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Boczek LA, Ware MW, Rodgers MR, Ryu H. Potassium ferrate's disinfecting ability: a study on human adenovirus, Giardia duodenalis, and microbial indicators under varying pH and water temperature conditions. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1102-1110. [PMID: 38935460 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Ferrate (Fe(VI): HFeO4- /FeO42-), a potent oxidant, has been investigated as an alternative chemical disinfectant in water treatment due to its reduced production of disinfection by-products. In this study, we assessed the disinfecting ability of potassium ferrate against a variety of microorganisms, including waterborne pathogens, under varying pH and water temperature conditions. We presented CT values, a metric of ferrate concentrations (C) and contact time (T), to quantify microbial inactivation rates. Among the tested microorganisms, human adenovirus was the least resistant to ferrate, followed by waterborne bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, and finally, the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. We further investigated the impact of two pH values (7 and 8) and two temperatures (5 and 25 °C) on microbial inactivation rates, observing that inactivation rates increased with lower pH and higher temperature. In addition to showcasing ferrate's capacity to effectively inactivate a range of the tested microorganisms, we offer a ferrate CT table to facilitate the comparison of the effectiveness of various disinfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Boczek
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Michael W Ware
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Mark R Rodgers
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; Retired
| | - Hodon Ryu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA E-mail:
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Ryu H, Addor Y, Brinkman NE, Ware MW, Boczek L, Hoelle J, Mistry JH, Keely SP, Villegas EN. Understanding Microbial Loads in Wastewater Treatment Works as Source Water for Water Reuse. WATER 2021; 13. [PMID: 34804602 PMCID: PMC8597597 DOI: 10.3390/w13111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Facing challenges in water demands and population size, particularly in the water-scarce regions in the United States, the reuse of treated municipal wastewater has become a viable potential to relieve the ever-increasing demands of providing water for (non-)potable use. The objectives of this study were to assess microbial quality of reclaimed water and to investigate treatability of microorganisms during different treatment processes. Raw and final treated effluent samples from three participating utilities were collected monthly for 16 months and analyzed for various microbial pathogens and fecal indicator organisms. Results revealed that the detectable levels of microbial pathogens tested were observed in the treated effluent samples from all participating utilities. Log10 reduction values (LRVs) of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were at least two orders of magnitude lower than those of human adenovirus and all fecal indicator organisms except for aerobic endospores, which showed the lowest LRVs. The relatively higher LRV of the indicator organisms such as bacteriophages suggested that these microorganisms are not good candidates of viral indicators of human adenovirus during wastewater treatment processes. Overall, this study will assist municipalities considering the use of wastewater effluent as another source of drinking water by providing important data on the prevalence, occurrence, and reduction of waterborne pathogens in wastewater. More importantly, the results from this study will aid in building a richer microbial occurrence database that can be used towards evaluating reuse guidelines and disinfection practices for water reuse practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodon Ryu
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Yao Addor
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Nichole E. Brinkman
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Michael W. Ware
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Laura Boczek
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jill Hoelle
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jatin H. Mistry
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dallas, TX 75270, USA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Eric N. Villegas
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tharayil A, Rajakumari R, Kumar A, Choudhary MD, Palit P, Thomas S. New insights into application of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and screening of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:101-117. [PMID: 33817553 PMCID: PMC8010296 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is by far the worst pandemic disease in the current millennium. The first human-to-human transmission was observed in December 2019 in China and is caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected millions of people within months across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is a spike protein enveloped virus with particle-like characteristics and a diameter of 60-140 nm. Real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, isothermal PCR, immunological-based detection technique and nano-based diagnostic system have been explained for the identification and differentiation of different types of virus including SARS-COV-2. Synthetic nanoparticles can closely mimic the virus and interact strongly with its virulent proteins due to their morphological similarities. Some of the antiviral nanomaterials are also discussed, for example zinc oxide nanoparticle is an antiviral agent with a tetrapod morphology that mimics the cell surface by interacting with the viral capsid. It suppressed the viral proteins upon UV radiation due to reaction caused by photocatalysis. Hence, nanoparticle-based strategies for tackling viruses have immense potential. The second part of the review points to the latest in vitro and in vivo procedures for screening viral particles and the usage of nanoparticles in diagnostic and therapeutics. This would be beneficial for early detection and assists for the safe and effective therapeutic management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Tharayil
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, 686560 India
| | - R. Rajakumari
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, 686560 India
| | - Amresh Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | - Parth Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, 686560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, 686560 India
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Sun Z, Fu J, Li X, Blatchley ER, Zhou Z. Using Algal Virus Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus as a Human Adenovirus Surrogate for Validation of UV Treatment Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15507-15515. [PMID: 33166135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus is among the most UV-resistant waterborne human pathogens. There is a need to identify nonpathogenic surrogates for adenovirus for the water treatment industry. In this study, the feasibility of using the algal virus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) as an adenovirus surrogate for validation of UV reactors was evaluated. The UV dose-response behavior of PBCV-1 to monochromatic UV radiation at 254 nm and action spectrum for wavelengths ranging from 214 to 289 nm were measured. A culture-based infectivity assay was used to evaluate viral inactivation, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to quantify DNA damage. A UV254 dose of 150 mJ/cm2 resulted in roughly 5-log10 units of reduction of PBCV-1, which is similar to that of adenovirus. Furthermore, the inactivation action spectrum of PBCV-1 was similar to that of adenovirus between 214 and 289 nm. A simplified and inexpensive prepurification method was also developed to prepare PBCV-1 viral suspensions with similar inactivation behavior to purified PBCV-1. Overall, PBCV-1 appears to represent an appropriate adenovirus surrogate for UV system performance evaluation and illustrates the potential of using algal viruses as nonpathogenic, easy to culture, and readily available surrogates for human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xing Li
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Duan X, Qu S, Xu L. Development of a revised ICC-qPCR method used for Pseudorabies virus inactivation validation study of biologically sourced materials. Anal Biochem 2020; 592:113576. [PMID: 31917958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop a precise and convenient method to evaluate the virus transmission risk of biologically sourced materials, an integrated cell culture-qPCR (ICC-qPCR) method for Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was established and revised for applications to this new field. The optimized post-infection period was found at 12-hr to achieve a reasonable detection limit (-0.25 Log10TCID50/100 μL, Logs) and a quantitative range (0.75-3.75 Logs). The results of mimic samples suggested that three 10-fold dilutions at the time of virus inoculation combined with three washes after virus absorption, and the sets of non-amplified samples as controls could efficiently eliminate the false positive signals caused by high levels of noninfectious viruses. The virus inactivation validation studies of acellular porcine corneas suggested that the logs inactivation of PRV at 12 kGy irradiation dose obtained by general ICC-qPCR, revised ICC-qPCR and cell culture were 2.49, 4.85 and 5.08, respectively. At 25 kGy, those were 2.31, 4.85 and 5.08, respectively. The results obtained by the revised ICC-qPCR were consistent with cell culture and more precise than general ICC-qPCR. Therefore, the revised ICC-qPCR proposed in this study has an application prospect in the PRV inactivation validation studies of biologically sourced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Le Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaojie Duan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.
| | - Shuxin Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Liming Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.
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Malik YS, Verma AK, Kumar N, Touil N, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Bora DP, Dhama K, Ghosh S, Hemida MG, Abdel-Moneim AS, Bányai K, Vlasova AN, Kobayashi N, Singh RK. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches for Viral Etiologies of Diarrhea: From the Lab to the Field. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1957. [PMID: 31608017 PMCID: PMC6758846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of correct diagnostic approaches play a decisive role in timely containment of infectious diseases spread and mitigation of public health risks. Nevertheless, there is a need to update the diagnostics regularly to capture the new, emergent, and highly divergent viruses. Acute gastroenteritis of viral origin has been identified as a significant cause of mortality across the globe, with the more serious consequences seen at the extremes of age groups (young and elderly) and immune-compromised individuals. Therefore, significant advancements and efforts have been put in the development of enteric virus diagnostics to meet the WHO ASSURED criteria as a benchmark over the years. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are the basic assays that provided the platform for development of several efficient diagnostics such as real-time RT-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), polymerase spiral reaction (PSR), biosensors, microarrays and next generation sequencing. Herein, we describe and discuss the applications of these advanced technologies in context to enteric virus detection by delineating their features, advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Atul Kumar Verma
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, India
| | - Nadia Touil
- Laboratoire de Biosécurité et de Recherche, Hôpital Militaire d’Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Capsid Integrity qPCR—An Azo-Dye Based and Culture-Independent Approach to Estimate Adenovirus Infectivity after Disinfection and in the Aquatic Environment. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recreational, reclaimed and drinking source waters worldwide are under increasing anthropogenic pressure, and often contain waterborne enteric bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens originating from non-point source fecal contamination. Recently, the capsid integrity (ci)-qPCR, utilizing the azo-dyes propidium monoazide (PMA) or ethidium monoazide (EMA), has been shown to reduce false-positive signals under laboratory conditions as well as in food safety applications, thus improving the qPCR estimation of virions of public health significance. The compatibility of two widely used human adenovirus (HAdV) qPCR protocols was evaluated with the addition of a PMA/EMA pretreatment using a range of spiked and environmental samples. Stock suspensions of HAdV were inactivated using heat, UV, and chlorine before being quantified by cell culture, qPCR, and ci-qPCR. Apparent inactivation of virions was detected for heat and chlorine treated HAdV while there was no significant difference between ci-qPCR and qPCR protocols after disinfection by UV. In a follow-up comparative analysis under more complex matrix conditions, 51 surface and 24 wastewater samples pre/post UV treatment were assessed for enteric waterborne HAdV to evaluate the ability of ci-qPCR to reduce the number of false-positive results when compared to conventional qPCR and cell culture. Azo-dye pretreatment of non-UV inactivated samples was shown to improve the ability of molecular HAdV quantification by reducing signals from virions with an accessible genome, thereby increasing the relevance of qPCR results for public health purposes, particularly suited to resource-limited low and middle-income settings.
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Bandaly V, Joubert A, Andres Y, Le Cann P. Adenovirus behavior in air handling unit fiberglass filters. AEROBIOLOGIA 2019; 35:357-366. [PMID: 32214630 PMCID: PMC7087798 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-019-09565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral aerosols can lead to respiratory viral infections with high infectivity. About 90% of people's time is spent in closed environments. A few studies have pointed out that the ventilation systems in air handling units (AHUs) that treat and transmit a new synthetic clean and conditioned environment can also spread and transport viral particles in buildings. The aim of this work is to study the characterization of adenovirus, a DNA non-enveloped respiratory virus, on the F7 fiberglass filter used in AHUs. In this study, an experimental setup simulating an AHU was used. The SYBR® QPCR, Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI™) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS™) were used to detect, measure and characterize the aerosolized adenovirus solution. The characterization results showed that the nebulized adenovirus could be aerosolized in different forms associated or not with cell debris and proteins. The quantification and level of infectivity of adenovirus demonstrated that viruses passed through filters and remained infectious up- and downstream of the system during the 25 min of aerosolization. This study showed that AHUs should be considered an indoor source of viral contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bandaly
- GEPEA-CNRS, UMR 6144, IMT Atlantique, 44000 Nantes, France
- EHESP, 35000 Rennes, France
- IRSET-INSERM UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Yves Andres
- GEPEA-CNRS, UMR 6144, IMT Atlantique, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Le Cann
- EHESP, 35000 Rennes, France
- IRSET-INSERM UMR 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
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Sedji MI, Varbanov M, Meo M, Colin M, Mathieu L, Bertrand I. Quantification of human adenovirus and norovirus in river water in the north-east of France. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30497-30507. [PMID: 30168112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a major cause of infection and have been proposed as viral indicators of water quality. Human noroviruses (NoV) are the main cause of viral acute gastroenteritis. Quantitative data on the environmental prevalence of both viruses are needed. The genomes of HAdVs enteric adenovirus type 41 (HAdV41) and noroviruses of genogroups I and II (NoV GGI and GGII) were quantified over a 6-month period in a river located in north-eastern France. The samples were collected downstream from the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant. The viruses were concentrated using a glass wool method and the viral genomes were quantified using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). All river water samples (15/15) were positive for the genomes of HAdVs, HAdV41, NoV GGI and NoV GGII. Concentrations of HAdVs, HAdV41 and NoV GII genomes were similar and HAdV41 represented ~ 80% of HAdVs. Infectious HAdVs were quantified in these samples using an integrated cell culture-quantitative PCR method (ICC-qPCR); they were detected in 93% (14/15) and quantified in 53% (8/15) of the samples. Thus, infectious HAdVs represented 0.3 to 12.2% of total HAdV particles detected by ddPCR. Infectious HAdV41 particles were found in 73% (11/15) of the samples. This common presence of pathogenic enteric viruses underlines the impact of wastewater discharge on quality of surface waters and may constitute a threat for human health. The relative abundance of genome of HAdV41 underlines the need for studies focusing on the specific detection of its infectious forms along water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Iris Sedji
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM (Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Marie Meo
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Marius Colin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM (Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire), F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, LCPME, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Bertrand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement), F-54000, Nancy, France.
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Ryu H, Schrantz KA, Brinkman NE, Boczek LA. Applicability of integrated cell culture reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (ICC-RTqPCR) for the simultaneous detection of the four human enteric enterovirus species in disinfection studies. J Virol Methods 2018; 258:35-40. [PMID: 29778790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed integrated cell culture reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (ICC-RTqPCR) method and its applicability in UV disinfection studies is described. This method utilizes a cell culture system coupled with four RTqPCR assays to detect four species of human enterovirus (e.g., Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C and Enterovirus D). Evaluation of the RTqPCR assays was conducted with coxsackievirus A10, echovirus 30, poliovirus 1 and enterovirus 70 and resulted in 100% specificity for the tested assays. A comparison of ICC-RTqPCR between the individual enteroviruses and a mixture of all four viruses resulted in an approximate 1:1 correlation, demonstrating a lack of competition during incubation in cell culture and RTqPCR. The simultaneous detection of multiple human enterovirus species within mixed cultures is relevant to many applications, including virus disinfection studies. This high-throughput, multiplex approach costs less in money and time. By helping with data collection, this approach will lead to more statistically sound data sets that directly compare the inactivation rates of enteroviruses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodon Ryu
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Karen A Schrantz
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura A Boczek
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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11
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Beck SE, Ryu H, Boczek LA, Cashdollar JL, Jeanis KM, Rosenblum JS, Lawal OR, Linden KG. Evaluating UV-C LED disinfection performance and investigating potential dual-wavelength synergy. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:207-216. [PMID: 27889622 PMCID: PMC6145099 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A dual-wavelength UV-C LED unit, emitting at peaks of 260 nm, 280 nm, and the combination of 260|280 nm together was evaluated for its inactivation efficacy and energy efficiency at disinfecting Escherichia coli, MS2 coliphage, human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2), and Bacillus pumilus spores, compared to conventional low-pressure and medium-pressure UV mercury vapor lamps. The dual-wavelength unit was also used to measure potential synergistic effects of multiple wavelengths on bacterial and viral inactivation and DNA and RNA damage. All five UV sources demonstrated similar inactivation of E. coli. For MS2, the 260 nm LED was most effective. For HAdV2 and B. pumilus, the MP UV lamp was most effective. When measuring electrical energy per order of reduction, the LP UV lamp was most efficient for inactivating E. coli and MS2; the LP UV and MP UV mercury lamps were equally efficient for HAdV2 and B. pumilus spores. Among the UV-C LEDs, there was no statistical difference in electrical efficiency for inactivating MS2, HAdV2, and B. pumilus spores. The 260 nm and 260|280 nm LEDs had a statistical energy advantage for E. coli inactivation. For UV-C LEDs to match the electrical efficiency per order of log reduction of conventional LP UV sources, they must reach efficiencies of 25-39% or be improved on by smart reactor design. No dual wavelength synergies were detected for bacterial and viral inactivation nor for DNA and RNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Beck
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Hodon Ryu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Laura A Boczek
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jennifer L Cashdollar
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Jeanis
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - James S Rosenblum
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Oliver R Lawal
- AquiSense Technologies, 11941 Oxford Hills Drive, Walton, KY 41094, USA
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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12
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The influence of incubation time on adenovirus quantitation in A549 cells by most probable number. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:200-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ho J, Seidel M, Niessner R, Eggers J, Tiehm A. Long amplicon (LA)-qPCR for the discrimination of infectious and noninfectious phix174 bacteriophages after UV inactivation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:141-148. [PMID: 27450352 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viruses are increasingly being considered in risk assessment schemes. In general, virus detection by culture methods is time consuming. In contrast, detection by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is more rapid and therefore, more suitable for monitoring. At present, qPCR lacks the essential ability for discriminating between infectious and non-infectious viruses, thus limiting its applicability for monitoring disinfection processes. In this study, a method was developed to quantify UV inactivation by long amplicon (LA)-qPCR. Bacteriophage phiX174 was used as a surrogate for human pathogenic viruses. A qPCR protocol was developed with new sets of primers, resulting in amplicon lengths of 108, 250, 456, 568, 955, 1063, 1544, and 1764 nucleotides. The log reduction of gene copies increased with increasing amplicon length. Additional treatment with the intercalating dye, PMA, had no effect, indicating that the bacteriophage capsids were not damaged by low pressure UV irradiation. A qPCR of nearly the complete genome (approx. 5000 nucleotides) showed similar results to the plaque assay. The log reduction in qPCR correlates with [specific amplicon length x UV dose]. The normalized DNA effect constant can be applied to calculate phiX174 inactivation based on qPCR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ho
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Department Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Eggers
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Department Technology and Economics, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Department Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Boczek LA, Rhodes ER, Cashdollar JL, Ryu J, Popovici J, Hoelle JM, Sivaganesan M, Hayes SL, Rodgers MR, Ryu H. Applicability of UV resistant Bacillus pumilus endospores as a human adenovirus surrogate for evaluating the effectiveness of virus inactivation in low-pressure UV treatment systems. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 122:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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