Functioning Outcomes in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:884054. [PMID: 35837236 PMCID: PMC9273942 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.884054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests therapeutic horseback riding improves self-regulation behaviors, social functioning, and language in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been theorized that interacting with horses is calming for youth with ASD, which may influence social and language outcomes. The current study is an exploratory secondary mediation analysis of a previously published randomized controlled trial of therapeutic horseback riding for youth with ASD. We hypothesized that self-regulation would mediate therapeutic horseback riding's effect on social and language outcomes in youth with ASD. Results indicate that self-regulation mediates therapeutic horseback riding's effect on social, but not language outcomes. This paper provides support for the hypothesis that interacting with horses may have a calming effect that serves as a platform for improving social outcomes in youth with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Caitlin Peters
- Temple Grandin Equine Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Hannah Christensen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robin L Gabriels
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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25
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Kemeny B, Burk S, Hutchins D, Gramlich C. Therapeutic Riding or Mindfulness: Comparative Effectiveness of Two Recreational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 52:2438-2462. [PMID: 34131850 PMCID: PMC8204925 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic riding (THR) and HeartMath (HM) mindfulness-based interventions have promise for reducing stress in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. In three 10-week periods, this study compared THR, HM, and control on salivary cortisol, self-reported stress, parent-reported social responsiveness, and heart-rate variability. This crossover design included 27 participants (12-21 years) randomly assigned to order of intervention. Findings suggest that HM and THR manualized protocols are equally beneficial in decreasing cortisol levels immediately following a session, but HM sessions had more impact on heart-rate variability. There was no significant effect on follow-up cortisol levels within a week after either intervention, but THR had more impact on decreasing some self-reported stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Kemeny
- Department of Recreational Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 106 Patterson Hall, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA
| | - Steffanie Burk
- Department of Equine Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, USA
| | - Deborah Hutchins
- Department of Recreational Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 106 Patterson Hall, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA
| | - Courtney Gramlich
- Storm Harbor Equestrian Center, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, USA
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26
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Tárraga-Mínguez R, Lacruz-Pérez I, Peiró-Estela R, Sanz-Cervera P. Terapias y actividades asistidas con animales para niños con TEA: un estudio de revisión. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy20.taaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Este trabajo incluye una revisión de la literatura publicada entre 2010 y 2019 que aborda la efectividad de las Terapias y Actividades Asistidas con Animales como intervención con niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest, ERIC y Google Scholar, empleando los términos [(animal assisted therapy OR animal assisted intervention OR dog-assisted therapy OR equine-assisted therapy OR dolphin-assisted therapy) AND (autism OR ASD)]. Se identificaron 245 estudios, de los cuales se seleccionaron 40 con base en diferentes criterios de inclusión, tales como que las intervenciones descritas tengan un enfoque psicoeducativo y sean evaluadas mediante instrumentos rigurosos. En cada uno de ellos se revisaron las variables analizadas, los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados, las características de cada intervención y los resultados obtenidos. Los resultados sugieren que los animales más utilizados son el caballo y el perro, y que este tipo de intervención tiene efectos positivos para niños con TEA en áreas como la interacción y la comunicación social, el comportamiento y el desarrollo motor, entre otros. Se concluye que es una intervención beneficiosa para niños y adolescentes con autismo, aunque siempre como complemento de otro tipo de tratamientos.
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27
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Dollion N, Toutain M, François N, Champagne N, Plusquellec P, Grandgeorge M. Visual Exploration and Observation of Real-Life Interactions Between Children with ASD and Service Dogs. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3785-3805. [PMID: 34595574 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two original studies explored relationships between visual attention of children with ASD (candidates for receiving a service dog) and their behaviors during their first interaction with a service dog. The first study consisted in video behavioural analyses of 16 children with ASD interacting with a service dog. During the interaction with a service dog, the time children with ASD spent looking towards social items vs objects was associated with how they interacted with the service dog. The second study was exploratory (i.e. 6 children), using the same behavioural approach but coupled with eye-tracking data. The more children with ASD looked at both their parent and the evaluator, as opposed to inanimate items, the more they interacted with the service dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dollion
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Laboratoire d'Observation et d'Éthologie Humaine du Québec, Research Centre, Montral Mental Health University Institute, CIUSSS Est, Montreal, Canada. .,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Fondation Mira, 1820 Rang Nord-Ouest, Sainte-Madeleine,, QC, Canada. .,Laboratoire Ethos, UMR 6552, B008, Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France.
| | - Manon Toutain
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nathe François
- Fondation Mira, 1820 Rang Nord-Ouest, Sainte-Madeleine,, QC, Canada
| | - Noël Champagne
- Fondation Mira, 1820 Rang Nord-Ouest, Sainte-Madeleine,, QC, Canada
| | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Laboratoire d'Observation et d'Éthologie Humaine du Québec, Research Centre, Montral Mental Health University Institute, CIUSSS Est, Montreal, Canada.,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France
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Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Spent 30 Min Less Daily Time in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity than Typically Developing Peers: a Meta-Analysis of Cross-sectional Data. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt remains unclear if participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) differs between children with ASD and typically developing children (TDC). We compared daily MVPA, time spent in MVPA during physical education (PE) and recess, and odds of not meeting MVPA recommendation (60 min/day) between children with ASD and TDC. Nine studies reporting accelerometer-measured MVPA were included in the meta-analyses. MVPA was 30 min lower/day, 12% and 8% lower during PE and recess, respectively, in children with ASD, and they had 4 times higher odds of not meeting MVPA recommendation when compared to TDC. Children with ASD engage in daily MVPA less than TDC and below the guidelines. Tailored interventions to increase MVPA in children with ASD are warranted.
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Ghai JL, Lehr DH, Harayama NE, Spooner F, Protopopova A. Animal-assisted Interventions as an Adjunct to ABA Services: Clinician Practices and Perceptions. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:659-676. [DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lobato Rincón LL, Rivera Martín B, Medina Sánchez MÁ, Villafaina S, Merellano-Navarro E, Collado-Mateo D. Effects of Dog-Assisted Education on Physical and Communicative Skills in Children with Severe and Multiple Disabilities: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061741. [PMID: 34200895 PMCID: PMC8230480 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions have shown promising benefits in different populations such as children with cerebral palsy or autism spectrum disorder. Human-animal interaction leads to different physical, cognitive, and emotional benefits in the child. The aim of the current pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a dog-assisted education program on the postural, oculomotor, linguistic and autonomy dimensions in children affected by severe and multiple disabilities. Fourteen children aged 3-12 years and affected by intellectual and physical disabilities participated in a dog-assisted program consisted of 12 sessions. The intervention involved different types of activities, exercises, and games with the dogs. A strict protocol to ensure animal wellbeing and avoid any type of stress or fatigue was followed. Children who participated in the study improved their postural control, eye-motor coordination, expression of sensations and feelings, spontaneous interaction, autonomy, and confidence. However, these results must be taken with caution due to the lack of a control group and the heterogeneity of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Lucio Lobato Rincón
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, King Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.L.R.); (D.C.-M.)
- Department of Psychology, King Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rivera Martín
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, King Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.L.R.); (D.C.-M.)
- Department of Communication and Sociology Sciences, King Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.R.M.); (S.V.)
| | | | - Santos Villafaina
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.R.M.); (S.V.)
| | | | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, King Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.L.R.); (D.C.-M.)
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain
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Carlisle GK, Johnson RA, Wang Z, Bibbo J, Cheak-Zamora N, Lyons LA. Exploratory Study of Cat Adoption in Families of Children with Autism: Impact on Children's Social Skills and Anxiety. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 58:28-35. [PMID: 33290937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) occurs in one in 54 children and companion animals (CA) are common in families of children with ASD. Despite evidence of CA ownership benefits for children with ASD, little is known about cats. The purpose was to explore the impact of shelter cat adoption by families of children with ASD. DESIGN AND METHODS This was the first randomized controlled trial of adoption of a temperament screened cat by families of children with ASD. Families assigned to the treatment group adopted a cat and were followed for 18 weeks. Families assigned to the control group were followed for 18 weeks without intervention, then converted to treatment, by adopting a cat and were followed another 18 weeks. Adopted cats were screened using the Feline Temperament Profile to identify a calm temperament. Surveys measured children's social skills and anxiety and parent/child cat bonding. RESULTS Our study (N = 11) found cat adoption was associated with greater Empathy and less Separation Anxiety for children with ASD, along with fewer problem behaviors including Externalizing, Bullying and Hyperactivity/Inattention. Parents and children reported strong bonds to the cats. CONCLUSION This exploratory study found introduction of a cat into the home may have a positive impact on children with ASD and their parents. Based on this intial finding, future studies with larger sample sizes are recommended. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS If parents of children with ASD are considering cat adoption, health care providers might consider recommending adoption of a cat screened for calm temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen K Carlisle
- Research Center for Human-Animal Interaction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Johnson
- Research Center for Human-Animal Interaction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Ze Wang
- Educational, School and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bibbo
- Center for Research and Education, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, OH, USA
| | | | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA
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Fine AH, Andersen SJ. A Commentary on the Contemporary Issues Confronting Animal Assisted and Equine Assisted Interactions. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 100:103436. [PMID: 34030793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of human-animal interactions and, more specifically, animal-assisted interventions and equine assisted interactions (equine assisted interactions have significantly evolved over the past half century. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a brief commentary of both fields and the challenges they are presently experiencing as they move forward in their future. More specifically within this commentary, attention will be given to highlighting some of the directions taken in both fields, including clarifying their terminology as it applies to scope of practices, trends in research and practice, the need to emphasize the welfare of the animals as well as the possible directions to standardized professional competencies and the needed professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey H Fine
- Department of Education, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA.
| | - Sarah J Andersen
- Department of Applied Sciences, Technology and Education, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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Zhao M, Chen S, You Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Effects of a Therapeutic Horseback Riding Program on Social Interaction and Communication in Children with Autism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052656. [PMID: 33800787 PMCID: PMC7967314 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various therapeutic interventions have been studied and found to be effective in reducing the stereotypical behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There has been increasing interest in using animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) as an alternative approach to therapeutic rehabilitation for children with ASD, and many studies have reported that AAI has significant benefits for the cognitive, psychological, and social behavior of children with ASD. The present study was designed to examine the effects of a 16 weeks therapeutic horseback riding program on social interaction and communication skills in children with autism. Eighty-four children diagnosed with ASD, aged between 6 and 12 years old, were recruited for this study. All selected participants met the DSM-V criteria, and a total of sixty-one participants (N = 61) completed the study. A quasi-experimental design with an experimental group and control group was implemented for this study, taking measurements at pre-test, interim-test, and post-test to monitor the behavior changes in social and communication throughout the 16-week intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA and the independent sample t-test were used for data analysis, to assess the difference between the experimental group and control group. The results indicated that the THR program had positive influences on overall social skills and communication, based on the SSIS and the ABLLS-R scores, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A notable improvement in the overall social interaction score was observed from the interim-testing point to post-test. In addition, participants in the therapeutic horseback riding (THR) group achieved significant improvements on six out of seven items in their communication evaluations. In conclusion, after 16 weeks of intervention, the THR program significantly enhanced the subdomains of social and communication skills in the areas of social interaction, communication, responsibility, and self-control, compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxian Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Shihui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, Texarkana, TX 75503, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yonghao You
- Department of Sports Science, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230061, China;
| | - Yongtai Wang
- College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
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Animal Interaction Affecting Core Deficit Domains Among Children with Autism: A Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:4605-4620. [PMID: 33582878 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) has garnered public interest and has been implemented for youth with autism spectrum disorders-a practice supported by anecdotal evidence. While investigations of AAI for children with autism have been conducted, the extant literature is characterized by significant variability in methodology and practice. The present meta-analysis examines the aggregated effects of equine AAI on adaptive functioning among children with autism. Results indicated that interacting with an equine specifically during AAI produced small-to-medium effects (g = 0.40) on the adaptive functioning of children with autism. Recommendations are made for future research on this topic.
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Maresca G, Portaro S, Naro A, Crisafulli R, Raffa A, Scarcella I, Aliberti B, Gemelli G, Calabrò RS. Hippotherapy in neurodevelopmental disorders: a narrative review focusing on cognitive and behavioral outcomes. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 11:553-560. [PMID: 33949903 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1852084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hippotherapy (HT) is a rehabilitative tool inducing psychological and motor improvements using human-horse interaction. HT provides sensory stimulation to the rider through the rhythmic and repetitive movements of the horse, facilitating communication between patients and healthcare professionals, favoring the establishment of a therapeutic alliance. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of HT treatment on cognitive-behavioral processes in neurodevelopmental disorders. We screened studies published between 2002 and 2020 on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Sciences databases. The search combined the following terms: "hippotherapy"; "horseback riding"; "equine-assisted therapy"; "developmental disorder"; "autism spectrum disorder"; "dyspraxia"; "infantile cerebral palsy"; and "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". This review shows that HT can be a valuable tool for the treatment of developmental disorders. The psychological, cognitive and relational areas could benefit from the animal-child interaction to promote child autonomy, self-esteem, self-efficacy and openness to others. Physical, motor and psychosocial benefits were found in adolescents with anxiety and/or depression disorders, in autism spectrum disorders, dyspraxia, as well as in infantile cerebral palsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. HT could be considered an alternative therapeutic tool thanks to the relationship between patient-horse-instructor and to the sensory-motor and cognitive stimulation that enforce learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Raffa
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
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Animal-Assisted Interventions for School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:2436-2449. [PMID: 32990899 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research has indicated beneficial effects of Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs) for children with Autism. However, there is a dearth of meta-analyses and findings are often contradictory. The current meta-analysis assesses the effectiveness of AAIs on social interaction, communication and global Autism symptoms. A total of 1447 studies were returned, of which 16 (n = 489) met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analyses indicated small effect sizes related to improvements in social interaction and communication and reduction in Autism Spectrum Disorder symptoms. Additionally, there was little evidence for a relationship between dosage and effect size. In conclusion, AAIs appear to offer small improvements in social interaction and communication for children with Autism, which may be comparable to activities used in active control conditions.
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Wanser SH, Simpson AC, MacDonald M, Udell MAR. Considering Family Dog Attachment Bonds: Do Dog-Parent Attachments Predict Dog-Child Attachment Outcomes in Animal-Assisted Interventions? Front Psychol 2020; 11:566910. [PMID: 32982902 PMCID: PMC7488352 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) have become more prevalent in recent years, with dog-assisted interventions among the most popular. The literature suggests that a variety of dog-human interventions have the potential for beneficial outcomes for human participants and owners, however, critical gaps in knowledge still exist. Research addressing intervention outcomes for dogs, and the impact of AAI on the dog-human bond, has lagged behind. Even less is known about how dogs perceive child partners in AAI settings. The current study, which involved AAI for youth with developmental disabilities and their family dog, aimed to determine if the dog's style of attachment to a primary adult caretaker in the home was predictive of dog-child attachment style pre-and post-intervention. Using a Secure Base Test (SBT), the attachment style of the family dog toward an adult owner/parent was evaluated, and the attachment style of the dog toward the participating child was assessed before and after the dog-assisted interventions. The dog's attachment style to the child was then compared to the dog-parent attachment style. The findings show that all dogs with a secure attachment to the child at the initial assessment also had a secure attachment to the parent. It was also demonstrated that AAI has the potential to change the attachment style between a family dog and child to a more secure attachment, and that the dog-parent attachment style is a significant predictor of which dogs were able to develop a secure attachment to the child over the course of the AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby H. Wanser
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amelia Chloe Simpson
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Megan MacDonald
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Monique A. R. Udell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Ávila-Álvarez A, Alonso-Bidegain M, De-Rosende-Celeiro I, Vizcaíno-Cela M, Larrañeta-Alcalde L, Torres-Tobío G. Improving social participation of children with autism spectrum disorder: Pilot testing of an early animal-assisted intervention in Spain. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:1220-1229. [PMID: 32022346 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience moderate to profound challenges in relation to the skills required for social participation. Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) is increasingly used within early community care. However, the results of its early application in this population group are not known. This pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility of an early intervention based on the use of therapy dogs and to examine their impact on communication and social interaction skills. A within-subject quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used. The instruments for measuring results were the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS) and Animal-assisted Therapy Flow Sheet, both based on observation. A total of 19 children with confirmed or probable ASD (with mean age of 46.2 months), cared for in a Spanish therapeutic unit, participated in a median of nine AAI sessions, with a mean duration of 19.9 min per session. The total ACIS score increased significantly between the initial and final assessments of the study, with communication and social interaction skills improving with a large effect size. In the Animal-assisted Therapy Flow Sheet instrument, statistically significant improvements were found in most of the items that evaluate the frequency of child-dog social relationships (look at the dog, touch it, talk to it and get involved in an activity with the animal) and child-therapist relationships (look at the therapist and talk to him/her); the effect sizes ranged from medium to large. In conclusion, the early application of an AAI is feasible and seems to improve communication and social interaction skills, both essential elements for social participation. The results suggest that this intervention may be a beneficial non-pharmacological therapy as a complementary approach within community care for children with ASD in the early years of their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ávila-Álvarez
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso-Bidegain
- Child Rehabilitation and Early Care Unit, A Coruña University Hospital Complex, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Iván De-Rosende-Celeiro
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mirian Vizcaíno-Cela
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Gabriel Torres-Tobío
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Valiyamattam GJ, Katti H, Chaganti VK, O’Haire ME, Sachdeva V. Do Animals Engage Greater Social Attention in Autism? An Eye Tracking Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32612549 PMCID: PMC7309441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual atypicalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are a well documented phenomenon, beginning as early as 2-6 months of age and manifesting in a significantly decreased attention to the eyes, direct gaze and socially salient information. Early emerging neurobiological deficits in perceiving social stimuli as rewarding or its active avoidance due to the anxiety it entails have been widely purported as potential reasons for this atypicality. Parallel research evidence also points to the significant benefits of animal presence for reducing social anxiety and enhancing social interaction in children with autism. While atypicality in social attention in ASD has been widely substantiated, whether this atypicality persists equally across species types or is confined to humans has not been a key focus of research insofar. METHODS We attempted a comprehensive examination of the differences in visual attention to static images of human and animal faces (40 images; 20 human faces and 20 animal faces) among children with ASD using an eye tracking paradigm. 44 children (ASD n = 21; TD n = 23) participated in the study (10,362 valid observations) across five regions of interest (left eye, right eye, eye region, face and screen). RESULTS Results obtained revealed significantly greater social attention across human and animal stimuli in typical controls when compared to children with ASD. However in children with ASD, a significantly greater attention allocation was seen to animal faces and eye region and lesser attention to the animal mouth when compared to human faces, indicative of a clear attentional preference to socially salient regions of animal stimuli. The positive attentional bias toward animals was also seen in terms of a significantly greater visual attention to direct gaze in animal images. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the possibility that atypicalities in social attention in ASD may not be uniform across species. It adds to the current neural and biomarker evidence base of the potentially greater social reward processing and lesser social anxiety underlying animal stimuli as compared to human stimuli in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Katti
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Virender Sachdeva
- Child Sight Institute, Nimmagadda Prasad Children’s Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMRV Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
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Silva K, Lima M, Fafiães C, Sinval J, de Sousa L. Preliminary Test of the Potential of Contact With Dogs to Elicit Spontaneous Imitation in Children and Adults With Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Occup Ther 2020; 74:7401205070p1-7401205070p8. [PMID: 32078518 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2020.031849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Finding strategies to enhance imitation skills in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is of major clinical relevance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether contact with dogs may be a useful approach to elicit spontaneous imitation in people with ASD. DESIGN Participants completed a spontaneous imitation task under three experimental conditions: after a free-play interaction with a live dog, after a free-play interaction with a robotic dog, and after a waiting period that involved no stimuli. PARTICIPANTS Ten children and 15 adults diagnosed with severe ASD. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Imitation ratio, imitation accuracy, and indicators of social motivation. RESULTS Children appeared more motivated and engaged more frequently in spontaneous imitation in the live dog condition than in the other conditions. No differences between conditions were found for adults for imitation or social motivation. However, correlations suggested a possible trend for adults in time spent engaging with the live dog before testing and in increased imitation frequency. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results are preliminary and do not indicate the utility of integrating (live) dogs into interventions aimed at promoting social motivation and enhancing imitation skills in people with ASD. However, they suggest that doing so holds promise. Larger scale studies are now needed. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS This research calls for occupational therapy practitioners' attention to the potential benefits that may derive from using dogs to promote spontaneous imitation, and increase imitation performance, in people with ASD, particularly children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Silva
- Karine Silva, PhD, is Researcher, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, and Researcher, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariely Lima
- Mariely Lima, PhD, is Researcher, CINTESIS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Professor, Higher School of Education of Paula Frassinetti, Porto, Portugal; and Professor, School of Health, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Carla Fafiães
- Carla Fafiães, MSc, is Student, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sinval
- Jorge Sinval, MSc, PhD, is Researcher, Business Research Unit, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal, and Researcher, William James Center for Research, Instituto Superior de Psicológia Aplicada-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal. At the time of the study, he was also Researcher, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and Researcher, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana de Sousa
- Liliana de Sousa, PhD, is Professor, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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The influence of a therapy dog on a pediatric therapy organization: A mini ethnography. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 38:101083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jorgenson CD, Clay CJ, Kahng S. Evaluating preference for and reinforcing efficacy of a therapy dog to increase verbal statements. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 53:1419-1431. [PMID: 31856321 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate preference for and reinforcing efficacy of a therapy dog to increase verbal statements across different contingencies. Five children with autism spectrum disorder ages 3-8 years participated. Alternating treatments and reversal designs were used to compare conditions in which (a) a therapy dog was not present, (b) access to a therapy dog was noncontingent, (c) access to a therapy dog was contingent on interacting with a therapist, and (d) access to another preferred item was contingent on interacting with a therapist. Results varied across participants. Noncontingent access to the therapy dog slightly increased verbal statements for 1 participant. Contingent access to the therapy dog increased social interactions for 2 participants; however, this was the most effective intervention for only 1 participant. Practitioners should be aware that some clients may be better suited for interventions including therapy dogs than others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey J Clay
- University of Missouri, Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Griffin JA, Hurley K, McCune S. Human-Animal Interaction Research: Progress and Possibilities. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2803. [PMID: 31920846 PMCID: PMC6932996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Griffin
- The National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Karyl Hurley
- Mars Incorporated, Global Scientific Affairs, McLean, VA, United States
| | - Sandra McCune
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Griffioen RE, van der Steen S, Verheggen T, Enders-Slegers MJ, Cox R. Changes in behavioural synchrony during dog-assisted therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder and children with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:398-408. [PMID: 31809563 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog-assisted therapy (DAT) is hypothesized to help children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Down syndrome (DS). METHODS The present authors compared synchronous movement patterns of these children (n = 10) and their therapy dogs during the first and last session of a DAT programme, and their post-therapy changes in emotional and behavioural problems. RESULTS The present authors found a significant increase in synchrony between child and therapy dog over time. Exploratory analyses suggest more synchrony between children with ASD and their therapy dogs, compared to the children with DS. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to test the synchrony hypothesis, shedding light upon a mechanism that may underlie the effect of DAT and how this may be different for children with ASD and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Eric Griffioen
- Section Anthrozoology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffie van der Steen
- Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Verheggen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Section Anthrozoology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Cox
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Scopa C, Contalbrigo L, Greco A, Lanatà A, Scilingo EP, Baragli P. Emotional Transfer in Human-Horse Interaction: New Perspectives on Equine Assisted Interventions. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121030. [PMID: 31779120 PMCID: PMC6941042 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine assisted interventions (EAIs) represent an emerging field of animal assisted interventions (AAIs), employing horses in a wide variety of activities with humans. Based on the socio-emotional competences of this species, which evolved sophisticated communicative skills to interrelate with humans, we here hypothesized the occurrence of an interspecific emotional transfer during interventions. The emotional transfer hypothesis suggests a mutual coordination of emotional states of humans and horses, which are going through a coupling process during the interaction. Even though this mechanism is supported by few existing studies on human-horse emotional fine-tuning, it could play a key role in EAIs. We moreover propose to measure this coordination through monitoring physiological variables with a novel multidisciplinary method. In the future, having an insight on emotional states of animals involved in AAIs could be useful to ameliorate the wellbeing of both animal and human subjects and to better standardize operational strategies. Abstract Equine assisted interventions (EAIs) include all therapeutic interventions aimed at improving human wellbeing through the involvement of horses. Due to the prominent emotional involvement traditionally characterizing their relation with humans, horses developed sophisticated communicative skills, which fostered their ability to respond to human emotional states. In this review, we hypothesize that the proximate causation of successful interventions could be human–animal mutual coordination, through which the subjects bodily and, most importantly, emotionally come into contact. We propose that detecting emotions of other individuals and developing the capacity to fine-tune one’s own emotional states accordingly (emotional transfer mechanism), could represent the key engine triggering the positive effects of EAIs. We provide a comprehensive analysis of horses’ socio-emotional competences according to recent literature and we propose a multidisciplinary approach to investigate this inter-specific match. By considering human and horse as a unique coupling system during the interaction, it would be possible to objectively measure the degree of coordination through the analysis of physiological variables of both human and animal. Merging the state of art on human–horse relationship with the application of novel methodologies, could help to improve standardized protocols for animal assisted interventions, with particular regard to the emotional states of subjects involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scopa
- Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Assisted Interventions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Contalbrigo
- Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Assisted Interventions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy;
| | - Alberto Greco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.L.); (E.P.S.)
- Feel-Ing s.r.l., 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanatà
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.L.); (E.P.S.)
- Feel-Ing s.r.l., 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enzo Pasquale Scilingo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.G.); (A.L.); (E.P.S.)
- Feel-Ing s.r.l., 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Bioengineering and Robotic Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Fine AH, Beck AM, Ng Z. The State of Animal-Assisted Interventions: Addressing the Contemporary Issues that will Shape the Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3997. [PMID: 31635430 PMCID: PMC6843928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the worldwide popularity of animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) increases, the fieldis quickly approaching a paradigm shift, adjusting its image to incorporate more evidence-basedresearch and aligning its purpose for advancing a new future. Contemporary critical issues thatconfront the field today include, but are not limited, to research, animal welfare, practice guidelines,and public policy. This article will provide an overview of the history of AAI and the majormilestones that the field has undergone. The current state of AAI research will be scrutinized, andthe areas that warrant further study will be recommended. Special attention will be given to thecurrent state of animal welfare in AAI, the research that has been done in the area, and practiceguidelines that safeguard animal wellbeing. This article will then discuss how evidence-basedresearch and animal welfare guidelines inform the development of comprehensive professionalstandards and influence changes in public policy regarding AAI. The authors' perceptions for thefield's future trajectory will be presented, which will include solutions to move the field in thedirection that best advances the human-animal bond in research, practice, and public perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey H Fine
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona- Department of Education 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
| | - Alan M Beck
- Center for Human-Animal Bond, College Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Zenithson Ng
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Griffioen R, van der Steen S, Cox RFA, Verheggen T, Enders-Slegers MJ. Verbal Interactional Synchronization between Therapist and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during Dolphin Assisted Therapy: Five Case Studies. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E716. [PMID: 31554243 PMCID: PMC6826430 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronizing behaviors in interactions, such as during turn-taking, are often impaired in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Therapies that focus on turn-taking generally lead to increased social skills, less interruptions, and silent pauses, however a positive non-demanding environment is therefore thought to be beneficial. Such an environment can be achieved by incorporating animals into therapy. Our study was guided by the following research questions: (1) How can we characterize the interaction between child and therapist during dolphin-assisted therapy, with regard to synchrony in verbalizations (turn-taking) and (2) does synchrony change over the course of six sessions of therapy? To answer these questions, we performed a cross-recurrence quantification analysis on behavioral data of five children, to give a detailed view of the interaction between therapist and child in the context of dolphin-assisted therapy. We were able to detect synchrony (i.e., adequate turn-taking) in all dyads, although not all children improved equally. The differences might be explained by a delayed reaction time of some children, and their level of language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Griffioen
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Steffie van der Steen
- Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ralf F A Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo Verheggen
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands.
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Evaluating Animal-Assisted Interventions: An Empirical Illustration of Differences between Outcome Measures. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090645. [PMID: 31484309 PMCID: PMC6770002 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study compares and contrasts several outcome measures to assess the effect of an equine-assisted intervention for a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Before and after the equine-assisted sessions, we conducted a semi-structured interview with the participant’s parents, asked parents to fill out a general screening instrument separately, and observed the participant’s social and communication skills during five equine-assisted sessions. We found differences between the interview and questionnaire with regard to parents’ perceptions of aggression regulation and interacting with peers. Differences with regard to parental reports and observations were found for play development and anxiety. The observations provided a detailed view of the child’s development during the intervention, which yielded an interesting hypothesis in terms of the current dose–response discussion in AAI for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Abstract Multiple authors have called for strong empirical evaluations to strengthen the foundation of Animal-Assisted Interventions. Carefully choosing the outcome measures of these studies is important, as choosing the wrong outcomes may lead to a failure to detect effects. The current study therefore compares and contrasts the use of several outcome measures, to assess the effect of an equine-assisted intervention for a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder: (1) a semi-structured interview with both parents, specifically designed for children with cognitive disabilities, (2) a general screening instrument filled out by both parents separately, which can be used to assess children’s psycho-social problems, and (3) systematic observations of social and communication skills during the equine-assisted sessions. All instruments indicated an improvement in the participant’s social and communication skills. We found differences between the interview and questionnaires with regard to parents’ perception of aggression regulation and interacting with peers. Differences with regard to parental reports and observations were found for play development and anxiety. The observations provided a detailed view of the child’s development during the intervention, which yielded an interesting hypothesis in terms of the current dose–response discussion in AAI for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
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"There Is a Cat on Our Ward": Inpatient and Staff Member Attitudes toward and Experiences with Cats in a Psychiatric Ward. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173108. [PMID: 31461841 PMCID: PMC6747524 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate inpatient and staff member attitudes toward and experiences with ward cats, and identify possible mechanisms for how cats affect patient satisfaction in a psychiatric clinic. Thirty-three inpatients diagnosed with depression or psychosis residing on wards with and without cats and 17 staff members working on wards with cats participated in semi-structured interviews using a cross-sectional study design. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and correlations. The results showed that 17 out of 19 inpatients and all the staff members liked having a cat on their ward. Further, 12 out of 14 inpatients on wards without cats would like having a cat on their ward. Inpatient perceptions of the cat’s impact on the ward atmosphere correlated significantly with their emotional relationship with the cat (p = 0.015, r = 0.561), how often they saw the cat (p = 0.002, r = 0.676), and if they liked cats in general (p = 0.041, r = 0.486). Our results highlight the positive attitudes of inpatients and staff members toward ward cats and the potential of ward cats to enhance patient satisfaction. This influence might be mediated by factors such as the frequency of contact, the relationship between each patient and the cat, and each patient’s attitude toward cats in general.
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Case Study: How Horses Helped a Teenager with Autism Make Friends and Learn How to Work. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132325. [PMID: 31266210 PMCID: PMC6650820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
I was born in 1947 and had autism with speech delay until age four. I am now a college professor of animal science. Horse activities enabled me to make friends through a shared interest in horses. This paper describes the benefits that I experienced from working with horses and my friendships and work skills. A close friendship developed with another student through both riding and horse craft projects. Keeping employment is a serious problem for many people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The responsibility of caring for horses and cleaning stalls every day taught me good work skills. My experiences suggest that there were valuable outcomes from working with horses. This may be a beneficial intervention to include in programming for youth with ASD.
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