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Ali AS, Gari SR, Goodson ML, Walsh CL, Dessie BK, Ambelu A. Fecal Contamination in the Wastewater Irrigation System and its Health Threat to Wastewater-Based Farming Households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231181307. [PMID: 37362237 PMCID: PMC10286199 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231181307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapidly growing demand, the production of vegetables is increasing along the Akaki Rivers. The objective of this study was to examine the degree of fecal contamination and levels of fecal contamination and dissemination throughout the wastewater irrigation system. Irrigation water, irrigated soil, and leafy vegetables were collected twice during 2 vegetable growing seasons, at the maturity period of the growing season, from 19 sampling points along the 2 Akaki Rivers. Composite samples were taken from all sampling points and E.coli was enumerated. The mean E.coli load in wastewater and non-wastewater sources were 1.16±5.53 CFU/100 ml and 2.232±1.292 CFU/100 ml respectively. All counts of E. coli in the wastewater exceeded the WHO's standards indicating that the irrigation water quality was unacceptable. In the wastewater-irrigated and non-wastewater-irrigated soil, the mean E.coli were 3.62 ±1.582 CFU/g and 1.322±87.1 CFU/g respectively. Meanwhile, the mean E.coli counts on the lettuce and Swiss chard were 78 ± 2 CFU/g and 44 ±3CFU/g respectively. The E.coli count on the leafy vegetables was found to be associated with the E.coli in the wastewater and soil. The production of leafy vegetables using wastewater with unacceptably high levels of E.coli and high occupational exposure introduces high levels of risk to the farming communities and to the consumers. Leafy, low-growing raw edible vegetables need careful treatment during food production and harvesting procedures or activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Sirage Ali
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Management, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Michaela L Goodson
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Claire L Walsh
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Bitew K Dessie
- Water and Land Resource Centre, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Dal Conti-Lampert A, Souza ALF, Testolin RC, Canan-Rochenbach G, Barreiros MAB, Somensi CA, Almerindo GI, Ariente-Neto R, González SYG, Radetski CM, Cotelle S. Using photocatalyzed-peroxonization to disinfect and denature genetic material of bacterial plasmids present in hospital wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:204-210. [PMID: 36734197 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2175536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The literature reports the presence of multiresistant microorganisms in wastewater discharged from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This has led to questions concerning the disinfection efficiency of the treatments applied. Thus, this study aimed to assess the efficiency of different chemical oxidation methods to disinfect and to degrade bacterial plasmids present in hospital wastewaters, to avoid the dispersion of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. The methods tested were UV254nm alone or associated with an Ag or Ti-photocatalyst in photo-peroxonization (UV254 nm/H2O2/O3/Ag2O/Ag2CO3@PU or UV254 nm/H2O2/O3/TiO2@PU) under different pH conditions (4, 7, and 10). The application of plasmid DNA electrophoresis to hospital wastewater treated using an advanced oxidation process (AOP) achieved the total structural denaturation of microorganism plasmids at the three pH values tested. Also, UV254 nm alone was partially efficient in the disinfection of hospital wastewater. AOPs performed with the two functionalized catalysts resulted in 100% disinfection after 10 min at the three pH values tested. No intact plasmids were observed after 20 min of treatment with photocatalysis. This study could contribute to the development and improvement of wastewater treatment aimed at mitigating the spread of multiresistant microorganisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dal Conti-Lampert
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - André L F Souza
- Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Campus Araquari, Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Renan C Testolin
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Gisele Canan-Rochenbach
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Marco A B Barreiros
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Campus Palotina, Departamento de Biociências, Palotina, PR, Brazil
| | - Cleder A Somensi
- Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Campus Araquari, Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Gizelle I Almerindo
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ariente-Neto
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Campus Jandaia do Sul, Curso de Engenharia de Produção, Jandaia do Sul, PR, Brazil
| | - Sergio Y G González
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Cotelle
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Metz, France
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Ogunlaja A, Ogunlaja OO, Olukanni OD, Taylor GO, Olorunnisola CG, Dougnon VT, Mousse W, Fatta-Kassinos D, Msagati TAM, Unuabonah EI. Antibiotic resistomes and their chemical residues in aquatic environments in Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119783. [PMID: 35863703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is a hotspot for the transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans and animals. Several reviews have put together research efforts on the presence and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic chemical residue (ACRs) in food, hospital wastewater, and even in other aquatic environments. However, these reports are largely focused on data from developed countries, while data from developing countries and especially those in Africa, are only marginally discussed. This review is the first effort that distills information on the presence and distribution of ARGs and ACRs in the African aquatic environments (2012-2021). This review provides critical information on efforts put into the study of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa through the lens of the different sub-regions in the continent. The picture provided is compared with those from some other continents in the world. It turns out that the large economies in Africa (South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Kenya) all have a few reports of ARB and ARGs in their aquatic environment while smaller economies in the continent could barely provide reports of these in their aquatic environment (in most cases no report was found) even though they have some reports on resistomes from clinical studies. Interestingly, the frequency of these reports of ARB and ARGs in aquatic environments in Africa suggests that the continent is ahead of the South American continent but behind Europe and Asia in relation to providing information on these contaminants. Common ARGs found in African aquatic environment encode resistance to sulfonamide, tetracycline, β-lactam, and macrolide classes of antibiotics. The efforts and studies from African scientists in eliminating ARB and ARGs from the aquatic environment in Africa are also highlighted. Overall, this document is a ready source of credible information for scientists, policy makers, governments, and regional bodies on ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will inspire some necessary responses from all stakeholders in the water quality sector in Africa to put in more effort into providing more scientific evidence of the presence of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in their aquatic environment and seek more efficient ways to handle them to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance among the population in the continent. This will in turn, put the continent on the right path to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals #3 and #6, which at the moment, appears to be largely missed by most countries in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aemere Ogunlaja
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olumuyiwa O Ogunlaja
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumide D Olukanni
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Gloria O Taylor
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chidinma G Olorunnisola
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Victorien T Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel I Unuabonah
- African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, 232101, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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Liao YH, Muthuramalingam K, Tung KH, Chuan HH, Liang KY, Hsu CP, Cheng CM. Portable Device for Quick Detection of Viable Bacteria in Water. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121079. [PMID: 33291693 PMCID: PMC7761948 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Access to clean water is a very important factor for human life. However, pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water often cause diseases, and convenient/inexpensive testing methods are urgently needed. (2) Methods: The reagent contains 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and can react with succinate dehydrogenase within bacterial cell membranes to produce visible purple crystals. The colorimetric change of the reagent after reaction can be measured by a sensor (AS7262). (3) Results: Compared with traditional methods, our device is simple to operate and can provide rapid (i.e., 5 min) semi-quantitative results regarding the concentration of bacteria within a test sample. (4) Conclusions: This easy-to-use device, which employs MTT-PMS reagents, can be regarded as a potential and portable tool for rapid water quality determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (K.-H.T.)
| | - Karthickraj Muthuramalingam
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Hao Tung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (K.-H.T.)
| | - Ho-Hsien Chuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Chu-Tung Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Yuan Liang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Peng Hsu
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-P.H.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (K.-H.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.-P.H.); (C.-M.C.)
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Kayembe JM, Sivalingam P, Poté J. Reply to the editor for the comment regarding the paper: High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo by Kayembe et al., 2018. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:299-300. [PMID: 31662225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Kayembe
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH - 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; University of Geneva Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH - 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Occurrence of Bacterial Markers and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sub-Saharan Rivers Receiving Animal Farm Wastewaters. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14847. [PMID: 31619758 PMCID: PMC6795877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes which confer resistance to antibiotics from human/animal sources are currently considered a serious environmental and a public health concern. This problem is still little investigated in aquatic environment of developing countries according to the different climatic conditions. In this research, the total bacterial load, the abundance of relevant bacteria (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus (Ent), and Pseudomonas), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs: blaOXA-48, blaCTX-M, sul1, sul2, sul3, and tet(B)) were quantified using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in sediments from two rivers receiving animal farming wastewaters under tropical conditions in Kinshasa, capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Human and pig host-specific markers were exploited to examine the sources of contamination. The total bacterial load correlated with relevant bacteria and genes blaOXA-48, sul3, and tet(B) (P value < 0.01). E. coli strongly correlated with 16s rDNA, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas spp., blaOXA-48, sul3, and tet(B) (P value < 0.01) and with blaCTX-M, sul1, and sul2 at a lower magnitude (P value < 0.05). The most abundant and most commonly detected ARGs were sul1, and sul2. Our findings confirmed at least two sources of contamination originating from pigs and anthropogenic activities and that animal farm wastewaters didn’t exclusively contribute to antibiotic resistance profile. Moreover, our analysis sheds the light on developing countries where less than adequate infrastructure or lack of it adds to the complexity of antibiotic resistance proliferation with potential risks to the human exposure and aquatic living organisms. This research presents useful tools for the evaluation of emerging microbial contaminants in aquatic ecosystems which can be applied in the similar environment.
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Kapembo ML, Al Salah DMM, Thevenon F, Laffite A, Bokolo MK, Mulaji CK, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Prevalence of water-related diseases and groundwater (drinking-water) contamination in the suburban municipality of Mont Ngafula, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:840-850. [PMID: 30964378 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1596702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An epidemiological survey conducted among users of water points and medical institutions in the N'djili Kilambu neighborhood of Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo, indicates that waterborne diseases have already affected more than 60% of the patients admitted to local clinics between 2013 and 2017. In order to raise public and political awareness about this hazardous health issue resulting from the lack of safely managed sanitation systems, this study investigates the microbial quality of drinking water from local water resources. Water samples were collected from nine wells and streams used as drinking sources, and analyzed for Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB), including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Total Coliforms. Physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, O2, and soluble ions (Na+, K+, PO43-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-) were also analyzed. Except for NO3- and NO2-, the average concentrations of the physicochemical parameters and dissolved ions generally meet the guidelines for drinking/domestic water quality. By contrast, the results reveal high levels of FIB in the water samples collected during both dry and wet seasons. The contamination is significantly higher during the wet season compared to dry season, due to increased runoff, open defecation practices, and more frequent overflow of onsite sanitation systems and septic tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel L Kapembo
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dhafer Mohammed M Al Salah
- b Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of science, Institute of Environmental Sciences , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Florian Thevenon
- c Water, Environment and Human Development Initiative (WEHDI) , Genthod , Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- b Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of science, Institute of Environmental Sciences , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Mathieu K Bokolo
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo
- b Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of science, Institute of Environmental Sciences , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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Kayembe JM, Thevenon F, Laffite A, Sivalingam P, Ngelinkoto P, Mulaji CK, Otamonga JP, Mubedi JI, Poté J. Corrigendum to the paper: High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo by Kayembe et al., (2018). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kayembe JM, Thevenon F, Laffite A, Sivalingam P, Ngelinkoto P, Mulaji CK, Otamonga JP, Mubedi JI, Poté J. High levels of faecal contamination in drinking groundwater and recreational water due to poor sanitation, in the sub-rural neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:400-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kilunga PI, Sivalingam P, Laffite A, Grandjean D, Mulaji CK, de Alencastro LF, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Accumulation of toxic metals and organic micro-pollutants in sediments from tropical urban rivers, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:37-48. [PMID: 28363093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of fresh water resource by toxic metals and Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a major environmental concern globally. In the present investigation, surface sediments collected from three main rivers named, Makelele, Kalamu and Nsanga, draining through the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, were characterized for grain size, organic matter, toxic metals, POPs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Furthermore, enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were performed to determine metal source and pollution status. The results highlighted high concentration of toxic metals in all sediment samples, reaching the values (mg kg-1) of 325 (Cu), 549 (Zn), 165 (Pb) and 1.5 (Cd). High values of PCBs and OCPs were detected in sediment samples, e.g. in Makelele river, PCB values ranged from 0.9 to 10.9 with total PCBs (∑7 PCBs × 4.3): 169.3 μg kg-1; OCPs from 21.6 to 146.8 with ∑OCPs: 270.6 μg kg-1. The PBDEs concentrations were higher in investigated rivers comparatively with values detected in many rivers from Sub-Saharan Africa. The ΣPAHs value ranged from 22.6 to 1011.9 μg kg-1. River contamination may be explained by local intense domestic activities, urban and agricultural runoff, industrial and hospital wastewaters discharge into the rivers without prior treatment. This research provides not only a first baseline information on the extent of contamination in this tropical ecosystem but also represents useful tools incorporated to evaluate sediment quality in the river receiving systems which can be applied to similar aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchouna I Kilunga
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Giannakis S, Rtimi S, Pulgarin C. Light-Assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Elimination of Chemical and Microbiological Pollution of Wastewaters in Developed and Developing Countries. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071070. [PMID: 28672875 PMCID: PMC6152201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the issue of hospital and urban wastewater treatment is studied in two different contexts, in Switzerland and in developing countries (Ivory Coast and Colombia). For this purpose, the treatment of municipal wastewater effluents is studied, simulating the developed countries’ context, while cheap and sustainable solutions are proposed for the developing countries, to form a barrier between effluents and receiving water bodies. In order to propose proper methods for each case, the characteristics of the matrices and the targets are described here in detail. In both contexts, the use of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) is implemented, focusing on UV-based and solar-supported ones, in the respective target areas. A list of emerging contaminants and bacteria are firstly studied to provide operational and engineering details on their removal by AOPs. Fundamental mechanistic insights are also provided on the degradation of the effluent wastewater organic matter. The use of viruses and yeasts as potential model pathogens is also accounted for, treated by the photo-Fenton process. In addition, two pharmaceutically active compound (PhAC) models of hospital and/or industrial origin are studied in wastewater and urine, treated by all accounted AOPs, as a proposed method to effectively control concentrated point-source pollution from hospital wastewaters. Their elimination was modeled and the degradation pathway was elucidated by the use of state-of-the-art analytical techniques. In conclusion, the use of light-supported AOPs was proven to be effective in degrading the respective target and further insights were provided by each application, which could facilitate their divulgation and potential application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Giannakis
- SB, ISIC, Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sami Rtimi
- SB, ISIC, Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- SB, ISIC, Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Nienie AB, Sivalingam P, Laffite A, Ngelinkoto P, Otamonga JP, Matand A, Mulaji CK, Biey EM, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Microbiological quality of water in a city with persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases under tropical sub-rural conditions: The case of Kikwit City, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:820-828. [PMID: 28416464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The availability of safe drinking water in sub-Saharan countries remains a major challenge because poor sanitation has been the cause of various outbreaks of waterborne disease due to the poor microbiological quality of water used for domestic purposes. The faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) used in the present study included Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus (ENT). FIB and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) were quantified during July 2015 (dry season) and November 2015 (rainy season) in order to assess the quality of drinking water from wells (n=3; P1-P3), and two rivers, the River Lukemi (RLK, n=3) and River Luini (RLN, n=2) in the city of Kikwit, which is located in the province of Kwilu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kikwit is well known for its outbreaks of persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases including Entamoeba, Shigella, typhoid fever, cholera, and Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever. Consequently, E. coli, ENT, and AMB were quantified in water samples according to the standard international methods for water quality determination using the membrane filtration method. The FIB characterization was performed for human-specific Bacteroides by PCR using specific primers. The results obtained revealed high FIB concentrations in river samples collected during both seasons. For example, E. coli respectively reached 4.3×104 and 9.2×104 CFU 100mL-1 in the dry season and the wet season. ENT reached 5.3×103 CFU 100mL-1 during the dry season and 9.8×103 CFU 100mL-1 in the wet season. The pollution was significantly worse in the wet season compared to the dry season. Surprisingly, no faecal contamination was observed in well water samples collected in the dry season while E. coli and ENT were detected in all wells in the wet season with values of 6, 7, and 11CFUmL-1 for E. coli in wells P1-P3, respectively and 3, 5, 9 CFU mL-1for ENT in the same wells. Interestingly, the PCR assays for human-specific Bacteroides HF183/HF134 indicated that 97-100% captured in all analyses of isolated FIB were of human origin. The results indicate that contamination of E. coli, ENT, and AMB in the studied water resources increases during the wet season. This study improves understanding of the microbiological pollution of rivers and wells under tropical conditions and will guide future municipal/local government decisions on improving water quality in this region which is characterised by persistent and recurrent waterborne diseases. Although the epidemiology can be geographically localised, the effects of cross border transmission can be global. Therefore, the research results presented in this article form recommendations to municipalities/local authorities and the approach and procedures can be carried out in a similar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis B Nienie
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patience Ngelinkoto
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Alphonse Matand
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel M Biey
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815 Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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