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Wang J, Ma Z, Wang C, Chen W. Melanin in Auricularia auricula: biosynthesis, production, physicochemical characterization, biological functions, and applications. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1751-1758. [PMID: 38752125 PMCID: PMC11091032 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Auricularia auricular (A. auricula), a nutritious fungus and traditional medicinal resource, is known for melanin. This review aims to summarize the research progress on melanin in A. auricula, specifically focusing on biosynthesis, fermentation production, extraction processes, physicochemical characterization, biological functions, and applications. The biosynthesis of melanin in A. auricula primarily involves the oxidative polymerization reaction of phenolic compounds. To enhance melanin production, strategies such as deep fermentation culture, selection of optimal fermentation materials, and optimization of the culture medium have been employed. Various extraction processes have been compared to determine their impact on the physicochemical properties and stability of melanin. Moreover, the antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of A. auricula melanin, as well as its potential beneficial effects on the human body through in vivo experiments, have been investigated. These findings provide valuable insights into the application of A. auricula melanin and serve as a reference for future research in this field. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
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Shi Q, Yang Z, Fan R, Chu J, Fang C, Zhang Y, Shi W, Zhang Y. Isolation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Melanin from Auricularia auricula (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:55-73. [PMID: 37522533 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023048271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall of Auricularia auricula fruit bodies is extremely tough, making it difficult to dissolve the melanin using the traditional preparation method. To investigate the efficient preparation of melanin and its resistance to oxidative stress, this paper first used ultrasound-assisted alkaline cellulase to optimize the optimal wall-breaking parameters through a Box-Behnken design based on a single-factor experiment. After optimization, the yield of melanin from A. auricula reached 3.201 ± 0.018%. Then, different types and different proportions of deep eutectic solvents (DES) were used for further extraction. When choline chloride and urea were selected and the ratio was 1:2, the melanin yield was up to 25.99% ± 2.36%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the melanin was amorphous mass with no crystal structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the melanin was mainly composed of C (5.38%), O (15.69%) and N (30.29%), as was the typical composition of eumelanin. The melanin had a concentration-dependent relationship with both ABTS+ and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability; at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, it significantly prolonged Caenorhabditis elegans survival under hydrogen peroxide and methyl viologen stress and increased the glutathione level and enzyme (total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities in vivo compared with the negative control (P < 0.05), indicating that the melanin enhances oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Zeen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Renhui Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jialei Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Chenlu Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, P.R. China
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Ma Z, Liu X, Liu Y, Chen W, Wang C. Studies on the biosynthetic pathways of melanin in Auricularia auricula. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:843-856. [PMID: 35419841 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a natural pigment ubiquitously present in living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Melanin produced by the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula has a remarkable potential for resource development. Several A. auricula strains planted across China were collected and analyzed for mycelial growth rate and colony RGB value for color block. Further, the effects of various nutrients on melanin formation, including different carbon and nitrogen sources were evaluated to optimize medium for submerged fermentation. The pathways involved in the biosynthesis of melanin in A. auricula were investigated using an enzyme inhibitor assay and intermediate determination. In addition, the functional activity of purified A. auricula melanin was assessed. The highest melanin yield (1.797 g/L) was displayed by strain AU-3 in medium I. A. auricula melanin was composed of eumelanin, pheomelanin and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin, and the biosynthetic pathways involved were Raper-Mason and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin pathway. In addition, melanin purified from A. auricula exhibited substantial antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Insights into health-promoting effects of Jew's ear (Auricularia auricula-judae). Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Functional perspective of black fungi (Auricularia auricula): Major bioactive components, health benefits and potential mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hou R, Liu X, Yan J, Xiang K, Wu X, Lin W, Chen G, Zheng M, Fu J. Characterization of natural melanin from Auricularia auricula and its hepatoprotective effect on acute alcohol liver injury in mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:1017-1027. [PMID: 30706914 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study characterized the natural melanin from Auricularia auricula and investigated its hepatoprotective effect on mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. The characterization of the melanin was analyzed based on elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-visible), infrared spectrum (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR). To determine the liver protective effect of Auricularia auricula melanin, mice were administered with the melanin once daily for 3 weeks before ethanol induced liver injury. Biochemical parameters of liver function, histopathological sections, mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant enzyme were compared between mice with or without the melanin administered. Results showed that A. auricula melanin was a eumelanin and the average molecular weight was 48.99 kDa. The melanin can protect the mice from ethanol-induced liver injury by extending the duration of the righting reflex, and shortening the duration of the recovery. The liver index, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mice treated with the melanin were significantly decreased. At the same time, the levels of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and antioxidase such as catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. Its protective effect may be related to the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant enzymes such as glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC), glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM), and NADP(H) quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1). These results suggested that A. auricula melanin may be an effective strategy to alleviate alcohol-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Hou
- College of Food sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Prados-Rosales R, Toriola S, Nakouzi A, Chatterjee S, Stark R, Gerfen G, Tumpowsky P, Dadachova E, Casadevall A. Structural Characterization of Melanin Pigments from Commercial Preparations of the Edible Mushroom Auricularia auricula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7326-7332. [PMID: 26244793 PMCID: PMC4862413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most widely consumed edible mushrooms are pigmented, and these have been associated with some beneficial health effects. Nevertheless, the majority of the reported compounds associated with these desirable properties are non-pigmented. We have previously reported that melanin pigment from the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula can protect mice against ionizing radiation, although no physicochemical characterization was reported. Consequently, in this study we have characterized commercial A. auricula mushroom preparations for melanin content and carried out structural characterization of isolated insoluble melanin materials using a panel of sophisticated spectroscopic and physical/imaging techniques. Our results show that approximately 10% of the dry mass of A. auricula is melanin and that the pigment has physicochemical properties consistent with those of eumelanins, including hosting a stable free radical population. Electron microscopy studies show that melanin is associated with the mushroom cell wall in a manner similar to that of melanin from the model fungus C. neoformans. Elemental analysis of melanin indicated C, H, and N ratios consistent with 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid/5,6-dihydroxyindole and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene eumelanin. Validation of the identity of the isolated product as melanin was achieved by EPR analysis. A. auricula melanin manifested structural differences, relative to the C. neoformans melanin, with regard to the variable proportions of alkyl chains or oxygenated carbons. Given the necessity for new oral and inexpensive radioprotective materials coupled with the commercial availability of A. auricula mushrooms, this product may represent an excellent source of edible melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Stacy Toriola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101, United States
| | - Ruth Stark
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101, United States
| | - Gary Gerfen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Paul Tumpowsky
- Goodwin and Wells, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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Zou Y, Jiang A, Tian M. Extraction optimization of antioxidant polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula fruiting bodies. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.6712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Dalian Nationalities University, China
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Gu H, Wang J, Zhao Z, Sheng X, Yu H, Huang W. Characterization of the Appearance, Health-Promoting Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity of the Florets of the Loose-Curd Cauliflower. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2013.831445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Partial purification and characterization of a novel extracellular tyrosinase from Auricularia auricula. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1460-9. [PMID: 24218185 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular tyrosinase from Auricularia auricula RF201 was purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-100, and DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. The partially purified enzyme showed a single protein band of 12.6 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH for tyrosinase activity was 7, and the enzyme was stable between pH 6 and 9. Tyrosinase has optimal activity at 40 °C and retained most of its activity between 4 and 50 °C. A. auricula tyrosinase could oxidize L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, catechol, and caffeic acid and displayed dark brown or peach color. However, the enzyme was unable to catalyze L-phenylalanine and ferulic acid. In comparison with other substrates, L-tyrosine displayed the highest affinity (K m of 0.11 mM) and the maximal reaction velocity (V max of 102.58 μmol/min). Tyrosinase activity was reduced in the presence of numerous tested compounds. Particularly SDS, it significantly inhibited enzyme activity. CuSO4 and NaCl showed an activation effect on enzyme activity, with the maximum activation found in the presence of CuSO4.
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