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Ndemela LM, Ottoman OM, Chitemo HD, Minja CA, Rambau PF, Kidenya BR. Epidemiological distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes and associated factors among patients with esophageal carcinoma at Bugando medical center in Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:932. [PMID: 39090618 PMCID: PMC11293061 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma is a growing concern in regions that have a high incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection such as East Africa. HPV, particularly the high-risk genotypes, is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for esophageal carcinoma. We set out to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of high-risk HPV in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks with esophageal carcinoma at Bugando Medical Center, a tertiary referral hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania, East Africa. METHODS A total of 118 esophageal carcinoma FFPE tissue blocks, collected from January 2021 to December 2022, were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from these tissues, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect HPV using degenerate primers for the L1 region and type-specific primers for detecting HPV16, HPV18, and other high-risk HPV genotypes. Data were collected using questionnaires and factors associated with high-risk HPV genotypes were analyzed using STATA version 15 software. RESULTS Of the 118 patients' samples investigated, the mean age was 58.3 ± 13.4 years with a range of 29-88 years. The majority of the tissue blocks were from male patients 81/118 (68.7%), and most of them were from patients residing in Mwanza region 44/118 (37.3%). Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant histological type 107/118 (91.0%). Almost half of the tissue blocks 63/118 (53.3%) tested positive for high-risk HPV. Among these, HPV genotype 16 (HPV16) was the most common 41/63 (65.1%), followed by HPV genotype 18 (HPV18) 15/63 (23.8%), and the rest were other high-risk HPV genotypes detected by the degenerate primers 7/63 (11.1%). The factors associated with high-risk HPV genotypes were cigarette smoking (p-value < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION A substantial number of esophageal carcinomas from Bugando Medical Center in Tanzania tested positive for HPV, with HPV genotype 16 being the most prevalent. This study also revealed a significant association between HPV status and cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. These findings provide important insights into the role of high-risk HPV in esophageal carcinoma in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M Ndemela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Oscar M Ottoman
- Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy Department, Bugando Medical Centre (BMC), Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Heaven D Chitemo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Caroline Anold Minja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Peter F Rambau
- Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy Department, Bugando Medical Centre (BMC), Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Benson R Kidenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), Mwanza, Tanzania.
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Sgibnev A, Kremleva E. Lactobacilli Have an Opposite Effect on the Resistance to Oxidative Damage of HPV-Infected Compared with Uninfected Vaginal Epithelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10317-0. [PMID: 38941060 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
To study how indigenous or probiotic-introduced lactobacilli affect the sensitivity (estimated as the proportion of surviving, apoptotic, and nonapoptotic deaths) of vaginal epithelial cells obtained from HPV-negative and HPV-positive patients to oxidative damage. The tendency to resist oxidative damage in vaginal epithelial cells of 147 HPV-positive and 59 HPV-negative patients with physiological or suboptimal levels of Lactobacillus was evaluated. Adaptation of cell to curb the oxidative damage in 146 HPV positive and 41 HPV negative with probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lcr35) supplementation and without was studied. Resistance of epithelial cells to damage was measured by the ratio of surviving, apoptotic, and dead nonapoptotic cells after three times of hydrogen peroxide treatment using a kit containing annexin V-fluorescein in combination with propidium iodide. If uninfected epithelial cells were in an environment with a physiological level of lactobacilli for significant duration, then these cells were more resilient to damage, and if they lost their viability, it was mainly due to apoptosis. Probiotic therapy also increased the resistance of uninfected epithelial cells to damage. HPV-infected epithelial cells were less resistant to damage at normal levels of lactobacilli compared with Lactobacillus deficiency. In HPV-positive patients with Lactobacillus deficiency, probiotic therapy decreased the resistance of infected epithelial cells to damage; the increase in cell death was mainly due to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Sgibnev
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11, Pionerskaja Str., Orenburg, 460000, Russian Federation.
- Department of Chemistry, Orenburg State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 6 Sovetskaya Str., Orenburg, 460000, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena Kremleva
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11, Pionerskaja Str., Orenburg, 460000, Russian Federation
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Orenburg State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 6 Sovetskaya Str., Orenburg, 460000, Russian Federation
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Norberg SM, Bai K, Sievers C, Robbins Y, Friedman J, Yang X, Kenyon M, Ward E, Schlom J, Gulley J, Lankford A, Semnani R, Sabzevari H, Brough DE, Allen CT. The tumor microenvironment state associates with response to HPV therapeutic vaccination in patients with respiratory papillomatosis. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadj0740. [PMID: 37878675 PMCID: PMC11279704 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, debilitating neoplastic disorder caused by chronic infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 or 11 and characterized by growth of papillomas in the upper aerodigestive tract. There is no approved medical therapy, and patients require repeated debulking procedures to maintain voice and airway function. PRGN-2012 is a gorilla adenovirus immune-therapeutic capable of enhancing HPV 6/11-specific T cell immunity. This first-in-human, phase 1 study (NCT04724980) of adjuvant PRGN-2012 treatment in adult patients with severe, aggressive RRP demonstrates the overall safety and clinically meaningful benefit observed with PRGN-2012, with a 50% complete response rate in patients treated at the highest dose. Responders demonstrate greater expansion of peripheral HPV-specific T cells compared with nonresponders. Additional correlative studies identify an association between reduced baseline papilloma HPV gene expression, greater interferon responses and expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10, and greater papilloma T cell infiltration in responders. Conversely, nonresponders were characterized by greater HPV and CXCL8 gene expression, increased neutrophilic cell infiltration, and reduced T cell papilloma infiltration. These results suggest that papilloma HPV gene expression may regulate interferon signaling and chemokine expression profiles within the tumor microenvironment that cooperate to govern clinical response to therapeutic HPV vaccination in patients with respiratory papillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Norberg
- Center for Immune-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ke Bai
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cem Sievers
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay Friedman
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xinping Yang
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Meg Kenyon
- Center for Immune-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Center for Immune-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James Gulley
- Center for Immune-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Clint T. Allen
- Center for Immune-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Lifsics A, Cistjakovs M, Sokolovska L, Deksnis R, Murovska M, Groma V. The Role of the p16 and p53 Tumor Suppressor Proteins and Viral HPV16 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in the Assessment of Survival in Patients with Head and Neck Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infections. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2722. [PMID: 37345059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HPV in the survival prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC), is still somewhat ambiguous. The present study aimed to explore the significance of tumor suppressor proteins and HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in the assessment of survival in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), LSCC, and HPSCC associated with high-risk (HR-) and low-risk (LR-) HPV infections. By utilizing molecular and immunohistochemical investigations of HNSCC samples and patient data, univariate and multivariate survival analyses were conducted. The presence of HPV DNA (LR- and HR-HPV) was associated with a better 5-year OS and DSS for OPSCC and LSCC. The IHC overexpression of HPV16 E6 protein and p16 protein was associated with better survival in the univariate (for OPSCC) and multivariate (OPSCC and HPSCC) survival analyses. The overexpression of p53 was associated with better survival in OPSCC. HPV infection plays a significant role in the tumorigenesis of HNSCC, and the immunohistochemical assessment of HPV16 E6 protein expression should be interpreted as a useful prognostic marker for OPSCC and HPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Lifsics
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsoņu 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Cistjakovs
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liba Sokolovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Renars Deksnis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsoņu 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Valerija Groma
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda blvd 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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John JH, Halder A, Purwar S, Pushpalatha K, Gupta P, Dubey P. Study to determine efficacy of urinary HPV 16 & HPV 18 detection in predicting premalignant and malignant lesions of uterine cervix. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 161:79-85. [PMID: 36184575 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate clinical performance and diagnostic accuracy of urinary HPV for non-invasive screening of high-grade precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions in a visual inspection under acetic acid (VIA) -positive cohort. METHOD The study included 180 women aged 35-65 years, who were VIA positive in a colposcopy clinic. All participants had the initial stream of a random urine sample tested for the presence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types 16 and 18 and acetowhite lesions were biopsied per protocol. Concordance analysis was conducted to assess agreement between detection of hrHPV in urine and the presence of premalignant and malignant lesions in cervix on histopathology. Measures of diagnostic accuracy were estimated to evaluate the performance of urinary HPV against histopathology (reference standard). RESULTS Substantial agreement between urinary HPV detection and histopathology was found (Cohen's κ is 0.696, P ≤ 0.001), with an agreement in 88.9% of the cases and disagreement in 11.1%. The diagnostic performance of urinary HPV in predicting the presence of a high-grade precancerous or cancerous lesion was as follows: sensitivity 67%, specificity 97%, positive predictive value 89%, and negative predictive value 88.8%. CONCLUSION HPV DNA detection from urine has good concordance with the histopathology for detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Further studies on optimization of urine sampling and processing techniques are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hansa John
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Ajay Halder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Shashank Purwar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Priyal Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Pankhuri Dubey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Lifsics A, Groma V, Cistjakovs M, Skuja S, Deksnis R, Murovska M. Identification of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus DNA, p16, and E6/E7 Oncoproteins in Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061008. [PMID: 34072187 PMCID: PMC8229053 DOI: 10.3390/v13061008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) was proven to play a significant role in cancer development in the oropharynx. However, its role in the development of laryngeal (LSCC) and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC) remains to be clarified. High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) viral proteins E6 and E7 are considered to be pertinent to HPV-related carcinogenesis. Hence, our aim was to estimate LSCC and HPSCC for HR-HPV DNA, p16, and E6/E7 oncoprotein status by using molecular virology and immunohistochemistry methods. The prevalence of HPV16 infection was 22/41 (53.7%) and 20/31 (64.5%) for LSCC and HPSCC, accordingly. The majority of HPV16+ tumor samples were stage III or IV. In most samples, the presence of either HPV16 E6 or HPV16 E7 viral protein in dysplastic or tumor cells was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Our results suggest a high prevalence of HPV16 as a primary HR-HPV type in LSCC and HPSCC. The lack of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins in some tumor samples may suggest either the absence of viral integration or the presence of other mechanisms of tumorigenesis. The utilization of p16 IHC as a surrogate marker of HR-HPV infection is impractical in LSCC and HPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Lifsics
- Department of otolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Pilsoņu 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Valerija Groma
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda blvd 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia; (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Maksims Cistjakovs
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Sandra Skuja
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda blvd 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia; (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Renars Deksnis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Oncology Centre of Latvia, Riga Eastern University Hospital, Hipokrāta 2, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradiņš University, Rātsupītes 5, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (M.C.); (M.M.)
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Buenahora MR, Lafaurie GI, Perdomo SJ. Identification of HPV16-p16 INK4a mediated methylation in oral potentially malignant disorder. Epigenetics 2020; 16:1016-1030. [PMID: 33164635 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1834923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the possible involvement of epigenetic modulation by HPV16-p16INK4a in oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). We generated DNA-methylation profiles, according to p16INK4a expression and HPV16 genotype (positive or negative), of OPMD samples and p16INK4a-HPV16 negative samples (used as control), using reduced-representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS-Seq- Illumina) technology. Twelve samples, four for each group, as follows: 1) p16INK4a+ HPV16+; 2) p16INK4a+ HPV16-; 3) p16INK4a- HPV16-, were analysed in triplicate for DNA-methylation profiles. Fifty-four per cent of DMRs were hypermethylated and 46% were hypomethylated. An increase in methylation of loci in OPMD was independent of the presence of HPV. The hypermethylated genes in HPV+ samples were associated with signalling pathways such as NICD traffics to nucleus, signalling by NOTCH1 (p = 0.008), Interferon-gamma (p = 0.008) and Interleukin-6 signalling (p = 0.027). The hypomethylated genes in HPV infection were associated with TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway (p = 0.002), RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways (p = 0.005), TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation (p = 0.009), TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signalling (p = 0.011) and MyD88-independent cascade release of apoptotic factors (p = 0.011). Protein association analysis of DMRs in OPMD revealed 19 genes involved in the cell cycle regulation, immune system, and focal adhesion. Aberrantly methylated loci in OPMD were observed in p16INK4a positive samples which suggests that a shift in global methylation status may be important for cancer progression. The results suggest that HPV infection in OPMD induces modulation of genes related to the immune system and regulation of the cellular cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Buenahora
- Unit of Oral Clinical Epidemiology, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra J Perdomo
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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Aziz H, Iqbal H, Mahmood H, Fatima S, Faheem M, Sattar AA, Tabassum S, Napper S, Batool S, Rasheed N. Human papillomavirus infection in females with normal cervical cytology: Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis among women in Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 66:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Borna N, Tabassum S, Jahan M, Munshi S, Unnesa A. Genotyping of High Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among cervical precancer and cancer patients. ACTA MEDICA INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.5530/ami.2015.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Asiaf A, Ahmad ST, Zargar MA, Mufti SM, Mir SH. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in a Kashmiri ethnic female population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:904-9. [PMID: 22490080 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted infection and is one of the causal factors in cervical cancer. Understanding the epidemiology of this infection is an important step toward developing strategies for its prevention. Cervical samples from 210 healthy women with normal and abnormal cytomorphology were studied for the detection of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), utilizing the two most commonly used consensus primer sets. The primers; MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ located within the L1 region of HPV genome, amplified a broad spectrum of HPV genotypes in a single reaction. The PCR amplification of HPV genomes is a sensitive method that is used for the detection of cervicovaginal HPV. With the aim of identifying the HPV types, samples were also subjected to PCR using specific primers for HPV types 16 and 18. In addition, basic demographic information, sociodemographic characteristics, and sexual behavior were recorded. HPV was detected in 13.8% of the study population aged 18 to 57 years using PCR. HPV16 (6.6%) was more commonly detected than HPV18 (3.8%). The highest prevalence of HPV infection was seen in women below 27 years old, and then, a new increase was seen higher than the age of 48. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that younger age at marriage, economic status, parity, and dwelling are the major risk factors determining HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Asiaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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