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Ye Y, Sun X, Huang C, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Wang JS, Zhao H, Sun X. Metabolic transformation of cyclopiazonic acid in liver microsomes from different species based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134902. [PMID: 38909467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the metabolic transformation of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in the liver of different species and to supplement accurate risk assessment information, the metabolism of CPA in liver microsomes from four animals and humans was studied using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight method. The results showed that a total of four metabolites were obtained, and dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, methylation, and glucuronidation were identified as the main metabolic pathways of CPA. Rat liver microsomes exhibited the highest metabolic capacity for CPA, with dehydrogenated (C20H18N2O3) and glucuronic acid-conjugated (C26H28N2O10) metabolites identified in all liver microsomes except chicken, indicating significant species metabolic differences. Moreover, C20H18N2O3 was only detected in the incubation system with cytochromes P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The hydroxylated (C20H20N2O4) and methylated (C21H22N2O3) metabolites were detected in all incubation systems except for the CYP2C9, with CYP3A4 demonstrating the strongest metabolic capacity. The "cocktail" probe drug method showed that CPA exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on the CYP3A4 (IC50 value = 8.658 μM), indicating that the substrate had a negative effect on enzyme activity. Our results provide new insights to understand the biotransformation profile of CPA in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Caihong Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- Center for Food Evaluation, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100070, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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2
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Gangurde SS, Korani W, Bajaj P, Wang H, Fountain JC, Agarwal G, Pandey MK, Abbas HK, Chang PK, Holbrook CC, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Dutta B, Clevenger JP, Guo B. Aspergillus flavus pangenome (AflaPan) uncovers novel aflatoxin and secondary metabolite associated gene clusters. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:354. [PMID: 38693487 PMCID: PMC11061970 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus flavus is an important agricultural and food safety threat due to its production of carcinogenic aflatoxins. It has high level of genetic diversity that is adapted to various environments. Recently, we reported two reference genomes of A. flavus isolates, AF13 (MAT1-2 and highly aflatoxigenic isolate) and NRRL3357 (MAT1-1 and moderate aflatoxin producer). Where, an insertion of 310 kb in AF13 included an aflatoxin producing gene bZIP transcription factor, named atfC. Observations of significant genomic variants between these isolates of contrasting phenotypes prompted an investigation into variation among other agricultural isolates of A. flavus with the goal of discovering novel genes potentially associated with aflatoxin production regulation. Present study was designed with three main objectives: (1) collection of large number of A. flavus isolates from diverse sources including maize plants and field soils; (2) whole genome sequencing of collected isolates and development of a pangenome; and (3) pangenome-wide association study (Pan-GWAS) to identify novel secondary metabolite cluster genes. RESULTS Pangenome analysis of 346 A. flavus isolates identified a total of 17,855 unique orthologous gene clusters, with mere 41% (7,315) core genes and 59% (10,540) accessory genes indicating accumulation of high genomic diversity during domestication. 5,994 orthologous gene clusters in accessory genome not annotated in either the A. flavus AF13 or NRRL3357 reference genomes. Pan-genome wide association analysis of the genomic variations identified 391 significant associated pan-genes associated with aflatoxin production. Interestingly, most of the significantly associated pan-genes (94%; 369 associations) belonged to accessory genome indicating that genome expansion has resulted in the incorporation of new genes associated with aflatoxin and other secondary metabolites. CONCLUSION In summary, this study provides complete pangenome framework for the species of Aspergillus flavus along with associated genes for pathogen survival and aflatoxin production. The large accessory genome indicated large genome diversity in the species A. flavus, however AflaPan is a closed pangenome represents optimum diversity of species A. flavus. Most importantly, the newly identified aflatoxin producing gene clusters will be a new source for seeking aflatoxin mitigation strategies and needs new attention in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Gangurde
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Walid Korani
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Gaurav Agarwal
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324, Telangana, India.
| | - Hamed K Abbas
- Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Perng-Kuang Chang
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - C Corley Holbrook
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- WA State Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Josh P Clevenger
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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3
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Katati B, Kovács S, Njapau H, Kachapulula PW, Zwaan BJ, van Diepeningen AD, Schoustra SE. Maize Aspergillus section Flavi isolate diversity may be distinct from that of soil and subsequently the source of aflatoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00532-7. [PMID: 38647834 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Flavi (Flavi) is a diverse group of fungal species whose common members include A. flavus and A. parasiticus. These are well-known for the production of aflatoxin (AF) B and G and other toxic metabolites, like cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). They are saprophytic soil dwellers and also become crop opportunistic epiphytes. The consequence is contamination of the crop with mycotoxins, such as carcinogenic AF. We investigated the Flavi community structure of maize and that of their surrounding soil, including their mycotoxigenicity. Furthermore, we investigated the link of the maize Flavi diversity with preharvest maize AF levels. The study was carried out in four selected districts of Zambia, in a low rainfall zone. The Flavi characterisation was triphasic, involving morphological (colony colour and sclerotia formation), metabolic (AF and CPA production) and genetic (calmodulin gene polymorphism) analyses. Flavi abundance was determined by dilution plate technique on modified rose Bengal agar. Results showed that Flavi communities on maize and in soil differed. Maize had a higher Flavi species diversity than soil. A. parasiticus dominated the soil community by frequency of field appearance (85%), while maize was dominated by A. minisclerotigenes (45%). CPA-producers with or without AF production dominated the maize (65%) while producers of only AF (B/G) dominated the soil (88%). The ratio between maize A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes abundance seemed to have had a bearing on the levels of AF in maize, with a ratio close to 1:1 having higher levels than a pure community of either A. parasiticus or A. minisclerotigenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bwalya Katati
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Mycotoxicology Laboratory, National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Stan Kovács
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Njapau
- Mycotoxicology Laboratory, National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Bas J Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen E Schoustra
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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4
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Chang PK. Creating large chromosomal segment deletions in Aspergillus flavus by a dual CRISPR/Cas9 system: Deletion of gene clusters for production of aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ustiloxin B. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 170:103863. [PMID: 38154756 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus produces hepatocarcinogenic aflatoxin that adversely impacts human and animal health and international trade. A promising means to manage preharvest aflatoxin contamination of crops is biological control, which employs non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates possessing defective aflatoxin gene clusters to outcompete field toxigenic populations. However, these isolates often produce other toxic metabolites. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly advanced genome editing and gene functional studies. Its use in deleting large chromosomal segments of filamentous fungi is rarely reported. A system of dual CRISPR/Cas9 combined with a 60-nucleotide donor DNA that allowed removal of A. flavus gene clusters involved in production of harmful specialized metabolites was established. It efficiently deleted a 102-kb segment containing both aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid gene clusters from toxigenic A. flavus morphotypes, L-type and S-type. It further deleted the 27-kb ustiloxin B gene cluster of a resulting L-type mutant. Overall efficiencies of deletion ranged from 66.6 % to 85.6 % and efficiencies of deletions repaired by a single copy of donor DNA ranged from 50.5 % to 72.7 %. To determine the capacity of this technique, a pigment-screening setup based on absence of aspergillic acid gene cluster was devised. Chromosomal segments of 201 kb and 301 kb were deleted with efficiencies of 57.7 % to 69.2 %, respectively. This system used natural A. flavus isolates as recipients, eliminated a forced-recycling step to produce recipients for next round deletion, and generated maker-free deletants with sequences predefined by donor DNA. The research provides a method for creating genuine atoxigenic biocontrol strains friendly for field trial release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perng-Kuang Chang
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Allen Toussaint Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States.
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Badmos FO, Muhammad HL, Dabara A, Adefolalu F, Salubuyi S, Abdulkadir A, Oyetunji VT, Apeh DO, Muhammad HK, Mwanza M, Monjerezi M, Matumba L, Makun HA. Assessment of dietary exposure and levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State of Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:74-90. [PMID: 38109413 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2293998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This study reports levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State, Nigeria, and provides a comprehensive assessment of their potential health risks by combining mycotoxin levels and dietary exposure assessment. A total of 240 samples of red and white sorghum were collected from both stores and markets across four microclimatic zones. Fungal species were identified using a dilution plate method. Aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and ochratoxin (OTA) were quantified using HPLC, whereas cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins (FUMs) and zearalenone were quantified using ELISA. A. flavus and A. fumigatus were dominant fungal species followed by F. verticilloides, A. oryzae and P. verrucosum. Aflatoxins (mean: 29.97 µg/kg) were detected in all samples, whereas OTA (mean: 37.5 µg/kg) and FUMs (mean: 3269.8 µg/kg) were detected in 72% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Mycotoxins frequently co-occurred in binary mixtures of AFs + OTA and AFs + FUMs. Dietary exposure estimates were highest for FUMs at 230% of TDI and margin of exposures (MOEs) for both AFs and OTA (<10,000) indicating a potential risk associated with combined exposure to AFs and OTA. The Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma cases (HCC/year) attributable to AFs and OTA exposure from sorghum was estimated to be 5.99 × 105 and 0.24 × 105 cases for HBsAg + individuals based on 13.6% HBV incidence. Similarly, the HCC/year for AFs and OTA were assessed to be 3.59 × 105 and 0.14 × 105 at an 8.1% prevalence rate. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the high prevalence and dietary exposure to mycotoxins through sorghum consumption, raising public health and trade concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Omolola Badmos
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Lami Muhammad
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Achi Dabara
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola Adefolalu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Susan Salubuyi
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Abdulkadir
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Victor Tope Oyetunji
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Ojochenemi Apeh
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Kudu Muhammad
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Maurice Monjerezi
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Centre for Resilient Agri-Food Systems (CRAFS), University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group-NRC, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Hussaini Anthony Makun
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
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Novotna T, Sitarova B, Hoskova Z, Vaibarova V, Dzuman Z, Hajslova J, Skupien V, Svobodova Z. Tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning in a dog: A case report. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:483-489. [PMID: 38303997 PMCID: PMC10828776 DOI: 10.17221/82/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
An eleven-year-old Pit Bull Terrier was presented to the veterinary practice with an acute onset of whole-body seizures. The clinical signs developed in a garden where the dog was kept that morning. There was a suspicion of tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning by compost as the dog had vomited parts of compost right before the onset of the seizures and there was a pile of compost located in the garden. The dog underwent immediate decontamination following supportive treatment and recovered fully within 24 h of intensive care. The samples of the vomit and parts of the compost were cultivated. In the sample of the vomit, Penicillium sp. was found. Subsequently, tremorgenic mycotoxins paxilline, penitrem A and roquefortine C were determined chromatographically at significant concentrations in the vomit and a growth medium with cultivated Penicillium sp. The aim of this work is to describe the complex therapeutic and diagnostic approach to the patient with a suspected tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning where a combination of mycological and chromatographic analyses was used to confirm the diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in the Czech Republic and the first reported case of paxilline poisoning in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Novotna
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- DRAVET, Veterinary Clinic, Drásov, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zlata Hoskova
- Veterinary Clinic with Emergency Service MVDr. Lubomír Hošek, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Vaibarova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Skupien
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Malir F, Pickova D, Toman J, Grosse Y, Ostry V. Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:81-93. [PMID: 36930431 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food. This assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Mycotoxins covered in this review are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins), fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and ergot alkaloids. For mycotoxins with clear genotoxic/carcinogenic properties, the focus is on the margin of exposure approach. One of its goals is to document predictive characterisation of the human hazard, based on studies in animals using conditions of low exposure. For the other, non-genotoxic toxins, individual 'no adverse effect levels' have been established, but structural analogues or modified forms may still complicate assessment. During the process of hazard characterisation, each identified effect is assessed for human relevance. The estimation of a 'safe dose' is the hazard characterisation endpoint. The final aim of all of these activities is to establish a system, which is able to minimise and control the risk for the consumer from mycotoxins in food. Ongoing research on mycotoxins constantly comes up with new findings, which may have to be implemented into this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- The IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research On Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Pradanas-González F, Peltomaa R, Lahtinen S, Luque-Uría Á, Más V, Barderas R, Maragos CM, Canales Á, Soukka T, Benito-Peña E, Moreno-Bondi MC. Homogeneous immunoassay for cyclopiazonic acid based upon mimotopes and upconversion-resonance energy transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 233:115339. [PMID: 37126866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Penicillium spp. are used for fungi-ripened cheeses and Aspergillus spp. routinely contaminate maize and other crops. Some of these strains can produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), including the neurotoxin α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). In this work, we developed a homogeneous upconversion-resonance energy transfer (UC-RET) immunoassay for the detection of CPA using a novel epitope mimicking peptide, or mimotope, selected by phage display. CPA-specific antibody was used to isolate mimotopes from a cyclic 7-mer peptide library in consecutive selection rounds. Enrichment of antibody binding phages was achieved, and the analysis of individual phage clones revealed four different mimotope peptide sequences. The mimotope sequence, ACNWWDLTLC, performed best in phage-based immunoassays, surface plasmon resonance binding analyses, and UC-RET-based immunoassays. To develop a homogeneous assay, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP, type NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+) were used as energy donors and coated with streptavidin to anchor the synthetic biotinylated mimotope. Alexa Fluor 555, used as an energy acceptor, was conjugated to the anti-CPA antibody fragment. The homogeneous single-step immunoassay could detect CPA in just 5 min and enabled a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 pg mL-1 (1.5 μg kg-1) and an IC50 value of 0.36 ng mL-1. No significant cross-reactivity was observed with other co-produced mycotoxins. Finally, we applied the novel method for the detection of CPA in spiked maize samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) as a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pradanas-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riikka Peltomaa
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Lahtinen
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Álvaro Luque-Uría
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Más
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1815 N University, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María C Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Maragos CM, Probyn C, Proctor RH, Sieve KK. Cyclopiazonic acid in soft-ripened and blue cheeses marketed in the USA. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:14-23. [PMID: 35997046 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti are used in the production of soft-ripened and blue-veined cheeses. However, some strains can produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), including α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a neurotoxin. Data on the levels of CPA in cheeses marketed in the USA are extremely limited. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted for measuring CPA in soft-ripened and blue-veined cheeses. Recoveries from cheese curds were 103 ± 27% (n = 30). A total of 254 samples of soft-ripened, blue and miscellaneous cheeses were examined. CPA was detected in 36/79 (45.6%) of soft-ripened cheeses and in 41/168 (24.4%) of blue-veined cheeses. Median levels in positive samples were 48.5 µg/kg and 30 µg/kg, respectively. The highest levels found were 3,820 µg/kg (in a Brie), 1,250 µg/kg (in a blue) and 7,900 µg/kg (in a Monte Enebro). The implication of such exposures is unknown, as a consensus on acceptable intake remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Crystal Probyn
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristal K Sieve
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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10
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Molo MS, White JB, Cornish V, Gell RM, Baars O, Singh R, Carbone MA, Isakeit T, Wise KA, Woloshuk CP, Bluhm BH, Horn BW, Heiniger RW, Carbone I. Asymmetrical lineage introgression and recombination in populations of Aspergillus flavus: Implications for biological control. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276556. [PMID: 36301851 PMCID: PMC9620740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an agriculturally important fungus that causes ear rot of maize and produces aflatoxins, of which B1 is the most carcinogenic naturally-produced compound. In the US, the management of aflatoxins includes the deployment of biological control agents that comprise two nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus strains, either Afla-Guard (member of lineage IB) or AF36 (lineage IC). We used genotyping-by-sequencing to examine the influence of both biocontrol agents on native populations of A. flavus in cornfields in Texas, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Indiana. This study examined up to 27,529 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a total of 815 A. flavus isolates, and 353 genome-wide haplotypes sampled before biocontrol application, three months after biocontrol application, and up to three years after initial application. Here, we report that the two distinct A. flavus evolutionary lineages IB and IC differ significantly in their frequency distributions across states. We provide evidence of increased unidirectional gene flow from lineage IB into IC, inferred to be due to the applied Afla-Guard biocontrol strain. Genetic exchange and recombination of biocontrol strains with native strains was detected in as little as three months after biocontrol application and up to one and three years later. There was limited inter-lineage migration in the untreated fields. These findings suggest that biocontrol products that include strains from lineage IB offer the greatest potential for sustained reductions in aflatoxin levels over several years. This knowledge has important implications for developing new biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Molo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
| | - James B. White
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
| | - Vicki Cornish
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
| | - Richard M. Gell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
- Program of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North
Carolina, United States of America
| | - Oliver Baars
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
| | - Rakhi Singh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
| | - Mary Anna Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and
Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
of America
| | - Thomas Isakeit
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas AgriLife Extension
Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of
America
| | - Kiersten A. Wise
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY,
United States of America
| | - Charles P. Woloshuk
- Department of Plant Pathology and Botany, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Burton H. Bluhm
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Department of Entomology
and Plant Pathology, Fayetteville, AR, United States of
America
| | - Bruce W. Horn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service,
Dawson, GA, United States of America
| | - Ron W. Heiniger
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated
Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of
America
- Program of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North
Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Fliszár-Nyúl E, Faisal Z, Skaper R, Lemli B, Bayartsetseg B, Hetényi C, Gömbös P, Szabó A, Poór M. Interaction of the Emerging Mycotoxins Beauvericin, Cyclopiazonic Acid, and Sterigmatocystin with Human Serum Albumin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081106. [PMID: 36009000 PMCID: PMC9406214 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and sterigmatocystin (STC) are emerging mycotoxins. They appear as contaminants in food and animal feed, leading to economic losses and health risks. Human serum albumin (HSA) forms stable complexes with certain mycotoxins, including ochratoxins, alternariol, citrinin, and zearalenone. HSA binding can influence the toxicokinetics of xenobiotics, and albumin can also be considered and applied as a relatively cheap affinity protein. Therefore, we examined the potential interactions of BEA, CPA, and STC with HSA employing fluorescence spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and molecular modeling. Spectroscopic and ultracentrifugation studies demonstrated the formation of low-affinity BEA–HSA (Ka ≈ 103 L/mol) and moderately strong CPA–HSA and STC–HSA complexes (Ka ≈ 104 L/mol). In ultrafiltration experiments, CPA slightly displaced each site marker (warfarin, naproxen, and camptothecin) tested, while BEA and STC did not affect significantly the albumin binding of these drugs. Modeling studies suggest that CPA occupies Sudlow’s site I, while STC binds to the Heme site (FA1) on HSA. Considering the interactions of CPA with the site markers, the CPA–HSA interaction may have toxicological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Renáta Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lemli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Organic and Pharmacological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Green Chemistry Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bayarsaikhan Bayartsetseg
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Patrik Gömbös
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72-501-500 (ext. 28316)
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12
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Deepika C, Hariprasanna K, Das IK, Jacob J, Ronanki S, Ratnavathi CV, Bellundagi A, Sooganna D, Tonapi VA. 'Kodo poisoning': cause, science and management. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2517-2526. [PMID: 35734115 PMCID: PMC9206982 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many mycotoxigenic fungi infect the food crops and affect the quality of the produce due to production of mycotoxins. Kodo millet is one of the important minor millets cultivated in India, mostly confined to marginal lands and tribal regions but has high yield potential under good management. The grains are nutritious and have anti-oxidant properties besides having many medicinal properties. However, the consumption is often hindered by the condition called 'kodo poisoning' resulting from fungal contamination producing cyclopiazonic acid, a toxic fungal secondary metabolite. An attempt has been made here to review the limited information available on kodo poisoning, its causes and effects, and proposed management practices by which the contamination can be checked. Further research efforts are essential for identifying sources of natural resistance to fungal metabolite, induction of host resistance through antimicrobial compounds or microbial antagonism to the pathogens to achieve cleaner grains from this crop even under high humid and rainy conditions. By effective adoption of both pre- and post-harvest management the kodo millet grains can be made safe for human consumption and can be popularized as a nutritious grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Deepika
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - K. Hariprasanna
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - I. K. Das
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Jinu Jacob
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Swarna Ronanki
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - C. V. Ratnavathi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Amasiddha Bellundagi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - D. Sooganna
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Vilas A. Tonapi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
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13
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Moore GG, Lebar MD, Carter-Wientjes CH. Cumulative Effects of Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Volatile Organic Compounds to Abate Toxin Production by Mycotoxigenic Aspergilli. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050340. [PMID: 35622587 PMCID: PMC9148032 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, authors reported that individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus could act as a mechanism of biocontrol to significantly reduce aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) produced by toxigenic strains. In this study, various combinations and volumes of three mycotoxin-reductive VOCs (2,3-dihydrofuran, 3-octanone and decane) were assessed for their cumulative impacts on four Aspergillus strains (LA1–LA4), which were then analyzed for changes in growth, as well as the production of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, CPA and multiple indole diterpenes. Fungal growth remained minimally inhibited when exposed to various combinations of VOCs. No single combination was able to consistently, or completely, inhibit aflatoxin or CPA across all toxigenic strains tested. However, the combination of 2,3-dihydrofuran and 3-octanone offered the greatest overall reductions in aflatoxin and CPA production. Despite no elimination of their production, findings showed that combining VOCs produced solely by non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus still inhibited several agriculturally important mycotoxins, including B and G aflatoxins and CPA. Therefore, other VOC combinations are worth testing as post-harvest biocontrol treatments to ensure the prolonged effectiveness of pre-harvest biocontrol efforts.
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14
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Abbas A, Wright CW, El-Sawi N, Yli-Mattila T, Malinen AM. A methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum modulates secondary metabolism regulator genes in Aspergillus flavus and shuts down aflatoxin production. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5995. [PMID: 35397670 PMCID: PMC8994782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a food-borne toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and a few similar fungi. Natural anti-aflatoxigenic compounds are used as alternatives to chemical fungicides to prevent AFB1 accumulation. We found that a methanolic extract of the food additive Zanthoxylum bungeanum shuts down AFB1 production in A. flavus. A methanol sub-fraction (M20) showed the highest total phenolic/flavonoid content and the most potent antioxidant activity. Mass spectrometry analyses identified four flavonoids in M20: quercetin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and hyperoside. The anti-aflatoxigenic potency of M20 (IC50: 2-4 µg/mL) was significantly higher than its anti-proliferation potency (IC50: 1800-1900 µg/mL). RNA-seq data indicated that M20 triggers significant transcriptional changes in 18 of 56 secondary metabolite pathways in A. flavus, including repression of the AFB1 biosynthesis pathway. Expression of aflR, the specific activator of the AFB1 pathway, was not changed by M20 treatment, suggesting that repression of the pathway is mediated by global regulators. Consistent with this, the Velvet complex, a prominent regulator of secondary metabolism and fungal development, was downregulated. Decreased expression of the conidial development regulators brlA and Medusa, genes that orchestrate redox responses, and GPCR/oxylipin-based signal transduction further suggests a broad cellular response to M20. Z. bungeanum extracts may facilitate the development of safe AFB1 control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Abbas
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Colin W Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Nagwa El-Sawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi M Malinen
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
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15
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Nguyen VT, Yu NH, Lee Y, Hwang IM, Bui HX, Kim JC. Nematicidal Activity of Cyclopiazonic Acid Derived From Penicillium commune Against Root-Knot Nematodes and Optimization of the Culture Fermentation Process. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726504. [PMID: 34899622 PMCID: PMC8651706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 200 fungal strains isolated from the soil, only one culture filtrate of Aspergillus flavus JCK-4087 showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. The nematicidal metabolite isolated from the culture filtrate of JCK-4087 was identified as cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Because JCK-4087 also produced aflatoxins, six strains of Penicillium commune, which have been reported to be CPA producers, were obtained from the bank and then tested for their CPA productivity. CPA was isolated from the culture filtrate of P. commune KACC 45973. CPA killed the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita, M. hapla, and M. arearia with EC50-3 days 4.50, 18.82, and 60.51 μg mL-1, respectively. CPA also significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita and M. hapla after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL-1. The enhancement of CPA production by P. commune KACC 45973 was explored using an optimized medium based on Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). The highest CPA production (381.48 μg mL-1) was obtained from the optimized medium, exhibiting an increase of 7.88 times when compared with that from potato dextrose broth culture. Application of the wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973 reduced gall formation and nematode populations in tomato roots and soils under greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that CPA produced by P. commune KACC 45973 can be used as either a biochemical nematicide or a lead molecule for developing chemical nematicides to control root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thi Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - In Min Hwang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hung Xuan Bui
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Muñoz-Tebar N, González-Navarro EJ, López-Díaz TM, Santos JA, de Elguea-Culebras GO, García-Martínez MM, Molina A, Carmona M, Berruga MI. Biological Activity of Extracts from Aromatic Plants as Control Agents against Spoilage Molds Isolated from Sheep Cheese. Foods 2021; 10:1576. [PMID: 34359446 PMCID: PMC8303263 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the antifungal and antioxidant activity of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from distilled solid by-products from aromatic plants (Artemisia dracunculus, Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula stoechas, Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana) against 14 fungi strains isolated from sheep cheese and identified at species level using DNA barcoding based on β-tubulin sequence analysis. In addition, capacity of fungi to produce ochratoxin A, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid and sterigmatocystin was analyzed. Of the isolates, 85.7% belonged to Penicillium (P. commune/biforme, P. crustosum) and 14.3% to Aspergillus (A. puulaauensis and A. jensenii), the first time that these Aspergillus species have been found in sheep's cheese. All P. commune isolates were producers of cyclopiazonic acid, and the two Aspergillus strains produced sterigmatocystin, but the others did not produce any tested mycotoxin. Among the essential oils tested, oregano, savory and tarragon had a significant antifungal activity against all the isolated strains, but no ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity. By contrast, ethanolic extracts showed great potential as antioxidants. The identification of new molds in cheese will help the dairy industry to know more about those molds affecting the sector, and the use of aromatic plants in the control of fungal spoilage could be a suitable alternative to chemical preservatives used in the agri-food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Muñoz-Tebar
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (N.M.-T.); (E.J.G.-N.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Emilio J. González-Navarro
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (N.M.-T.); (E.J.G.-N.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Teresa María López-Díaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (T.M.L.-D.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jesús A. Santos
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (T.M.L.-D.); (J.A.S.)
| | | | - M. Mercedes García-Martínez
- Catedra de Química Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain;
| | - Ana Molina
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (N.M.-T.); (E.J.G.-N.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Manuel Carmona
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (N.M.-T.); (E.J.G.-N.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - María Isabel Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (N.M.-T.); (E.J.G.-N.); (A.M.); (M.C.)
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Vulić A, Lešić T, Kudumija N, Zadravec M, Kiš M, Vahčić N, Pleadin J. The development of LC-MS/MS method of determination of cyclopiazonic acid in dry-fermented meat products. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Medical Application of Substances Derived from Non-Pathogenic Fungi Aspergillus oryzae and A. luchuensis-Containing Koji. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040243. [PMID: 33804991 PMCID: PMC8063943 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most fungi cause pathogenicity toward human beings, dynasties of the East Asian region have domesticated and utilized specific fungi for medical applications. The Japanese dynasty and nation have domesticated and utilized koji fermented with non-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus oryzae for more than 1300 years. Recent research has elucidated that koji contains medicinal substances such as Taka-diastase, acid protease, koji glycosylceramide, kojic acid, oligosaccharides, ethyl-α-d-glucoside, ferulic acid, ergothioneine, pyroglutamyl leucine, pyranonigrin A, resistant proteins, deferriferrichrysin, polyamines, Bifidobacterium-stimulating peptides, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor peptides, 14-dehydroergosterol, beta-glucan, biotin, and citric acid. This review introduces potential medical applications of such medicinal substances to hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and cognitive diseases, chronic inflammation, epidermal permeability barrier disruption, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and anti-cancer therapy.
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19
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Moore GG. Practical considerations will ensure the continued success of pre-harvest biocontrol using non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4208-4225. [PMID: 33506687 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an important reason for the accelerated use of non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to mitigate pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination… it effectively addresses the imperative need for safer food and feed. Now that we have decades of proof of the effectiveness of A. flavus as biocontrol, it is time to improve several aspects of this strategy. If we are to continue relying heavily on this form of aflatoxin mitigation, there are considerations we must acknowledge, and actions we must take, to ensure that we are best wielding this strategy to our advantage. These include its: (1) potential to produce other mycotoxins, (2) persistence in the field in light of several ecological factors, (3) its reproductive and genetic stability, (4) the mechanism(s) employed that allow it to elicit control over aflatoxigenic strains and species of agricultural importance and (5) supplemental alternatives that increase its effectiveness. There is a need to be consistent, practical and thoughtful when it comes to implementing this method of mycotoxin mitigation since these fungi are living organisms that have been adapting, evolving and surviving on this planet for tens-of-millions of years. This document will serve as a critical review of the literature regarding pre-harvest A. flavus biocontrol and will discuss opportunities for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geromy G Moore
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, USA
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20
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Uka V, Cary JW, Lebar MD, Puel O, De Saeger S, Diana Di Mavungu J. Chemical repertoire and biosynthetic machinery of the Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolome: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2797-2842. [PMID: 33337039 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi represent a rich source of extrolites, including secondary metabolites (SMs) comprising a great variety of astonishing structures and interesting bioactivities. State-of-the-art techniques in genome mining, genetic manipulation, and secondary metabolomics have enabled the scientific community to better elucidate and more deeply appreciate the genetic and biosynthetic chemical arsenal of these microorganisms. Aspergillus flavus is best known as a contaminant of food and feed commodities and a producer of the carcinogenic family of SMs, aflatoxins. This fungus produces many SMs including polyketides, ribosomal and nonribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and other hybrid molecules. This review will discuss the chemical diversity, biosynthetic pathways, and biological/ecological role of A. flavus SMs, as well as their significance concerning food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdet Uka
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew D Lebar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Otero C, Arredondo C, Echeverría-Vega A, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F. Penicillium spp. mycotoxins found in food and feed and their health effects. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. These compounds have different structures and target different organs, acting at different steps of biological processes inside the cell. Around 32 mycotoxins have been identified in fungal Penicillium spp. isolated from food and feed. Some of these species are important pathogens which contaminate food, such as maize, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, among others. These microorganisms can be present in different steps of the food production process, such as plant growth, harvest, drying, elaboration, transport, and packaging. Although some Penicillium spp. are pathogens, some of them are used in elaboration of processed foods, such as cheese and sausages. This review summarises the Penicillium spp. mycotoxin toxicity, focusing mainly on the subgenus Penicillium, frequently found in food and feed. Toxicity is reviewed both in animal models and cultured cells. Finally, some aspects of their regulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. Arredondo
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - A. Echeverría-Vega
- Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - F. Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CENBIO), Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
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22
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Peterková L, Kmoníčková E, Ruml T, Rimpelová S. Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase Inhibitors: Beyond Anticancer Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1937-1963. [PMID: 32030976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), which plays a key role in the maintenance of Ca2+ ion homeostasis, is an extensively studied enzyme, the inhibition of which has a considerable impact on cell life and death decision. To date, several SERCA inhibitors have been thoroughly studied and the most notable one, a derivative of the sesquiterpene lactone thapsigargin, is gradually approaching a clinical application. Meanwhile, new compounds with SERCA-inhibiting properties of natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic origin are being discovered and/or developed; some of these might also be suitable for the development of new drugs with improved performance. This review brings an up-to-date comprehensive overview of recently discovered compounds with the potential of SERCA inhibition, discusses their mechanism of action, and highlights their potential clinical applications, such as cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Peterková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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23
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abdel-Azeem AM. Aspergillus Mycotoxins: Potential as Biocontrol Agents. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Li Y, Liu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Visible and eco-friendly immunoassays for the detection of cyclopiazonic acid in maize and rice. J Food Sci 2019; 85:105-113. [PMID: 31880328 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an indole-tetramine mycotoxin commonly produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus and is widely found in agricultural products, fermented food, and feed. Food contaminated with CPA poses a substantial health risk to consumers. Therefore, eco-friendly immunoassays, including an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (LFICS), were developed to monitor CPA in maize and rice samples. For this purpose, a monoclonal antibody (3H12) posed highly resistant to pH (5.6 to 9.6) and ethanol (≤50%) was generated by mouse immunization. Negative maize and rice samples or samples spiked with CPA were extracted with ethanol/0.01 M sodium borate buffer (4/1, v/v, pH 8.4). For ic-ELISA analysis, the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.48 and 0.28 ng/g for maize and rice samples, respectively. The recovery for spiked maize was 76.9% to 83.5% with the highest variable coefficient (CVmax ) being 9.32%. For spiked rice, the recovery was 85.3% to 105.1% with a CVmax of 8.56%. For LFICS analysis, the visible LODs were 2.5 and 1 ng/g and cutoff values were 5 and 2.5 ng/g for maize and rice samples, respectively. The LFICS method gave results within 5 to 10 min, providing an auxiliary analytical tool for the rapid, sensitive, and portable screening of the massive samples onsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Int. Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
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25
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Dadzie M, Oppong A, Ofori K, Eleblu J, Ifie E, Blay E, Obeng –Bio E, Appiah-Kubi Z, Warburton M. Distribution of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin accumulation in stored maize grains across three agro-ecologies in Ghana. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Casquete R, Benito MJ, Aranda E, Martín A, Hernández A, Córdoba MDG. Cyclopiazonic acid gene expression as strategy to minimizing mycotoxin contamination in cheese. Fungal Biol 2019; 125:160-165. [PMID: 33518206 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of genes associated with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) biosynthesis by Penicillium strains in a cheese-based medium has not been previously studied. To control CPA biosynthesis, it would be useful to understand the changes in gene expression during cheese production and relate them to toxin production. The objective was to evaluate the influence of pH, aw, and temperature on expression of dmaT, which encodes the enzyme dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase involved in the biosynthesis of CPA. We assayed three Penicillium strains, Penicillium commune CBS311 and CBS341 and Penicillium camemberti CBS273, using reverse transcription real-time PCR. Our results showed that the expression patterns of the gene were influenced by strain and environmental conditions. The highest expression for the P. commune strains was observed at pH 6.0, 0.95 aw, at 25 or 30 °C, depending on the strain. In contrast, P. camemberti CBS273 showed a lower dmaT expression with a maximum at 25 °C, pH 5.0 and 0.95 aw. Correlation analysis indicated that the three toxigenic strains showed a strong correlation between the relative expression of the dmaT gene and concentration of CPA under conditions simulating cheese ripening. This method could be used to control CPA production in cheese by detection of dmaT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Casquete
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María José Benito
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Emilio Aranda
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avd. De la Investigación, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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27
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Uka V, Moore GG, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Nebija D, De Saeger S, Diana Di Mavungu J. Secondary Metabolite Dereplication and Phylogenetic Analysis Identify Various Emerging Mycotoxins and Reveal the High Intra-Species Diversity in Aspergillus flavus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:667. [PMID: 31024476 PMCID: PMC6461017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is one of the most important mycotoxigenic species from the genus Aspergillus, due to its ability to synthesize the potent hepatocarcinogen, aflatoxin B1. Moreover, this fungus is capable of producing several other toxic metabolites from the class of indole-tetramates, non-ribosomal peptides, and indole-diterpenoids. Populations of A. flavus are characterized by considerable diversity in terms of morphological, functional and genetic features. Although for many years A. flavus was considered an asexual fungus, researchers have shown evidence that at best these fungi can exhibit a predominantly asexual existence. We now know that A. flavus contains functional genes for mating, uncovering sexuality as potential contributor for its diversification. Based on our results, we reconfirm that A. flavus is a predominant producer of B-type aflatoxins. Moreover, this fungus can decisively produce AFM1 and AFM2. We did not observe any clear relationship between mating-type genes and particular class of metabolites, probably other parameters such as sexual/asexual ratio should be investigated. A dynamic secondary metabolism was found also in strains intended to be used as biocontrol agents. In addition we succeeded to provide mass spectrometry fragmentation spectra for the most important classes of A. flavus metabolites, which will serve as identification cards for future studies. Both, metabolic and phylogenetic analysis proved a high intra-species diversity for A. flavus. These findings contribute to our understanding about the diversity of Aspergillus section Flavi species, raising the necessity for polyphasic approaches (morphological, metabolic, genetic, etc.) when dealing with this type of complex group of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdet Uka
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo†
| | - Geromy G Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare-Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Dashnor Nebija
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo†
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Bonyadi F, Hasanzadeh S, Malekinejad H, Najafi G. Cyclopiazonic acid decreases sperm quality and in vitro fertilisation rate in mice. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) as a mycotoxin has been reported in feed and foodstuffs. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of CPA on reproductive functions of male mice. In this experiment, 40 mature male mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n=8): control, control-sham, CPA (0.03 mg/kg, body weight (BW)), CPA (0.06 mg/kg, BW) and CPA (0.12 mg/kg, BW). Following 28 days exposure to CPA, sperm quality parameters, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) capacity of sperms, serum testosterone level, Leydig cells number and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analysed. The results revealed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in sperm count, sperm viability, sperm motility, chromatin quality of sperm, sperms with intact DNA, IVF rate, testosterone level, Leydig cell distribution and TAC in comparison to the control group. The most prominent detrimental effects of CPA were found at the highest given dose level. Our results suggest that CPA at higher dose levels exerts detrimental effects on the male reproductive system. Moreover, these descriptive warrant further investigations into the specific mechanisms of action and the effects of CPA on spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bonyadi
- Department of Basic Science, Histology section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - S. Hasanzadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Histology section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - H. Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - G. Najafi
- Department of Basic Science, Anatomy and Embryology section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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29
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Antipova TV, Zhelifonova VP, Baskunov BP, Kochkina GA, Ozerskaya SM, Kozlovskii AG. Exometabolites the Penicillium Fungi Isolated from Various High-Latitude Ecosystems. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626171805003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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30
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Peromingo B, Rodríguez M, Núñez F, Silva A, Rodríguez A. Sensitive determination of cyclopiazonic acid in dry-cured ham using a QuEChERS method and UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2018; 263:275-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Maragos CM. Complexation of the Mycotoxin Cyclopiazonic Acid with Lanthanides Yields Luminescent Products. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E285. [PMID: 29996475 PMCID: PMC6071049 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxin that acts through inhibition of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). CPA blocks the calcium access channel of the enzyme. The inhibition may involve the binding of CPA with a divalent cation such as Mg2+. The potential for CPA to act as a chelator also has implications for methods to detect this toxin. Certain of the lanthanide metals undergo a dramatic increase in luminescence upon coordination with small molecules that can transfer excitation energy to the metal. This report is the first to describe the coordination of CPA with lanthanide metals, resulting in a substantial enhancement of their luminescence. The luminescence expressed was dependent upon the type of lanthanide, its concentration, and the environment (solvent, water content, pH). Based upon the phenomenon, a competitive assay was also developed wherein terbium (Tb3+) and a series of metal cations competed for binding with CPA. With increasing cation concentration, the luminescence of the CPA/Tb3+ complex was inhibited. The chlorides of ten metals were tested. Inhibition was best with Cu2+, followed by Co2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Au3+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Two cations in oxidation state one (Na⁺, K⁺) did not inhibit the interaction significantly. The interaction of CPA with lanthanides provides a novel recognition assay for this toxin. It also provides a novel way to probe the binding of CPA to metals, giving insights into CPA’s mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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32
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Casquete R, Benito MJ, Córdoba MDG, Ruiz-Moyano S, Galván AI, Martín A. Physicochemical factors affecting the growth and mycotoxin production of Penicillium strains in a synthetic cheese medium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Ostry V, Toman J, Grosse Y, Malir F. Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicological significance. CPA is also frequently detected in peanuts and maize; the presence of CPA and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts contaminated with A. flavus suggests that synergism may occur. CPA is toxic to several animal species, such as rats, pigs, guinea pigs, poultry and dogs. After ingesting CPA-contaminated feeds, test animals display severe gastrointestinal upsets and neurological disorders. Organs affected include the liver, kidney, heart, and digestive tract, which show degenerative changes and necrosis. Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Data from toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA in broiler chickens demonstrate that both aflatoxins and CPA alone and the aflatoxin-CPA combination can adversely affect broiler health. The effects of aflatoxins and CPA combination were additive in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ostry
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Reference Centre for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Palackeho 3a, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Toman
- University of Hradec Kralove, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Y. Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - F. Malir
- University of Hradec Kralove, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Zhelifonova VP, Antipova TV, Kozlovskii AG. Effect of potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and sodium nitrite on biosynthesis of cyclopiazonic and mycophenolic acids and citrinin by fungi of the Penicillium genus. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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de Benito A, Ibáñez C, Moncho W, Martínez D, Vettorazzi A, de Cerain AL. Database on the taxonomical characterisation and potential toxigenic capacities of microorganisms used for the industrial production of food enzymes and feed additives, which do not have a recommendation for Qualified Presumption of Safety. EFSA SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7163622 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bavaro SL, Susca A, Frisvad JC, Tufariello M, Chytiri A, Perrone G, Mita G, Logrieco AF, Bleve G. Isolation, Characterization, and Selection of Molds Associated to Fermented Black Table Olives. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 28769914 PMCID: PMC5513898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Table olives are one of the most important fermented food in the Mediterranean countries. Apart from lactic acid bacteria and yeasts that mainly conduct the olive fermentation, molds can develop on the brine surface, and can have either deleterious or useful effects on this process. From the food safety point of view, occurring molds could also produce mycotoxins, so, it is important to monitor and control them. In this respect, identification of molds associated to two Italian and two Greek fermented black table olives cultivars, was carried out. Sixty strains were isolated and molecularly identified as Penicillium crustosum (21), P. roqueforti (29), P. paneum (1), P. expansum (6), P. polonicum (2), P. commune (1). A group of 20 selected isolates was subjected to technological (beta-glucosidase, cellulolytic, ligninolytic, pectolytic, and xylanolytic activities; proteolytic enzymes) and safety (biogenic amines and secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins) characterization. Combining both technological (presence of desired and absence of undesired enzymatic activities) and safety aspects (no or low production of biogenic amines and regulated mycotoxins), it was possible to select six strains with biotechnological interest. These are putative candidates for future studies as autochthonous co-starters with yeasts and lactic acid bacteria for black table olive production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona L Bavaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Tufariello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariLecce, Italy
| | - Agathi Chytiri
- Section of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of IoanninaIoannina, Greece
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariLecce, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariBari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariLecce, Italy
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Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Filamentous Fungi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070719. [PMID: 28677641 PMCID: PMC5551157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi occur widely in the environment, contaminating soil, air, food and other substrates. Due to their wide distribution, they have medical and economic implications. Regardless of their use as a source of antibiotics, vitamins and raw materials for various industrially important chemicals, most fungi and filamentous fungi produce metabolites associated with a range of health risks, both in humans and in animals. The association of filamentous fungi and their metabolites to different negative health conditions in humans and animals, has contributed to the importance of investigating different health risks induced by this family of heterotrophs. This review aims to discuss health risks associated with commonly occurring filamentous fungal species which belong to genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, as well as evaluating their pathogenicity and mycotoxic properties.
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Mycotoxin risk assessment for consumers of groundnut in domestic markets in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 251:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize by immunoassay. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:157-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Unravelling the Diversity of the Cyclopiazonic Acid Family of Mycotoxins in Aspergillus flavus by UHPLC Triple-TOF HRMS. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010035. [PMID: 28098779 PMCID: PMC5308267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (α-cyclopiazonic acid, α-CPA) is an indole-hydrindane-tetramic acid neurotoxin produced by various fungal species, including the notorious food and feed contaminant Aspergillus flavus. Despite its discovery in A. flavus cultures approximately 40 years ago, its contribution to the A. flavus mycotoxin burden is consistently minimized by our focus on the more potent carcinogenic aflatoxins also produced by this fungus. Here, we report the screening and identification of several CPA-type alkaloids not previously found in A. flavus cultures. Our identifications of these CPA-type alkaloids are based on a dereplication strategy involving accurate mass high resolution mass spectrometry data and a careful study of the α-CPA fragmentation pattern. In total, 22 CPA-type alkaloids were identified in extracts from the A. flavus strains examined. Of these metabolites, 13 have been previously reported in other fungi, though this is the first report of their existence in A. flavus. Two of our metabolite discoveries, 11,12-dehydro α-CPA and 3-hydroxy-2-oxo CPA, have never been reported for any organism. The conspicuous presence of CPA and its numerous derivatives in A. flavus cultures raises concerns about the long-term and cumulative toxicological effects of these fungal secondary metabolites and their contributions to the entire A. flavus mycotoxin problem.
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Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century. BIOLOGY OF MICROFUNGI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Tančinová D, Felšöciová S, Rybárik Ľ, Mašková Z, Císarová M. Colonization of grapes berries and cider by potential producers of patulin. POTRAVINARSTVO 2015. [DOI: 10.5219/460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect potential producers of mycotoxin patulin from grapes (berries, surface sterilized berries - endogenous mycobiota and grape juice) of Slovak origin. We analyzed 47 samples of grapes, harvested in 2011, 2012 and 2013 from various wine-growing regions. For the isolation of species we used the method of direct plating berries and surface-sterilized berries (using 1% freshly pre-pared chlorine) berries on DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar). For the determination of fungal contamination of grape juice we used plate-dilution method and DRBC and DG18 (Dichloran 18% Glycerol agar) as media. The cultivation in all modes of inoculation was carried at 25 ±1 °C, for 5 to 7 days. After incubation Aspergillus and Pencillium isolates were inoculated on the identification media. The potential producers of patulin were isolated from 23 samples berries, 19 samples of surface-sterilized berries and 6 samples of grape juice. Overall, the representatives of producers of patulin were detected in 32 (68.1%) samples (75 isolates). In this work we focused on the detection of potential producers of patulin, Penicillium expansum (the most important producer of patulin in fruits), Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus clavatus were isolated. Chosen isolates of potential patulin producers were tested for the ability to produce relevant mycotoxins in in vitro conditions using thin layer chromatography method. The ability to produce patulin in in vitro condition was detected in 82% of isolates of Penicillium expansum, 65% of Penicillium griseofuvum and 100% of Aspergillus clavatus. Some isolates of Penicillium expansum were able to produce citrinin and roquefortine C, Penicillium griseofulvum cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin and roquefortin C, also.
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Oktay Basegmez H, Heperkan D. Aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid and β-nitropropionic acid production byAspergillussectionFlavifrom dried figs grown in Turkey. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2013.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.I. Oktay Basegmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - D. Heperkan
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Calvo AM, Cary JW. Association of fungal secondary metabolism and sclerotial biology. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:62. [PMID: 25762985 PMCID: PMC4329819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolism and morphological development have been shown to be intimately associated at the genetic level. Much of the literature has focused on the co-regulation of secondary metabolite production (e.g., sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus flavus, respectively) with conidiation or formation of sexual fruiting bodies. However, many of these genetic links also control sclerotial production. Sclerotia are resistant structures produced by a number of fungal genera. They also represent the principal source of primary inoculum for some phytopathogenic fungi. In nature, higher plants often concentrate secondary metabolites in reproductive structures as a means of defense against herbivores and insects. By analogy, fungi also sequester a number of secondary metabolites in sclerotia that act as a chemical defense system against fungivorous predators. These include antiinsectant compounds such as tetramic acids, indole diterpenoids, pyridones, and diketopiperazines. This chapter will focus on the molecular mechanisms governing production of secondary metabolites and the role they play in sclerotial development and fungal ecology, with particular emphasis on Aspergillus species. The global regulatory proteins VeA and LaeA, components of the velvet nuclear protein complex, serve as virulence factors and control both development and secondary metabolite production in many Aspergillus species. We will discuss a number of VeA- and LaeA-regulated secondary metabolic gene clusters in A. flavus that are postulated to be involved in sclerotial morphogenesis and chemical defense. The presence of multiple regulatory factors that control secondary metabolism and sclerotial formation suggests that fungi have evolved these complex regulatory mechanisms as a means to rapidly adapt chemical responses to protect sclerotia from predators, competitors and other environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Calvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service New Orleans, LA, USA
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Ehrlich K, Moore G, Mellon J, Bhatnagar D. Challenges facing the biological control strategy for eliminating aflatoxin contamination. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Competition with Aspergillus flavus isolates incapable of aflatoxin production is currently the most widely used biocontrol method for reducing aflatoxin contamination in maize and cottonseed where aflatoxin contamination is a persistent problem for human and animal health. The method involves spreading non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus spores onto the field prior to harvest. How competition works is not fully understood. Current theories suggest that atoxigenic A. flavus either simply displaces aflatoxin-producing isolates or that competition is an active inhibition process that occurs when the fungi occupy the same locus on the plant. In this paper we describe several challenges that the biocontrol strategy should address before this practice is introduced worldwide. These include the need to better understand the diversity of A. flavus populations in the agricultural soil, the effects of climate change on both this diversity and on plant susceptibility, the ability of the introduced biocontrol strain to outcross with existing aflatoxin-producing A. flavus, the adaptation of certain A. flavus isolates for predominant growth on the plant rather than in the soil, the difficulty in timing the application or controlling the stability of the inoculum, the effect of the introduction of the biocontrol strain on the soil microenvironment, the potential damage to the plant from the introduced strain, and the overall need to better understand the entire A. flavus toxin burden, beyond that of aflatoxin, that may result from A. flavus contamination. In addition, the cost/benefit ratio for the biocontrol method should be considered in comparing this method to other methods for reducing food and feed contamination with aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.C. Ehrlich
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - G.G. Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - J.E. Mellon
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - D. Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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Hymery N, Vasseur V, Coton M, Mounier J, Jany JL, Barbier G, Coton E. Filamentous Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cheese: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:437-456. [PMID: 33412699 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Important fungi growing on cheese include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Mucor, and Trichoderma. For some cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort, molds are intentionally added. However, some contaminating or technological fungal species have the potential to produce undesirable metabolites such as mycotoxins. The most hazardous mycotoxins found in cheese, ochratoxin A and aflatoxin M1, are produced by unwanted fungal species either via direct cheese contamination or indirect milk contamination (animal feed contamination), respectively. To date, no human food poisoning cases have been associated with contaminated cheese consumption. However, although some studies state that cheese is an unfavorable matrix for mycotoxin production; these metabolites are actually detected in cheeses at various concentrations. In this context, questions can be raised concerning mycotoxin production in cheese, the biotic and abiotic factors influencing their production, mycotoxin relative toxicity as well as the methods used for detection and quantification. This review emphasizes future challenges that need to be addressed by the scientific community, fungal culture manufacturers, and artisanal and industrial cheese producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Hymery
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Vasseur
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Mounier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Georges Barbier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, Université de Brest, EA3882, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Hymery N, Masson F, Barbier G, Coton E. Cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of cyclopiazonic acid on human cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:940-7. [PMID: 24747294 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in vitro cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was evaluated on human cells. To evaluate cytoxicity, several cellular targets were used (CD34+, monocytes, THP-1 and Caco-2). Monocytes were more sensitive to CPA than the THP-1 monocytic cell line after 48h of incubation in the tested conditions. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were determined to be 8.5 × 10(-8) and 1.75 × 10(-7)M for monocytes and THP1, respectively, while IC50>1.25 × 10(-7)M was observed for Caco-2 and CD34+ cells. The CPA effect on macrophage differentiation was also examined at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The monocyte differentiation process was markedly disturbed in the presence of CPA. After 6 days of culture, CD71 expression was downregulated, while CD14 and CD11a expressions did not change. Moreover, activated macrophages showed a raised burst activity and TNF-α secretion. Overall, the results indicated that CPA exhibited toxicity on various human cellular models. Moreover, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, CPA disturbed human monocytes differentiation into macrophages. This work contributes to understanding the immunosuppressive properties of this food-related toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Hymery
- Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, SFR ScInBioS, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Floriane Masson
- Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, SFR ScInBioS, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Georges Barbier
- Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, SFR ScInBioS, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, SFR ScInBioS, ESIAB, Technopôle de Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Kozlovsky A, Zhelifonova V, Antipova T, Baskunov B, Ivanushkina N, Ozerskaya S. Exo-metabolites of mycelial fungi isolated in production premises of cheese-making and meat-processing plants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:300-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.862350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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