1
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Shan Y, Hao H, Yin Y, Hu N, Zhan M, Ma D, Yin Y, Jiao W, Wick LY. Effects of Temperature and DC Electric Fields on Perfluorooctanoic Acid Sorption Kinetics to Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5987-5995. [PMID: 38504492 PMCID: PMC10993889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Sorption to activated carbon is a common approach to reducing environmental risks of waterborne perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), while effective and flexible approaches to PFOA sorption are needed. Variations in temperature or the use of electrokinetic phenomena (electroosmosis and electromigration) in the presence of external DC electric fields have been shown to alter the contaminant sorption of contaminants. Their role in PFOA sorption, however, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the joint effects of DC electric fields and the temperature on the sorption of PFOA on activated carbon. Temperature-dependent batch and column sorption experiments were performed in the presence and absence of DC fields, and the results were evaluated by using different kinetic sorption models. We found an emerging interplay of DC and temperature on PFOA sorption, which was linked via the liquid viscosity (η) of the electrolyte. For instance, the combined presence of a DC field and low temperature increased the PFOA loading up to 38% in 48 h relative to DC-free controls. We further developed a model that allowed us to predict temperature- and DC field strength-dependent electrokinetic benefits on the drivers of PFOA sorption kinetics (i.e., intraparticle diffusivity and the film mass transfer coefficient). Our insights may give rise to future DC- and temperature-driven applications for PFOA sorption, for instance, in response to fluctuating PFOA concentrations in contaminated water streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Shan
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huijuan Hao
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuzhou Yin
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Naiwen Hu
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- College
of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Dong Ma
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lukas Y. Wick
- Department
of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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2
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Sun Z, Zhao M, Chen L, Gong Z, Hu J, Ma D. Electrokinetic remediation for the removal of heavy metals in soil: Limitations, solutions and prospection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:165970. [PMID: 37572906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology is a promising method to remove heavy metals from low permeability soil, because it is environmentally friendly, efficient and economical, and can realize in-situ remediation. In this paper, the basic principles and related physical and chemical phenomena of EKR are systematically summarized, and three limiting problems of EKR technology are put forward: the weak ability of dissolving metals, focusing effect, and energy consumption. There are many methods to solve these technical problems, but there is a lack of systematic summary of the causes of problems and solutions. Based on various enhanced EKR technologies, this paper summarizes the main ideas to solve the limiting problems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are compared, which has guiding significance for the development of new technology in the future. This paper also discusses the dissolution of residual heavy metals, which is rare in other articles. The energy consumption of EKR and the remediation effect are equally important, and both can be used as indicators for evaluating the feasibility of new technologies. This paper reviews the influence of various electric field conditions on power consumption, such as renewable energy supply, new electrode materials and electrode configurations, suitable voltage values and functional electrolytes. In addition, a variety of energy consumption calculation methods are also introduced, which are suitable for ohmic heat loss, energy distribution when there is non-target ion competition, and power consumption of specific ions in various metal ions. Researchers can make selective reference according to their actual situations. This paper also systematically introduces the engineering design and cost calculation of EKR, lists the research progress of some engineering cases and pilot-scale tests, analyzes the reasons why it is difficult to apply EKR technology in large-scale engineering at present, and puts forward the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiyang Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Degang Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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3
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Chen Y, Chen M, Tong X, Wang S, Kang X. Molecular insights into the interactions between chloride liquids and C−S−H nanopore surfaces under electric field-induced transport. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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4
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Lima AT, Ottosen L. Recovering rare earth elements from contaminated soils: Critical overview of current remediation technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129163. [PMID: 33293053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) are essential for sustainable energies such as solar and wind power, with rising demand due to the ambitious goal for a circular society. REE are currently mined from virgin ores while REE-rich contaminated soil is left untreated in the environment. Soil remediation strategies are needed that concomitantly cleanup soil and harvest metals that contribute to process circular economy. In this review we aim to (i) define REE concentrations in contaminated soils as well as (ii) identify soil remediation techniques used in remediating REE from soils, emphasizing the ones that extract REE. Current literature lists REE polluted soils in the vicinities of REE mines, coal mines, high traffic roads and agricultural soils (due to REE association with phosphate fertilizers). We first list the conventional separation methods used in the mining industry and their main strategies in extracting/precipitating REE. Solvent extraction is the most commonly conventional method used followed by electrodeposition of REE at high temperatures. We then highlight soil remediation techniques that are used to treat REE. These techniques can be separated into two types: the ones that (a) stabilize REE in soils, and the ones that (b) extract REE from soils. Bioremediation, soil amendments and others offer stabilization of REE, eventually creating a legacy problem since REE keep accumulating in the soil. Soil remediation techniques that achieve REE extraction are a step closer to resource recovery, contributing to the circularity of REE. Techniques such as phytoremediation, soil washing and electrokinetic treatment show promising extraction results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Lima
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Insights on ions migration in the nanometer channel of calcium silicate hydrate under external electric field. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Rezaee M, Asadollahfardi G, Gomez-Lahoz C, Villen-Guzman M, Paz-Garcia JM. Modeling of electrokinetic remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated kaolinite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:630-635. [PMID: 30579229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A physiscochemical model is presented for the reactive-transport of chemical scpecies through a contaminated soil during an acid-enhanced electrokinetic remediation treatment. Numerical simulations in the specific case of the removal of cadmium and lead from spiked kaolinite, compared with experimental results from the literature. The reactive-transport based on the local chemical equilibrium assumption, including a surface complexation to model the adsorption of cations (metals and protons). Comparison of simulation results show different beavior of the target metals, as cadmium is mainly retaind by surface interaction while lead is retained by precipitation of a solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rezaee
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Cesar Gomez-Lahoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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7
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Korolev VA, Nesterov DS. Influence of electro-osmosis on physicochemical parameters and microstructure of clay soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:560-571. [PMID: 30729856 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1571321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The change in properties and structure of clay soils due to electro-osmosis was studied. These alterations were exemplified by mantle loam and kaolin. It is shown that electro-osmotic treatment of the soils on the open scheme resulted in the transformations in their moisture content, total and dry density, salinity, pH, and the parameters of their particles. The most notable changes occurred within the diffuse double layers (DDLs) of soil particles such as their recharge in the anodic zone. The transformations of the loam particles DDLs resulted in their aggregation in the cathodic and anodic zones. Also, electro-osmotic flow caused the redistribution of pore sizes within the soils between the electrodes. In the case of the kaolin, electro-osmosis resulted in the formation of the anisotropic, flow-oriented structure. The change in the types of soil particles contacts formed was observed during electro-osmosis as well. The obtained data can be used to study the behavior of soil during electro-osmosis as a function of the soil type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Korolev
- a Faculty of Geology, Department of Engineering and Ecological Geology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - D S Nesterov
- a Faculty of Geology, Department of Engineering and Ecological Geology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
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8
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Pedersen KB, Lejon T, Jensen PE, Ottosen LM. Simultaneous electrodialytic removal of PAH, PCB, TBT and heavy metals from sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 198:192-202. [PMID: 28460326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediments are remediated in order to protect human health and the environment, with the additional benefit of using the treated sediments for other activities. Common for many polluted sediments is the contamination with several different pollutants, making remediation challenging with the need of different remedial actions for each pollutant. In this study, electrodialytic remediation (EDR) of sediments was found effective for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants for sediments from Arctic regions - Sisimiut in Greenland and Hammerfest in Norway. The influence of sediment properties and experimental settings on the remediation process was studied by employing multivariate analysis. The importance of the variables studied varied with the pollutant and based on these results it was possible to assess removal processes for the different pollutants. Desorption was found to be important for the removal of heavy metals and TBT, while photolysis was significant for removal of PAH, PCB and TBT. In addition, dechlorination was found to be important for the removal of PCB. The highest removal efficiencies were found for heavy metals, TBT and PCB (>40%) and lower removal efficiencies for PAH (<35%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine B Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Tore Lejon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pernille E Jensen
- Arctic Technology Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Arctic Technology Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Maier RS, Nybo E, Seymour JD, Codd SL. Electroosmotic Flow and Dispersion in Open and Closed Porous Media. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Gomes HI, Dias-Ferreira C, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB. Electroremediation of PCB contaminated soil combined with iron nanoparticles: Effect of the soil type. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:157-163. [PMID: 25841071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are carcinogenic and persistent organic pollutants that accumulate in soils and sediments. Currently, there is no cost-effective and sustainable remediation technology for these contaminants. In this work, a new combination of electrodialytic remediation and zero valent iron particles in a two-compartment cell is tested and compared to a more conventional combination of electrokinetic remediation and nZVI in a three-compartment cell. In the new two-compartment cell, the soil is suspended and stirred simultaneously with the addition of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Remediation experiments are made with two different historically PCB contaminated soils, which differ in both soil composition and contamination source. Soil 1 is a mix of soils with spills of transformer oils, while Soil 2 is a superficial soil from a decommissioned school where PCB were used as windows sealants. Saponin, a natural surfactant, was also tested to increase the PCB desorption from soils and enhance dechlorination. Remediation of Soil 1 (with highest pH, carbonate content, organic matter and PCB concentrations) obtained the maximum 83% and 60% PCB removal with the two-compartment and the three-compartment cell, respectively. The highest removal with Soil 2 were 58% and 45%, in the two-compartment and the three-compartment cell, respectively, in the experiments without direct current. The pH of the soil suspension in the two-compartment treatment appears to be a determining factor for the PCB dechlorination, and this cell allowed a uniform distribution of the nanoparticles in the soil, while there was iron accumulation in the injection reservoir in the three-compartment cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Celia Dias-Ferreira
- CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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11
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Paz-García J, Johannesson B, Ottosen L, Ribeiro A, Rodríguez-Maroto J. Simulation-based analysis of the differences in the removal rate of chlorides, nitrates and sulfates by electrokinetic desalination treatments. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Ottosen LM, Christensen IV. Electrokinetic desalination of sandstones for NaCl removal—Test of different clay poultices at the electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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14
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Effects of pulse current on energy consumption and removal of heavy metals during electrodialytic soil remediation. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Sun TR, Ottosen LM, Jensen PE. Pulse current enhanced electrodialytic soil remediation--comparison of different pulse frequencies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 237-238:299-306. [PMID: 22954604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Energy consumption is an important factor influencing the cost of electrodialytic soil remediation (EDR). It has been indicated that the pulse current (in low frequency range) could decrease the energy consumption during EDR. This work is focused on the comparison of energy saving effect at different pulse frequencies. Based on the restoration of equilibrium, the relaxation process of the soil-water system was investigated by chronopotentiometric analysis to find the optimal relaxation time for energy saving. Results showed that the pulse current decreased the energy consumption with different extent depending on the pulse frequency. The experiment with the frequency of 16 cycles per day showed the best restoration of equilibrium and lowest energy consumption. The energy consumption per removed heavy metals was lower in pulse current experiments than constant current and increased with the pulse frequency. It was found that the transportation of cations through the cation exchange membrane was the rate controlling step both in constant and pulse current experiments, thus responsible for the major energy consumption. Substitution of the cation exchange membrane with filter paper resulted in a dramatic decrease in energy consumption, but this change impeded the acidification process and thus the removal of heavy metals decreased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian R Sun
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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16
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Gomes HI, Dias-Ferreira C, Ribeiro AB. Electrokinetic remediation of organochlorines in soil: enhancement techniques and integration with other remediation technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1077-1090. [PMID: 22386462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation has been increasingly used in soils and other matrices for numerous contaminants such as inorganic, organic, radionuclides, explosives and their mixtures. Several strategies were tested to improve this technology effectiveness, namely techniques to solubilize contaminants, control soil pH and also couple electrokinetics with other remediation technologies. This review focus in the experimental work carried out in organochlorines soil electroremediation, aiming to systemize useful information to researchers in this field. It is not possible to clearly state what technique is the best, since experimental approaches and targeted contaminants are different. Further research is needed in the application of some of the reviewed techniques. Also a number of technical and environmental issues will require evaluation for full-scale application. Removal efficiencies reported in real contaminated soils are much lower than the ones obtained with spiked kaolinite, showing the influence of other factors like aging of the contamination and adsorption to soil particles, resulting in important challenges when transferring technologies into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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17
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Sun TR, Ottosen LM, Jensen PE, Kirkelund GM. Electrodialytic remediation of suspended soil--Comparison of two different soil fractions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 203-204:229-235. [PMID: 22197562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialytic remediation (EDR) can be used for removal of heavy metals from suspended soil, which allows for the soil remediation to be a continuous process. The present paper focused on the processing parameters for remediation of a soil polluted with Cu and As from wood preservation. Six electrodialytic treatments lasting from 5 to 22 days with different liquid to solid ratio (L/S) and current intensity were conducted. Among treatments, the highest removal was obtained from the soil fines with 5 mA current at L/S 3.5 after 22 days where 96% of Cu and 64% of As were removed. Comparing the removal from the original soil and the soil fines in experiments with identical charge transportation, higher removal efficiency was observed from the soil fines. Constant current with 5 mA could be maintained at L/S 3.5 for the soil fines while not for the original soil. Doubling current to 10 mA could not be maintained for the soil fines either, and doubling L/S to 7 at 5 mA entailed a very fast acidification which impeded the removal. The results showed that a very delicate balancing of current density and L/S must be maintained to obtain the most efficient removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian R Sun
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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18
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Lee YJ, Choi JH, Lee HG, Ha TH, Bae JH. Effect of Electrode Materials on Electrokinetic Reduction of Soil Salinity. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2011.607205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Yeung AT. Milestone developments, myths, and future directions of electrokinetic remediation. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Paz-García JM, Johannesson B, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB, Rodríguez-Maroto JM. Modeling of electrokinetic processes by finite element integration of the Nernst–Planck–Poisson system of equations. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Reddy KR, Cameselle C, Ala P. Integrated electrokinetic-soil flushing to remove mixed organic and metal contaminants. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-010-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Sturm G, Weigand H, Marb C, Weiß W, Huwe B. Electrokinetic phosphorus recovery from packed beds of sewage sludge ash: yield and energy demand. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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